| 释义 |
mono-|mɒnəʊ, məˈnɒ|
before a vowel often mon-, repr. Gr. µονο-, combining form of µόνος, alone, only, sole, single, occurring in a number of words adopted from existing Greek compounds (as monarch, monody, monogamy, monogram, monologue, monopoly), and hence used to form words, mostly scientific and technical, independently of a Greek original. The second element of these words is normally of Greek origin, but in recent formations mono- is often combined (instead of uni-) with a Latin element (as monocellular: see also 2 below), and occas. prefixed to an English word (as monoline, mono-rail). Many of these words have correlatives in di- (see di- prefix2), tri-, poly-, etc. The more important will be found as Main words; others of less importance follow here.
1. General words: monoalphaˈbetic a., denoting a cipher in which each letter corresponds to one letter of the normal alphabet. ‖ mon(o)anæsˈthesia Path., anæsthesia of a single part. monoˈanthropism, belief in the unity or indivisibility of mankind. ˈmonoblast Biol. [a. G. monoblast (O. Naegeli Blutkrankheiten und Blutdiagnostik (ed. 3, 1923) 143): see -blast], a cell that develops into a monocyte. monoˈblastic a. Biol. [Gr. βλαστ-ός sprout, bud], having a single germinal layer (Cent. Dict. 1890). ‖ monoˈblepsia, -ˈblepsis Path. [Gr. βλέψις vision], a state of vision in which objects are distinct only when one eye is used (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1856). monoˈbranchiate a., having only one set of branchiæ or gills (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1891). ˈmono-cable, an aerial ropeway in which a single endless rope is used both to support the loads and to move them; usu. attrib. monoˈcardian a. [Gr. καρδία heart], ‘having a single heart, as fishes and reptiles’ (Webster 1847). monoˈcausal a., in terms of a sole cause. monoˈcellular a. Biol. = unicellular; so monoˈcellule, a unicellular organism (Cent. Dict.). monoˈcentric a. Biol., having a single centre, as a cell; Anat. = unipolar. monoˈcercous a. Zool. [Gr. κέρκ-ος tail] = monomastigate (Cent. Dict.). monociˈstronic a. Genetics, containing as much genetic information as is carried by a single cistron. ‖ monochoˈrea Path., ‘chorea limited to one area, as an arm’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.). monociliate, -ˈciliated adjs. Zool., having a single cilium, uniciliate. monoˈclonal Biol. and Med., forming a single clone; derived asexually from a single individual or cell. monoˈcœlian a. (and n.) Zool. [Gr. κοιλία cavity], having the encephalocœle single; pertaining to the class Monocœlia, otherwise called Leptocardii (Cent. Dict.); so monoˈcœlic (-celic), ‘having a single cavity’ (Mayne). monoˈcolour = monochrome n. 2 c. mono-coloured a. rare, having only one colour; also fig. monoˈcondylar, -conˈdylian, -conˈdylic adjs. Zool. [Gr. µονοκόνδυλ-ος single-knuckled, f. κόνδυλος knuckle], having one occipital condyle, as the skull of birds and reptiles; distinguished from dicondylian. monoconsoˈnantal a., containing a single consonant. monoˈcormic a. Bot. [Gr. κορµ-ός tree-trunk], having a single main axis of growth. monoˈcrotic, moˈnocrotous adjs. Phys. [Gr. κρότ-ος beat], of a pulse, having a single beat, not dicrotic. ˈmonocrystal, a single crystal; so monoˈcrystalline a., consisting of or constituting a monocrystal. monoˈdentate a. Chem. [L. dentātus: see dentate a.], (of a ligand) having only one point of attachment to a central atom. monoˈdermic a. [Gr. δέρµα skin], having, or consisting of, a single dermal layer. monodiˈabolism (nonce-wd.), belief in a single devil; cf polydiabolism (poly- 1). monodiaˈlectal a., speaking only one dialect; hence monodiaˈlectally adv. monodiˈametral a. Math., term proposed for quartan curves with a single diameter. monodichlaˈmydeous