| 释义 |
myo-|ˈmaɪəʊ|
combining f. Gr. µῦς (gen. µυό-ς) muscle, in many scientific terms (of which the most important will be found as Main words). ˈmyoblast [-blast], a cell which gives rise to muscular elements; hence myoˈblastic a. (in recent Dicts.); myoˈchemistry, the chemistry of muscle; ‖ ˈmyochrome [Gr. χρῶµα colour], Thudichum's name for the colouring matter of red muscle (cf. myohæmatin); myoˈclonic a. [cf. clonic], pertaining to or affected with myoclonus; ‖ myˈoclonus [Gr. κλόνος violent confused motion], convulsive action of the muscles; ˈmyocœl(e [Gr. κοῖλος hollow], myoˈcœlom(e, the cavity in the centre of a myotome in an early stage; hence myocœˈlomic a.; ‖ myoˈcomma (pl. -ˈcommata, ˈcommas) [Gr. κόµµα segment], one of the lateral flakes into which the muscular system of fishes and other lower vertebrates is divided; ˈmyocyte [Gr. κύτος cell], a contractile fibre cell or layer in some sponges and protozoans; ˈmyodome [Gr. δόµος house, chamber], a cavity in the skull of most teleostean fishes for the reception of the rectus muscles of the eye; myodyˈnamics n. pl., that branch of science which treats of muscular contraction; myodynamiˈometer, -dynaˈmometer, an instrument for measuring muscular force; myoepiˈthelial a., (of an animal cell) having characters of both a muscular and an epithelial cell; so myoepiˈthelium, a tissue composed of such cells; spec. the contractile cells outside the epithelium of some mammalian glands, e.g. in the breast; ‖ myofiˈbroma, a tumour consisting of muscular and fibrous tissue; myoˈfilament, any of the elongated threads, revealed by the electron microscope, which are arranged side by side in bundles to form a myofibril and of which there are two kinds in an ordered arrangement, viz. thick filaments composed of myosin molecules and thin filaments composed of actin molecules; also, one of the related filaments of smooth muscle; myoˈgenesis, the formation of muscular tissue; myoˈgenic, myˈogenous adjs., produced by or arising in the muscles; myoˈhæmatin, MacMunn's name for the colouring matter of red muscle; myohæmoˈglobin Biochem. = myoglobin; myo-inositol (usu. with myo- in italics) (see inositol); ‖ myoˈlemma [lemma2], a delicate membranous sheath enveloping each fibril of muscular tissue; ‖ myoliˈpoma, a tumour containing adipose tissue and muscular tissue (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1891); ˈmyomere [Gr. µέρος part], a myotome; hence myoˈmeric a.; myoˈmetrium Anat. [Gr. µήτρα womb], the muscular coat of the uterus, which forms the bulk of the wall of that organ and surrounds the endometrium; tissue from this muscular coat; so myoˈmetrial a.; ˈmyoneme Biol. [Gr. νῆµα thread], any of the minute contractile filaments found in the cytoplasm of many protozoa; myoˈneural a. Physiol., neuromuscular; having characteristics of both muscular and nervous tissue; myˈonymy [Gr. -ωνυµία, ὄνοµα name], nomenclature of muscles; ˈmyophan(e a. [Gr. -ϕανής appearing, ϕαίνειν to appear], having a striated appearance as of muscle; ˈmyophone [Gr. ϕωνή sound], an adaptation of the microphone for measuring the sound of contracting muscles; ˈmyophore [-phore], an apparatus for the attachment of muscles in certain mollusks; hence myˈophorous a. (in recent Dicts.); myoˈphysical a., relating to myophysics; myoˈphysics, the physics of muscle, the science concerned with muscular action; ˈmyoplasm Anat. [f. mod.L. myoplasma (coined in Ger. by P. Schiefferdecker 1905, in Sitzungsber. d. niederrhein. Ges. f. Natur- und Heilkunde zu Bonn 1904 B. 90)], the cytoplasm or sarcoplasm of a muscle cell; hence myoˈplasmic a.; myoˈpolar a., relating to muscular polarity; myosarˈcoma, a tumour consisting partly of muscular and partly of sarcomatous tissue; hence myosarˈcomatous a. (in recent Dicts.); myoscleˈrotic a., involving hardening of the muscles; ˈmyoscope [-scope], an instrument for observing muscular contraction; ˈmyospasm, ‖ myoˈspasmus, spasm or cramp of a muscle; myoˈtatic a. Physiol. [Gr. τατικ-ός exerting tension (f. τείνειν to stretch)], applied to a muscular contraction (usu. a reflex) that occurs as a result of the stretching of the muscle; ˈmyotube Biol. [ad. Sp. myotubo (J. F. Tello 1917, in Trabajos d. Lab. de Investig. biol. de la Univ. de Madrid XV. 122)], a cylindrical cell that develops from myoblasts during the formation of a muscle fibre (see quots. 1960, 1972).
