释义 |
▪ I. mussel, n.|ˈmʌs(ə)l| Forms: 1 muscelle, muscle, musle, mucxle, muxle, 4–6 muscule, 4–7 muskle, 4–9 muscle, 5 moscle, moscolle, moskyll, muschyl, muskele, muskyl, musselle, musshell, mustul, (pl. mwskollz), 5–6 muscul(l, muskyll(e, 5–7 muskel, 6 muskil, mussil(le, 7 (mistle), mussell, mustell, 8 muscel, 7– mussel. [OE. muscle, etc., wk. fem., corresp. to MLG. mussel, MDu. mosscele (Du. mossel), OHG. muscula (MHG. muschele, mod.G. muschel), a. late L. muscula (also musla, whence F. moule), altered form of L. mūsculus dim. of mūs mouse.] 1. A bivalve mollusc belonging to either of the two families Mytilacea (Sea Mussels) and Unionacea (Fresh-water Mussels). horse mussel: see horse n. pearl mussel: see pearl.
a1000ælfric Colloq. in Wr.-Wülcker 94/13 Muslan, musculas. c1050Voc. ibid. 447/38 Musculus, muscle. 1307–8Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 4 In muscles emptis in villa. c1374Chaucer Boeth. v. pr. v. 131 (Camb. MS.) As oystrys and musculis and other swiche shelle fyssh of the see. 1387–8T. Usk Test. Love ii. xii. (Skeat) l. 32 Thilke Margarite thou desirest, was closed in a muskle, with a blewe shell. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. x. 94 A ferthyng-worth of muscles Were a feste for suche folke. c1420Liber Cocorum (1862) 46 Fyrst sethe thy mustuls. 1485Cely Papers (Camden) 178 Item pd for brede & mwskollz for the schype iiijd. a1529Skelton E. Rummyng 556 Garnyshed was her snout Wyth here and there a puscull, Lyke to a scabbyd muscull. 1555Eden Decades 93 Sea musculs are engendred of such quantitie, that many of them are as brode as buckelers. 1603Owen Pembrokeshire (1892) 120 The Ryver muskles are not for meate. 1610Shakes. Temp. i. ii. 463 Thy food shall be The fresh-brooke Mussels. 1661J. Childrey Brit. Baconica 174 The Pearl-bearing Muskles are found upon this shore. 1697W. Dampier Voy. (1729) I. 173 Here are a great many Perewincles and Muscles. 1740Johnson Sir F. Drake Wks. IV. 434 The shell of a muscle of prodigious size. 1806Gazetteer Scotl. (ed. 2) 547 In the Dovan there are sometimes found mussels containing small pearls. 1810Lamb Let. to B. Montagu 12 July, How much more dignified leisure hath a mussel glued to his unpassable rocky limit two inch square! 1875Huxley & Martin Elem. Biol. (1883) 107 Under the name of ‘Fresh-water Mussel’ two distinct kinds of animals..are included; namely, the Anodonta and two or three kinds of Unio. 2. A fossil bivalve shell found in ironstone bands in coal. See mussel band.
1834–5J. Phillips Geol. in Encycl. Metrop. VI. 592/1 Coals..with bands of ‘muscles’. 3. = mussel plum.