a. Bot. [cf. monochlamydeous], ‘having indifferently either a calyx only, or both calyx and corolla’ (Treas. Bot. 1866). ˈmonodiet, a diet confined to one type of food. monodiˈmensional a., existing in or having only one dimension; linear. monodiˈmetric a. Cryst. = dimetric. monodiˈsperse a. Physical Chem., (of a dispersed phase) present as particles all of the same mass; (of a sol) containing such a phase. monoˈdistich (nonce-wd.), a distich forming a complete poem. monoˈdynamous a. Bot. [Gr. δύναµις power; after didynamous], having one stamen much longer than the rest (Mayne). monoenerˈgetic a. Physics, (consisting of particles) of the same energy; emitting radiation all of one energy. moˈnœstrous a. Zool. [œstrum 2 b, œstrus 2 b] (see quot.). ˈmonofil, ˈmonofilament, a single strand of man-made fibre; freq. attrib. monoˈflagellate a. Zool. = monomastigate. monoˈfunctional a. Chem., having or corresponding to a single functional group per molecule. monoˈganglial a. Path. [see ganglion 1], epithet of a bubo affecting only one gland. monogangliˈonic a., having a single ganglion (Cent. Dict.). ˈmonogerm a. Agric., (of a sugar-beet variety or seed produced by it) having or consisting of only one seed in each seed ball; (cf. multigerm s.v. multi- 3). monoˈglacial a., applied to the theory that there was only one ice age; so monoˈglacialism, the monoglacial theory. monoˈglacialist n. and a., (of or pertaining to) a supporter of this theory. monogoˈneutic a. Ent. [Gr. γονεύ-ειν to beget], having only one brood a year (Syd. Soc. Lex.). monogonoˈporic, -goˈnoporous adjs. Zool. [Gr. γόν-ος generation + πόρ-ος passage], having only one sexual aperture or generative pore, as certain dendrocœle worms (Cent. Dict.); moˈnolobite, a trilobite in which the division into three lobes is not distinctly marked (Ibid.). monoˈlobular a. Path., having a single lobule or lobe. monoˈlocular a. Bot. and Path., having a single cavity or cell, unilocular (Mayne). ˈmonolog Linguistics (see quots.). monoˈmastigate a. Zool. [Gr. µαστῑγ-, µάστιξ whip], of infusorians, having a single flagellum, uniflagellate (Cent. Dict.). monomeroˈsomatous a. Zool. [Gr. µονοµερ-ής consisting of one part (µέρ-ος part) + σωµατ-, σῶµα body], having the body formed of one segment, as the order Monomerosomata of Arachnida in Leach's classification (Mayne). monoˈmictic a. [Gr. µικτός mixed], applied to a lake in which there is only one overturn each year. monomineˈralic a. Petrol., composed of a single mineral. monoˈneuran [Gr. νεῦρ-ον nerve], a member of Rudolphi's division Mononeura of animals with only a ganglionic nervous system (Brande 1842); so monoˈneurous a., belonging to this division (Mayne). monoˈpersonal a., having but one person (Worcester 1860, citing Meadows). ˈmonophane Min. [Gr. µονοϕαν-ής visible alone], obs. synonym of epistilbite, prob. so named because it has one very distinct and brilliant cleavage (Chester). moˈnophanous a. [see prec.], ‘similar in appearance’ (Maunder 1830). ˈmonoplacid a. Zool. [Gr. πλακ-οῦς flat cake], having but one madreporic plate, as a star-fish (Cent. Dict.). monoˈpleurid [pleura], one of the family Monopleuridæ of bivalves. monoˈpleurobranch a., belonging to the sub-order Monopleurobranchiata of gastropods, which have gills only on one side; n., a member of this sub-order (Cent. Dict.); so monopleuroˈbranchian (Brande 1842), monopleuroˈbranchiate (Cent. Dict.). monopneuˈmonian a. (and n.) Zool. [Gr. πνεύµων lung], belonging to the Monopneumona or fishes with one lung; so monoˈpneumonous a. (Cent. Dict.). monoˈprostyle a., of a colonnade, consisting of a single row of columns placed in advance of the wall of a building. monopteˈrygian a. (and n.) Zool. [Gr. πτερυγ-, πτέρυξ wing, fin], belonging to the order Monopterygii or fishes with one fin (Cent. Dict.); so monopteˈrygious a. (Mayne). ˈmonopulse, used attrib. and absol. to designate (the mode of operation of) radar in which the direction (and usu. also the range) of a target is precisely determined from a single echo pulse that is detected using two or more adjacent aerials. monoˈpylean a. (and n.) Zool. [Gr. πύλη gate], belonging to the group Monopyleæ of radiolarians, which have a single pseudopodal opening (Cent. Dict.). monoˈschemic a. Pros. [Gr. µονόσχηµ-ος of but one form, f. σχῆµα form], consisting of one form of foot throughout (Ibid.). ˈmono-sentence nonce-wd., a brief or insufficient sentence. monosoˈmatic a. Cryst. [Gr. σωµατ-, σῶµα body] (see quot.). monoˈsomatous a. Zool. [see prec.], having a single body or cell, as a rhizopod (Cent. Dict.). ˈmono-sound rare—1, an abrupt single sound. ˈmonospasm, spasm confined to one side. mono-speˈcific a. Biol., affecting or containing only one species. ˈmonostach, moˈnostachous, monoˈstachyous adjs. Bot. [mod.L. monostachyus, Gr. στάχυ-ς ear of corn], bearing a single spike. monoˈstatic a., (of radar) having a single aerial as both transmitter and receiver. monoˈstigmatous a. Bot., having but one stigma (Mayne). ˈmonostylous a. Bot., having but one style (Mayne). monosymptoˈmatic a. Med., having a single dominant symptom; also in Psychol. and more general use. monoˈtelephone, a telephone adapted for transmitting sounds of definite pitch; hence monoteleˈphonic a. (Cent. Dict.). monoˈthelious a. Zool. [Gr. θῆλ-υς female], applied to species in which several males serve to fecundate a single female; polyandrous (Ibid.). monoˈthetic a. (a) Philos. [Gr. θετικ-ός positing, pertaining to a thesis], ‘positing or supposing a single essential element’ (Ibid.); (b) Taxonomy, (of a classification) having groups formed on the basis of a single characteristic, or a series of single characteristics; hence monoˈthetically adv. moˈnotomous a. Min. [Gr. τοµ-ή cutting, section], having a cleavage distinct only in a single direction. ˈmonotower, used attrib. and absol. to designate a crane whose jib is mounted on a single tower. mono-unˈsaturated a. Chem., (of a compound) saturated except for one multiple bond (usu. between carbon atoms) at which addition can normally occur. monoˈxenic a. Parasitology [Gr. ξένος stranger], applied to a culture, or the cultivation, of a parasitic organism in the presence of a single other species. monoˈxenous a. Parasitology [a. G. monoxen (A. de Bary 1867, in Bot. Zeitung XXV. 264/1), f. Gr. ξένος stranger], of a parasitic plant or animal: restricted to a single host species during its entire life-cycle.
1927Daily Express 24 Nov. 13 The most simple code is the ‘*monoalphabetic’, in which a letter is always represented by the same sign, letter, or numeral.
1893Dunglison Med. Lex. (ed. 21) *Monanæsthesia. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 302 The co-existence of brachial monoplegia with brachial monoanæsthesia.
1950A. Huxley Themes & Variations 259 The best antidote to nationalistic idolatry is a monotheism with its corollary (since God's fatherhood implies men's brotherhood) of *monoanthropism.
1925Contrib. Embryol. Carnegie Inst. Washington XVI. 241 Naegeli..derives the monocyte from the myeloblast of the bone-marrow..and terms this young cell the ‘*monoblast’. 1938H. Downey Handbk. Hematol. I. v. 386 Ehrich has taken..exception to Bloom's conclusion that monoblasts other than lymphocytes and myeloblasts do not exist. 1968Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. xxvi. 12/2 These cells [sc. monocytes] are produced mainly in the spleen and lymph nodes. The parent cell, the monoblast, is like the myeloblast and lymphoblast, a cell of about 15 µm in diameter with a large nucleus, containing 2–3 nucleoli, filling much of the cell cytoplasm.