1884Hyatt in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 5 Mar. 121 The action of the lateral *myoblasts in moving an elongated vermiform animal.
1962Lancet 1 Dec. 1165/1, I still wonder if two hours' instruction in pathological *myochemistry will help the candidate. 1968Nature 2 Nov. 433/2 (heading) New myochemistry.
1872Thudichum Chem. Phys. 37 A coloured albuminous matter, *myochrome, identical with hemato-crystalline.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 889 The *myoclonic spasm may manifest itself in the weakness of overwork.
1883in Brain VII. 569 Rhythmical *Myoclonus.
1889E. R. Lankester in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. XXIX. 393 The fin-rays, the cavities of which are part of the *myocœl.
Ibid. 377 The *myocœlomic pouches or intramuscular lymph-spaces of the head.
1846Owen Lect. Anat. Vertebrate Anim. i. Fishes 164 The fibres of each *myocomma of the trunk run straight and nearly horizontally from one septum to the next. 1880Günther Fishes 94 The aponeurotic septa between the myocommas.
1887Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 419/2 Contractile fibre cells or *myocytes occur in all the higher sponges.
1888Amer. Naturalist Apr. 358 [In mail-cheeked fishes] *Myodome undeveloped, the cranial cavity being closed in front.
1855Dunglison Med. Lex., *Myodynamics, see Muscular contraction. 1861Syd. Soc. Year-bk. Med. 30 The Myodynamics of the heart and blood-vessels.
1855Dunglison Med. Lex., Dynamometer, *Myodynamiometer, *Myodynamometer... An instrument contrived by M. Regnier.
1881F. M. Balfour Compar. Embryol. II. 550 In all the Coelenterata, except the Ctenophora, the contractile elements of the body wall consist of filiform processes of ectodermal or entodermal epithelial cells. The elements provided with these processes, which were first discovered by Kleinenberg, are known as *myo-epithelial cells. 1904Nature 3 Mar. 431/1 At certain stages complete continuity could be observed between motor nerve trunk and the protoplasmic body of the myoepithelial cell. 1973R. P. Gould in G. H. Bourne Structure & Function Muscle (ed. 2) II. iv. 192 These are known as myoepithelial, basal, or basket cells, and they are able to act like smooth muscle cells and so aid movement of the secretion into the excretory ducts.
1892F. P. Foster Med. Dict. IV. 2367/1 *Myo-epithelium. 1943Amer. Jrnl. Path. XIX. 474 Myoepithelium can be demonstrated in the male breast of gynecomastia when the ducts are developed. 1961L. Martin Clinical Endocrinol. (ed. 3) i. 16 The act of suckling appears to provoke a reflex secretion of oxytocin whereby the myoepithelium surrounding the alveoli of the breast is stimulated to contract and the milk ducts are simultaneously kept open.
1888Brit. Med. Jrnl. 24 Nov. 1182 Uterine *Myofibroma.
1949Jrnl. Clin. Invest. XXVIII. 770/1 (heading) *Myofilaments and myofibrils of cardiac muscle. 1970Nature 11 Apr. 180/1 Two to eight cells in each complete transverse section contain what appear to be sparse myofilaments and probably represent degenerate muscle cells. 1973Hewer's Textbk. Histol. (ed. 9) x. 119 Although the fibrous proteins actin and myosin can both be isolated from smooth muscle fibres it is not yet clear what their exact relationship is to the longitudinally orientated myofilaments observed in these cells.
1876Dunglison Med. Lex., Paralysis, *Myogenic... Partial muscular paralysis dating from very early life. 1904Brit. Med. Jrnl. 17 Sept. 682 Is conduction in the heart due to muscle or nerve—is it myogenic or neurogenic?
1891Syd. Soc. Lex., *Myogenesis. 1921Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. LVIII. 182 (heading) Tension of differential growth as a stimulus to myogenesis. 1956Biol. Bull. CXI. 303 This relationship prompted a re-examination of the situation in amphibian embryos, where it has been claimed that the notochord is essential to somitic myogenesis. 1974Nature 10 May 106/1 In ways not anticipated, myogenesis has yoked in an uneasy alliance muscle biochemistry, molecular genetics and cell differentiation.