1718M. Eales Receipts 29 They will blue as well as the Muscles and better than the black Pear-Plums. 4. attrib. and Comb., as mussel dredge, mussel extract, mussel gatherer, mussel gathering, mussel monger, mussel-opener, mussel poisoning, mussel-pooled, mussel sauce, mussel soup, mussel-spawn, † mussel taker; mussel band Geol. (see quot. 1883); mussel-bank, -bed, a layer of mussels at the bottom of the sea; mussel bind = mussel band; † mussel boat, ? a mussel-shell used by children as a toy boat; mussel crab, a pea-crab (Pinnotheres maculatus), dwelling as a messmate within the shell of the edible mussel (Funk's Standard Dict. 1895); mussel-cracker, (a) (see quot. 1845); (b) = biskop; mussel-crusher = mussel-cracker (b); mussel digger U.S., (a) a name for the California grey whale; (b) a machine for digging mussel mud (Funk); mussel duck, the scaup duck, Fuligula marila; mussel eater, (a) one who is in the habit of eating mussels; (b) U.S. the buffalo perch, Aplodinotus grunniens, of the Mississippi valley (Cent. Dict. 1890); mussel farm, a place set apart for breeding mussels; mussel man, one who gathers mussels; mussel mud, mud abounding in mussels; mussel pecker, picker, the oyster catcher, Hæmatopus ostralegus; mussel rake, a rake used for gathering mussels; † mussel rock, ? a rock containing fossil mussel-shells; mussel scale, an insect having the shape of a small mussel-shell, which attacks the bark of apple-trees; mussel scalp, a mussel-bed; † mussel stone, a fossil mussel-shell.
1834–5J. Phillips Geol. in Encycl. Metrop. VI. 590/1 Iron⁓stone courses are most plentiful in the middle and lower part, where also lie the ‘*muscle bands’. 1883Gresley Coal Mining Gloss., Mussel band, a bed of clay ironstone containing fossil bivalve shells, anthracosia, &c.
1634W. Wood New Eng. Prosp. (1865) 47 The Bay..will be all flatts for two miles together, upon which is great store of *Muscle-banckes, and Clam bancks.
1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. VII. 47 It requires a year for the peopling a *muscle⁓bed. 1869G. C. Scott Fishing in Amer. Waters 90 At the right time of tide, the locations of the mussel-beds are plainly indicated.
1854F. C. Bakewell Geol. 34 Argillaceous layers, containing numerous shells of fresh-water muscles, called by the miners ‘*Muscle-bind’.
a1590Marr. Wit & Wisd. ii. (Shaks. Soc.) 13 So we ware both put into a *mussellbote, And came saling in a sowes yeare ouer sea into Kent. 1612R. Daborne Chr. turn'd Turke 353 Poore fishers brat, that neuer didst aspire Aboue a musle boat.
1845Zoologist III. 1171 Hæmatopus ostralegus. Vulgarly termed by the Hartlepool fishermen *mussel-cracker. 1905East London (Cape Province) Dispatch 6 Nov. 7/4 Judging by the enormous incisors, and the perfect pavement of rounded molars with which the jaws of these white steenbras are armed, these fish live largely upon shell-fish, hence the local name mussel cracker and the Durban name mussel crusher. 1930C. L. Biden Sea-Angling Fishes of Cape xviii. 256 Mussel-Crusher or Mussel-Cracker. 1951Cape Times 7 Feb. 2/5 Twenty-five mussel-crackers and ten blou stompkop were landed. 1953J. L. B. Smith Sea Fishes S. Afr. (ed. 2) 502 The name ‘Musselcracker’ is applied in South Africa mainly to 2 fishes, Sparodon durbanensis and Cymatoceps nasutus, both of which develop massive jaws and powerful teeth. 1973Stand. Encycl. S. Afr. VIII. 14/1 The musselcracker or mussel⁓crusher (Cymatoceps nasutus) is one of the best-known angling fishes in South Africa... The jaws are very powerful, with canine teeth in front and molars behind... Their flesh is coarse, but the head is a delicacy. The young are silvery, yellow and black; the adults are dark, and develop a curious fleshy nose.
1905, etc. *Mussel-crusher [see mussel-cracker above].
1860Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 213 It being difficult to capture them, they have a variety of names among whalemen, as..‘*Muscle-digger’, ‘Hard-head’, &c.
1883Fisheries Exhib. Catal. 13 *Mussel Dredge.
1864Atkinson Provinc. Names Birds, *Mussel Duck... Scaup Duck. Fuligula marila.
1886Gentl. Mag. Apr. 407 Once or twice in a lifetime, the *mussel-eater is ‘musseled’, i.e. poisoned more or less dangerously.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 492 After the intravascular injection of peptone or leech-extract, or crab or *mussel-extract.