1926H. Blyth Mod. Telpherage & Ropeways xiii. 111 The *mono-cable system has been developed very extensively in this country, and although formerly considered as being suitable only for light duty and small gradients, has now proved to be quite suitable for capacities up to 150 tons per hour and gradients of 1 in 2½. 1958I. C. F. Statham Coal Mining Pract. II. vii. 509 The Mono-Cable is the oldest and simplest, being first used in Dantzig in 1644. 1964Economist 14 Nov. 745/2 Using [for bridges] a mono-cable instead of dual cable suspension. 1973Gloss. Terms Materials Handling (B.S.I.) vii 8 Mono-cable trestle, a structure supporting a mono-cable ropeway between the ropeway stations.
1957C. Hunt Guide to Communist Jargon xxiv. 86 Lenin's doctrine illustrates the weakness of *monocausal explanations of highly complex phenomena. 1972R. Plant in Cox & Dyson 20th Cent. Mind. I. v. 161 Weber conceded that an economic interpretation of history and social life was possible, but he was not willing to accept any monocausal view in its entirety. Ibid. 165 Against the Marxist monocausal view of history therefore, Weber poses a far more complex picture.
1859Todd's Cycl. Anat. V. [129/2] The simpler and *mono⁓cellular Algæ. 1880W. S. Kent Infusoria I. 99 The mono⁓cellular unimpregnated ovum.
1878tr. Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 597 If the rete remains broken up, then it is known as a diffuse, unipolar, or *monocentric rete mirabile. 1887H. M. Ward in Nature 27 Jan. 301/2 A complexity is introduced as soon as the sap-vacuoles appear, in many cases making the cells not monocentric but polycentric.
1866H. J. Clark in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. XLII. 324 The *monociliate Flagellata.
1857Ann. Nat. Hist. Ser. ii. XIX. 260 A group of *monociliated Monads. 1880W. S. Kent Infusoria I. 145 The normal, small, monociliated and uniciliated sponge-cells.
1965Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. LIV. 1193 For these purposes, one would prefer a *monocistronic message containing information for only one protein. 1972Nature 21 Jan. 131/2 Each segment is transcribed into a single messenger RNA and at least eight of these ten molecules are translated as monocistronic messengers.
1914W. E. Agar in Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. CCV. 422 When a population is known to have been descended asexually from a single common ancestor, it consists of a single clone and may be described as *monoclonal. Ibid. 442 The monoclonal population was descended from 70 original ancestors, themselves all descended parthenogenetically from a single known female. 1973Sci. Amer. Aug. 44/1 Are the plaque cells transformed cells, in which the genetic material has somehow become changed from that of the normal cell population? If so, the plaque cells could be expected to be monoclonal: a homogeneous population derived from a single cell, rather than a mixed population of cells as in normal human tissue.
1963Listener 31 Jan. 220/2 The idea of using full orchestra was avoided... To paint a picture which should have universality of expression..the *monocolour of strings seemed the only possible medium.
1798Trans. Soc. Arts XVI. 284 A *mono-coloured substance. 1955Times 25 June 5/6 The parties of the extreme left and those of the right favour a ‘mono-coloured’ Government..since such a one-party Government..would be more or less permanently at the mercy of right or left.
1890Century Dict., *Monocondylar, *Monocondylian.
1891Flower & Lydekker Mammals iii. 83 The former [the Anomodontia] have become *monocondylic by [etc.].
1948D. Diringer Alphabet x. 161 The consonantal principle and the selected symbols to represent *mono-consonantal words were used by the Egyptians at the beginning of the third millennium B.C. 1965Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics Spring 154 In other cases we find monoconsonantal roots in one language cognate with biconsonantal forms in the other.
1899Nature 9 Nov. 28/1 Following Vöchtung, the author recognises two principal types—the *monocormic and polycormic respectively... The common spruce fir is an example of a monocormic conifer.