1885Proc. R. Soc. XXXIX. 248 The name..of *myohæmatin [is proposed] for the intrinsic pigment in striped muscle, which belongs to the same series [sc. that of histohæmatins].
1924*Myohemoglobin [see coproporphyrin]. 1934M. Bodansky Introd. Physical Chem. (ed. 3) xviii. 608 Muscle hemoglobin (myohemoglobin, myoglobin) has been isolated in crystalline form. 1953J. Hunt Ascent of Everest 274 Myohaemoglobin is an oxygen-carrying pigment similar to haemoglobin.
1951H. G. Fletcher et al. in Jrnl. Org. Chem. XVI. 1241 It is suggested that, since the substance [sc. meso-inositol] was first discovered in muscle..and was at one time called ‘muscle sugar’, it is better called *myo-inositol. 1965Adv. Biochem. XXXIV. 85 As a degradation product of phytoglycolipid, a complex lipid found in a variety of seed phosphatides, 2-α-d-glucopyranosyl-myo-inositol was obtained.
1840E. Wilson Anat. Vade M. 132 A number of ultimate fibrils enclosed in a delicate sheath or *myolema [sic].
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 916 This [congenital lipoma] may be associated with spina bifida and sometimes contains striated muscle fibre (*myolipoma).
1887Hubrecht in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. XXVII. 614 An arrangement in distinct *myomeres.
1889Athenæum 12 Jan. 47/2 The *myomeric value of the gill-slits and of the nerves which fork over them.
1943L. R. Wharton Gynecology xxxvii. 542 The prognosis in *myometrial sarcoma is poor. 1974Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. III. xl. 16/2 Drugs used in labour should not depress myometrial contractility.
1900Dorland Med. Dict. 421/1 *Myometrium, the muscular substance of the uterus. 1907Practitioner Dec. 792 The myometrium contained many thick-walled blood-vessels. 1956Nature 10 Mar. 478/2 Progesterone..prevents..œstrogen-induced growth of the myometrium. 1965Science 1 Oct. 67/2 Samples of myometrium were obtained from the uteri of five adult females undergoing hysterectomies.
1901G. N. Calkins Protozoa ii. 38 The outside is covered by living membranes which may become complicated by the addition of muscular fibrils (*myonemes). 1973E. Vivier in G. H. Bourne Structure & Function Muscle (ed. 2) II. iii. 182 The best characterized myonemes have chiefly been identified in ciliates, in which their structure recalls that of smooth muscle fibers of Metazoa cells.
1905Jrnl. Physiol. XXXII. 436 But when plain muscle developes connection with sympathetic nerves it must at the *myoneural junction acquire a mechanism that can receive the nervous impulse. 1960G. H. Bourne Struct. & Function Muscle I. ii. 48 It has been suggested that the iridial muscles are really myoneural elements rather than true smooth muscle cells. 1963Lancet 19 Jan. 153/1 They also showed that the myoneural junction of a neonatal infant behaves in many respects like that of a patient with myasthenia gravis.
1885Wilder in Jrnl. Nerv. Dis. XII. 271 A *myonymy which is..inapplicable to the same parts in many animals.
1880W. Saville-Kent Infusoria I. 58 The muscular or *myophan layer.
1889Preece & Maier Telephone 467 Applied to a muscle, the same instrument [Boudet's microphone] becomes an excellent *myophone. It indicates the normal muscular sound.
1895Camb. Nat. Hist. III. 274 In Septifer the anterior adductor muscle is carried on a sort of shelf or *myophore.
1891Syd. Soc. Lex., *Myophysical laws, the laws governing muscular action. 1892Monist II. 276 Myophysical and psycho-physical questions.
1881G. S. Hall German Culture 221 Our conclusion is not likely to be affected by any solution of such..questions of *myophysics as the pre-existence of muscular currents.