1868Rep. U.S. Commissioner Agric. (1869) 320 A *muscle farm near Rochelle has been cultivated, it is claimed, for hundreds of years.
1859A. J. Munby Diary 18 July (1972) 38, I met the *mussel gatherers..fine young women with brown bare limbs.
1884Harper's Mag. Nov. 842/1 The gay idlers..don the costume of the mussel-gatherer.
1862Chamb. Encycl. IV. 516/2 In the river Earn..*muscle-gathering is quite a trade.
1459Maldon (Essex) Court-Rolls Bundle 34. No. 3, Johannes Morell, *muskylman. 1552Huloet, Muskleman, conchyta.
1623Fletcher Rule a Wife iv. i, Here's a chaine of whitings eyes for pearles, A *mussellmonger would have made a better. 1791Huddesford Salmag. 111 Musclemongers and oystermen, crimps, and coal⁓heavers.
1774J. Adams in Fam. Lett. (1876) 18 But I long more still to see the procuring more sea-weed, and *muscle mud, and sand, etc. 1825Prince Edward Island Register (Charlottetown) 23 Aug. 1/1 Plenty of manure [is] at hand, either kelp, seaweed, mussle-mud, [etc.]. 1851J. F. W. Johnston Notes on N. Amer. II. 151 Mussel-mud,..or sea-mud full of mussels, abounds in the Bay of St Andrews... This is an excellent fertilising substance... But the most apparently singular way of using it is to put it, with the mussels still living, into the turnip-drills, where it gives alone an excellent crop of turnips. 1973Canadian Antiques Collector Jan.–Feb. 64/1 Of special value [as fertilizer] was the ‘deep, black, stinking mud’, better known as ‘mussel-mud’—which lay thick in the beds of the Island's many tidal estuaries.
1909Daily Chron. 25 Sept. 7/6 (Advt.), Oyster and *mussel opener (young) wanted for evenings.
1885Swainson Prov. Names Birds 188 *Mussel pecker.
1889H. Saunders Man. 543 A common name [for the Oyster-catcher] is ‘Sea Pie’..another equally appropriate term being ‘*Mussel-picker’.
1946Dylan Thomas Deaths & Entrances 9 The *mussel pooled and the heron Priested shore.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 494 Urticaria is occasionally symptomatic of grave conditions, such as *mussell poisoning, infective fevers [etc.].
1883Fisheries Exhib. Catal. 293 A *Mussel rake.
1681Grew Musæum iii. i. i. 265 A Piece of white *Muscle-Rock. Musculites Saxum.
1747H. Glasse Cookery ix. 88 *Muscle-Sauce made thus is very good.
1853Zoologist XI. 3862 With an especial reference to the ‘*mussel-scale’ of the apple.
1552Huloet, *Muskleskalp. 1593Minutes of Culross Council, To be given to George Bruer for the ancarage and mussel-scalp. 1879H. Stevenson in R. Lubbock Fauna Norf. Mem. 15 The sandy flats and mussel-scalps of that portion of the coast. 1896J. H. Crawford Wild Life Scotl. 271 The punt lingered opposite the mud flats, or mussel-scaups exposed by the tide.
1771E. Haywood New Present 39 *Mussel Soup.
1902Chambers's Jrnl. May 277/2 Some seasons the *mussel-spawn is pretty much in evidence here.
1681Grew Musæum iii. i. i. 264 The *Muscle-Stone. Musculites.
c1515Cocke Lorell's B. 5 Steuen mesyll mouthe *muskyll taker. ▪ II. mussel, v.|ˈmʌs(ə)l| [f. mussel n.] In pass.: To be poisoned by eating mussels.
1857Dunglison Dict. Med. s.v. Mytilus edulis, One affected with such phenomena is said, occasionally, to be musselled. 1886Gentl. Mag. Apr. 407 Once or twice in a lifetime, the mussel-eater is ‘musseled’, i.e. poisoned more or less dangerously. ▪ III. mussel(e, -lle obs. forms of morsel. ▪ IV. mussel(l obs. forms of muzzle. |