1891Syd. Soc. Lex., * Monocrotic, a term applied to the pulse in which the dicrotic wave is absent.
1877Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) II. 22 Among the principal dangerous signs are a marked dicrotous or *mono-crotous pulse.
1934Rev. Sci. Instr. V. 402/2 *Monocrystals with dimensions of the order of 10 cm were readily produced. 1946Nature 10 Aug. 199/2 The X-ray density must be related to monocrystals, and if indeed the starch grain were a monocrystal the numbers found might be considered as a proof. 1973Ibid. 16 Nov. 124/1 Of future plans perhaps the most striking was V. Braginsky's..idea of using a massive monocrystal instead of an aluminium bar with a resultant very high quality factor to look for the sort of signals astronomers expect from nearby galaxies.
1934Rev. Sci. Instr. V. 402/2 The test showed the main body of the growth to be *monocrystalline with the seed. 1946Nature 24 Aug. 261/1 An extensive study was made by R. Jacquersson on the effect of torsion on a monocrystalline rod. 1968C. G. Kuper Introd. Theory Superconductivity vi. 97 Pippard..made measurements with a number of monocrystalline cylindrical specimens of tin.
1949Kirk & Othmer Encycl. Chem. Technol. IV. 382 Monofunctional ligand groups..are sometimes known as unidentate or *monodentate groups. 1974Jrnl. Inorg. & Nuclear Chem. XXXVI. 1221/1 The behaviour of ethylenediamine as a monodentate ligand has also been reported in a few other cobalt..and chromium..complexes.
1891Syd. Soc. Lex., *Monodermic, having an envelope or skin consisting of one layer only. 1897Nature 7 Oct. 555/2 The elements which constitute the mono⁓dermic outer wall of the cœlom.
1880Spalding Eliz. Demonology 17 *Monodiabolism being as impossible as monotheism.
1972J. L. Dillard Black English iii. 85 Reading and writing almost pre-suppose a certain degree of mastery of Standard English, since nothing was written for the *monodialectal speaker of Plantation Creole.
1964Archivum Linguisticum XVI. 73 Martinet..[distinguishes] two senses of the term dialect: dialect1, a variety of a language..used *monodialectally within a whole language area,..and dialect2, a local dialect within a larger dialect1 area.
1872Brit. Assoc. Rep. ii. 23 On *Monodiametral Quartan Curves. By F. W. Newman.
1920Chambers's Jrnl. 1 May 349/2 No matter what the advocate of a mixed-food diet may say to the contrary, there is no disputing the fact that the nearer one gets to the *mono-diet the better the health will be. 1953‘I. Devi’ Forever Young Forever Healthy v. 61 The mono-diet..is the kind of diet where you eat only one type of food. It makes no difference whether it is only milk,..or anything else.
1952New Biol. XII. 100 Besides such two-dimensional layers of more or less loosely fixed molecules there certainly must exist some analogous linear phenomena along the edges of crystals, and this would make *monodimensional strings or chains of adsorbed particles. 1959Brno Studies in English I. 31 The monodimensional character of spoken utterances..as opposed to the..polydimensional character of written utterances.
1854Pereira's Polarized Light (ed. 2) 196 The pyramidal, the tetragonal, or the *monodimetric system.
1925G. Barger tr. H. Freundlich's Elements Colloid Chem. 132 The preparation of colloidal solutions containing particles of uniform size—so-called unidisperse (*monodisperse) sols—is mostly very difficult. 1940Glasstone Text-bk. Physical Chem. xiv. 1232 By means of the ultracentrifuge it has been found that many protein solutions are monodisperse. 1971Europ. Jrnl. Biochem. XXIII. 575 The binding of human serum albumin by monodisperse latex particles was studied.
1825Carlyle Schiller iii. (1845) 154 The plan was that it [the Xenien] should comprise an immense multitude of detached couplets, each conveying a complete thought... It was at first intended to provide about a thousand of these pointed *monodistichs.