1907Alienist & Neurologist XXVIII. 58 The author [sc. Schiefferdecker] suggests a number of new terms. The indifferent protoplasm becomes ‘*myoplasm’ as soon as the cell is plainly recognizable as a muscle cell. 1933Physiol. Rev. XIII. 302 Since the myofibrils represent differentiation products of the original myoplasm, it would seem in accord with a more precise terminology to speak of intra- and interfibrillar sarcoplasm; or, perhaps even better, the protoplasm of the fibrils (sarcostyles) might be designated sarcoplasm, that of the interfibrillar regions myoplasm. 1952Jrnl. Physiol. CXVIII. 348 The aim..was to measure the myoplasm resistance and the membrane resistance and capacity in Purkinje fibres of the mammalian heart. 1975Nature 10 Jan. 97/2 The action potential on the surface membrane depolarises the T-system within the fibre, which in turn triggers the release of Ca2+ into the myoplasm from its internal storage site, the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
1970T. Tomita in E. Bülbring et al. Smooth Muscle vii. 207 The *myoplasmic resistance was measured by means of double micro-electrodes in one arm of a bridge circuit. 1975Nature 10 Jan. 100/2 If the ionic current causing this presumed SR potential change was primarily carried by Ca2+ moving from one side of the SR to the other, it is interesting to note how much increase in total myoplasmic Ca2+ would correspond to a 135 mV potential change.
1888Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. I. 185 Correcting for the movement of the indifference point along the *myopolar tract. 1891Syd. Soc. Lex., Myopolar, a term applied to the direction of the electric current in electrotonic experiments when the nerve is stimulated between the electronising electrodes and the muscle.
1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 420 Rhabdomyoma, myoma striocellulare, *myosarcoma, true myoma.
1873A. Flint Princ. Med. 720 Pseudo-Hypertrophic, or *Myo-sclerotic, Paralysis.
1876–7S. Kens. Mus. Catal. Sci. App. No. 3803 Double *Myoscope for the examination and demonstration of the laws of muscular contraction.
1856Mayne Expos. Lex., Myospasmus,..a *myospasm.
1881W. R. Gowers Epilepsy, etc. 100 The *myotatic irritability of the muscles is lost. 1881― Diagn. Dis. Spinal Cord (ed. 2) ii. 29 It seems..desirable to discard the term ‘tendon-reflex’ altogether... They may be termed ‘tendon-muscular phenomena’, but the intervention of tendons is not necessary for their production; the one condition which all have in common is that passive tension is essential for their occurrence, and they may more accurately be termed myotatic contractions. 1924Liddell & Sherrington in Proc. R. Soc. B. XCVI. 240 Gowers, in 1881, proposed for the ‘tendon-phenomena’, then not commonly accepted as reflex, the term ‘myotatic contractions’... His suggested adjective would suitably apply to the reflexes brought forward in this paper... Myotatic reflexes could embrace stretch-reflexes in general, including ‘jerk’ and ‘clonus’, which we regard as fractional forms of the complete and fully functional myotatic reflex. 1972J. A. Wilson Princ. Animal Physiol. xi. 438/1 The peak of reflex tension in a myotatic reflex occurs at the time of completion of the stretch movement. Ibid. 438/2 When the foot of a spinal dog is raised so that the leg is flexed, the leg muscles respond with an extensor thrust—a myotatic reflex.
1933M. Fernán-Núñez tr. S. Ramón-Cajal's Histology xvi. 280 The periphery of the cells exhibits a striated cortex, which goes on successively enlarging. In the axis resides a string of nuclei, as well as an undifferentiated protoplasmic cord (D); the ensemble finally represents tubes of contractile material filled with the protoplasm and nuclei (*myotubes of Tello). 1960L. Picken Organization of Cells vii. 295 By the fourth day of incubation, the multinucleate coenocytic cells (derived from the spindle-shaped, uninucleate myoblasts) have developed a peripheral layer of myofibrils, embedded in sarcoplasm, and a linear series of nuclei occupying the cell axis. These cylindrical cells are conveniently distinguished as a particular stage in the development of the muscle fibres, namely as ‘myotubes’. From the seventh day after their appearance, the myotubes begin to multiply by longitudinal fission... The formation of a secondary is prepared by nuclear fission, leading to the formation of a second linear series of nuclei; round which new myofibrils form. 1972D. A. Fischman in G. H. Bourne Structure & Function Muscle (ed. 2) I. iii. 107 The myotube is here defined as the multinucleated syncitium which results from the cytoplasmic fusion of myoblasts. The term is purely descriptive, for it only implies an immature muscle fiber in which the myofibrils are, in general, circumferentially distributed within the cell, and the nuclei occupy the core or central zone of the syncitium. 1973Nature 3 Aug. 253/3 From the fourth to the sixth day of incubation, motor nerve fibres invade the limb-bud muscles [of the chick embryo], and the first myotubes appear. |