| 释义 |
normative, a.|ˈnɔːmətɪv|
[ad. L. type *normātīv-us (see norma and -ative), or a. F. normatif, -ive.]
1. a. Establishing or setting up a norm or standard; deriving from, expressing, or implying a general standard, norm, or ideal. Also absol.
1880W. Wallace Epicureanism 136 The aim which they assigned to the legislator in his normative action on Society. 1884D. Hunter tr. Reuss's Hist. Canon x. 171 The normative character of scriptures divinely inspired. 1897J. H. Gulliver et al. tr. Wundt's Ethics I. 1 The normative point of view considers objects with reference to definite rules, which find expression in them, and to which they are at the same time required to conform. Ibid., From the normative point of view, it is the purpose of the inquirer to estimate the relative values of facts. 1912L. Bloomfield in Jrnl. Eng. & Germ. Philol. XI. 622 The scientific study of language has nothing to do with the normative (i.e. purely pedagogic) purpose of teaching people of (‘fixing’) the use or the better use of a literary language. 1931M. R. Cohen Reason & Nature iii. iv. 403 Instead of refuting the normative standpoint of the old natural law, these writers substitute an unconscious natural law of their own. 1932E. C. Tolman Purposive Behav. v. xxiii. 389 Relations to pre-individual or ‘normative psychology’. Ibid. 397 Normative psychologies..tend to take an average (normal) individual or..sample of individuals..and then to apply all sorts of different stimuli. 1941[see genetic a. 1 f]. 1954Mind LXIII. 264 As examples of ‘normatives’ he gives ‘I ought to go’ [etc.]. 1963H.-N. Castañeda in Castañeda & Nakhnikian Morality & Lang. of Conduct vii. 279 A complete elucidation of the nature and structure of normatives requires an understanding of the logic of imperatives. 1968A. Etzioni in Lindzey & Aronson Handbk. Social Psychol. (ed. 2) V. xliii. 547 The world situation warrants an approach that would emphasize common interests—above all, peace—as the key normative principle. 1970R. C. Zaehner Concordant Discord iii. 46 It is the custom of nature mystics to assume that their own experience, even though it last only for a few moments, must be normative of all such experiences. 1973Archivum Linguisticum IV. 107 It is hazardous to state correlations between social status and speech behaviour, especially if it is done in this normative fashion.
b. In special collocations: normative grammar: grammatical rules set up as a fixed standard to which language in use must conform; also, a treatise setting out such rules; so normative grammarian; normative science: a discipline such as ethics or æsthetics which aims at evaluation as well as description; normative system: a system based on what is established as the norm.
1901H. Oertel Lect. on Study of Lang. ii. 87 Normative or didactic grammar sets up a certain standard as correct. 1933L. Bloomfield Language i. 7 This gave the authoritarians their chance: they wrote normative grammars, in which they often ignored actual usage in favor of speculative notions. 1966L. J. Cohen Diversity of Meaning (ed. 2) i. 9 The late eighteenth century was the first period to treat words' meanings as raw material for historians as well as normative grammarians. Ibid., Some bold spirit had to cry down the pretensions of normative grammar and lexicography. 1968Word XXIV. 387 Normative grammarians come into being when a society begins to concern itself with its language.
1895F. Thilly tr. Paulsen's Introd. Philos. 26 Three normative sciences are added: Logic, practical philosophy based on psychology, and technology based on physics. 1921W. E. Johnson Logic i. xiv. 224 Any study of which imperatives constitute the subject-matter has been called a normative science. 1934Cohen & Nagel Introd. Logic vi. 110 Logic has..been defined as the normative science which studies the norms distinguishing sound..from unsound thinking. 1953G. E. M. Anscombe tr. Wittgenstein's Philos. Investigations i. 38⊇ F. P. Ramsey once emphasized in conversation with me that logic was a ‘normative science’.
1966Mathematical Rev. XXXI. 8/2 (title) The principles of a logic of normative systems. 1967C. Margerison in Wills & Yearsley Handbk. Management Technol. 31 The normative system is a central factor in securing group participation. Ibid. 32 Various studies have indicated how the group's activity can be structured and led to bring about a normative system consonant with the organizational goals. 1973Jrnl. Genetic Psychol. Mar. 56 Internalization was defined as correspondence between the child's normative system (i.e., his generalized expectations) and the parent's behavior or own normative system.
2. Petrol. Of or pertaining to the norm of a rock.
1902W. Cross et al. in Jrnl. Geol. X. 604 The standard minerals which make up the norm are to be called the normative minerals, not the normal ones, since the latter adjective has the meaning of usual or common. 1909J. P. Iddings Ign. Rocks I. ii. iii. 420 Normative minerals are frequently not the normal ones in certain rocks, though they may be the normal minerals in many others. 1962Jrnl. Petrology III. 353 The normative components in basalts closely approximate the mode in most cases. 1973Ibid. XIV. 35 (heading) Normative composition.
Hence ˈnormatively adv.; ˈnormativeness; ˈnormativist; normaˈtivity.
1945Normativity [see facticity]. 1948J. Towster Pol. Power in U.S.S.R. 16 The normativists (Kelsen etc.), too, say that every law is state (public) law. 1953J. G. Peristiany in Durkheim's Sociol. & Philos. p. xv, The generality of a fact..is significant in this context only in relation to its generality, in the sense of its normativeness. 1957Archivum Linguisticum IX. i. 75 Among the normativists both Gaertner/Passendorfer and Slonski admit of both genders. 1958W. J. H. Sprott Human Groups ix. 144 Normativeness as such is a prerequisite for continuous interaction. 1964Gould & Kolb Dict. Soc. Sci. 495/2 This rules out..any items of conduct which are not founded on past experience (in their words ‘normatively regulated’). 1970J. N. Findlay tr. Husserl's Logical Investigations I. ii. 78 Has not the concept of normativity got an inherent relation to a guiding aim. 1973Nature 23 Nov. 228/2 The intent of these very simple models is neither to forecast, even implicitly, the levels reached in either population or food, or to forecast ‘normatively’, to set a target and then to deduce what is needed to achieve it.
Add: ˈnormativism n., a normative approach or attitude.
1970R. W. Friedrichs Sociol. of Sociol. x. 254 Bidney, a sharp critic of the relativizing motifs that have dominated anthropology since the turn of the century, is equally unhappy with the reductive normativism of F. S. C. Northrop. 1979Internat. Jrnl. Sociol. of Law VII. 357 This search for a new professional identity, together with other economic and political factors, made ‘normativism’, of Kelsenian origin, into the dominant legal theory in legal education. 1984Dictionaries VI. 279 Geeraerts and Janssens conclude by again considering the question of normativism or prescriptivism. |