1950Glasstone Sourcebk. Atomic Energy xi. 310/1 Another source of *monoenergetic neutrons is the Li7(p,n)Be7 reaction, the energy of the incident protons being carefully controlled. 1954Sci. News XXXIII. 41 If, therefore, we bombard a nucleus of a particular element with a monoenergetic beam of particles, the nuclei which are excited as a result of the collisions taking place will have a wide range of excitation energies. 1971Nature 3 Dec. 261/1 This factor can be experimentally determined through the use of mono-energetic gamma-ray sources.
1900Heape in Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. Nov. 16 There are two forms of sexual season evident in female mammals; the *monœstrous, in which there is only a single œstrus at one or more particular times of the year (bitch), and the polyœstrous, in which there are two or more concurrent diœstrous cycles at a particular time of the year (mare).
1916Cross & Bevan Text-bk. Paper-Making (ed. 4) i. 10 The [cellulose] solution has been extensively applied to the production of artificial threads of high lustre, so-called ‘artificial silk’, and various grades of *Monofil (Crin, Crinole). 1940Times 21 Mar. 5/5 The other two factories will convert the raw material into intermediate products—monofil at the works of I.C.I. [etc.]. 1972Trout & Salmon June 58/2 Nylon monofil slips more easily through the rod-rings.
1949Mod. Plastics Nov. 69/1 Nylon *monofilaments are well established as a material for bristles. 1960Aeroplane XCVIII. 43/3 The chafer covering the bead is of monofilament nylon, as in the case of all other Firestone tubeless tyres, to prevent capillary action of the air and so assist in the maintenance of pressure. 1960M. Sharcott Place of Many Winds vii. 115 These lures..are attached to nylon monofilament lines in varying lengths. 1973Sci. Amer. Dec. 134/1 New forms of nylon rope without stretch (a braided sheath around a monofilament core) are used for the long, dark climb.
1880W. S. Kent Infusoria I. 310 A simple *monoflagellate organism. 1898Sedgwick Student's Text-bk. Zool. I. 30 Monoflagellate forms.
1946Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. LXVIII. 360/2 The *monofunctional trimethylchlorosilane acts as a growth terminating agent or ‘chain⁓stopper’. 1949[see monodentate adj. above]. 1964Brit. Med. Bull. XX. 91/1 The carcinogenic action of a series of monofunctional ethyleneimines. 1971Nature 10 Dec. 324/1 When the number of bonds was anything less than twelve, the bifunctional reagent was able to react with only a monofunctional stoichiometry. 1974Analytical Chem. XLVI. 344 (heading) Potentiometric titration of monofunctional bases in ion exchanger-aqueous solution medium.
1861Bumstead Ven. Dis. (1879) 401 It is very rare for more than a single gland on one or both sides to suppurate specifically; and hence the virulent bubo is said to be ‘*monoganglial’.
1950Proc. Amer. Soc. Sugar Beet Technologists VI. 156 *Monogerm sugar beet varieties have not been developed in either Europe or America. Failure to develop such varieties is due to difficulties in detecting monogerm plants. 1971Farmers Weekly 19 Mar. 38/3 Modern monogerm varieties mean there is less worry about bolting than before. 1972Nature 21 Jan. 136/2 Larks still destroy young seedlings, spaced scientifically and grown from monogerm seeds.
1914W. B. Wright Quaternary Ice Age vi. 125 We are bound to take our stand on the comparatively simple *monoglacial hypothesis until we can prove at least one interglacial period. 1961L. D. Stamp Gloss. Geogr. Terms 323/1 The monoglacial theory considers the Pleistocene ice-sheet to have expanded and contracted in only one general movement without any substantial ‘interglacial periods’ of recession followed by advance.
1957J. K. Charlesworth Quaternary Era II. xxxvi. 920 Upholders of *monoglacialism are becoming fewer, and discussion is turning more and more upon the number of the epochs rather than upon the question of their existence. 1959F. E. Zeuner Pleistocene Period ii. 54 (heading) Monoglacialism.
1914W. B. Wright Quaternary Ice Age vi. 125 The Cyprina Clays of Denmark..were referred by Geikie..to one of the interglacial periods, but..it was very justly held by the *monoglacialists that they might easily be of preglacial age. 1946Antiquity XX. 10 Controversy raged with considerable acrimony between the monoglacialist and polyglacialist exponents of Pleistocene geology. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 458/2 For a long time, a considerable controversy persisted between monoglacialists and polyglacialists, eventually to be conclusively won by the latter. Ibid. 913/1 For a long time, there was a minority belief in only one glacial epoch, the so-called monoglacialist school, and a few representatives still survive.
1888Lancet 26 May 1043 The cirrhosis is at first *monolobular.
1929H. E. Palmer Rep. Res. Activities 1928–9 Inst. Res. Eng. Teaching (Tokyo) 9 Each of these white spots is a word, that which is contained in a ring is not a word but a word-family... I propose to call the spots monologons and the rings monologemes (the termination on suggests the individual unit, and the termination eme suggests the group unit..). There are times however when..instead of the cumbrous ‘monologons or monologemes’ we may use the convenient common form *monologs. 1947H. Bongers Hist. & Princ. Vocab. Control i. iii. 56 The vocabulary of a language consists of:..Units neither more nor less than single words written without a break... These have been conveniently termed ‘monologs’.
1956Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XLII. 84 For the three categories of Forel's classification [sc. polar, temperate, and tropical] the terms cold *monomictic, dimictic, and warm monomictic have been used by one of us [sc. Hutchinson]..in a forthcoming extensive work on limnology. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. vii. 438 It is..proposed to use the term dimictic for any lake circulating twice a year; warm monomictic will be employed as a substitute for tropical, implying winter circulation above 4°C; and cold monomictic as a substitute for polar, implying summer circulation below 4°C. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 603/2 The monomictic lake waters [of Lake Atitlán, in Guatemala] appear to be fully circulating in the dry season, but Deevey (1957) found that in August the temperature at the surface is 24°C versus 20°C at the bottom.
1917Jrnl. Geol. XXV. 243 The inquiry gives considerable support to the belief that the *monomineralic rocks..are generated by the process of collection of crystals under the action of gravity. 1956Mineral. Mag. XXXI. 120 Specimens (24) to (28) inclusive are practically monomineralic rock specimens from which small, platey single crystals may be obtained. 1970Nature 17 Oct. 258/2 The extreme composition range of the lunar sprays can be most readily explained by solar flares melting minute, essentially monomineralic particles on the lunar surface.
1865Watts Dict. Chem. III. 1047 *Monophane.
1903Geikie Text-bk. Geol. vi. iii. iii. (ed. 4) 1170 The families of *Monopleurids..and Hippuritids.
1843Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. VI. 330/2 The advanced or *monoprostyle colonnade in the centre is 200 feet in length.
1955IRE Convention Record viii. 132/2 A third method for generating both positive and negative errors simultaneously..is known as *monopulse radar, since all information on range and angle errors is generated from each single pulse. This very satisfactory name was proposed by Bell Telephone Laboratories engineers. 1965D. K. Barton in R. S. Berkowitz Mod. Radar vii. 603 (heading) Operation of amplitude-comparison monopulse. Ibid. 598 In return for the added complexity in the receiving and antenna system, the monopulse radar offers reduction in tracking errors caused by target scintillation, an improved data rate.., and efficiency in overcoming thermal noise errors on distant targets. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. VIII. 577/2 An additional advantage of monopulse tracking as compared to conical scan is that no mechanical action is required in monopulse. 1970Sci. Jrnl. May 46/1 Modern radars, such as those of the chirp or monopulse types, need compression filters to convert long shallow pulses into tall brief ones and expansion filters to do the opposite.
1817Keats Let. Mar. (1931) I. 13 Your kindness affects me so sensibly that I can merely put down a few *mono-sentences.
1888Teall Brit. Petrogr. 440 *Monosomatic, a term applied to crystals and their inclusions when both belong to the same mineral species.
1875Gentl. Mag. XV. 445 His laugh—with an abrupt, short, *monosound—more like a short gasp or snort than a laugh.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 291 The *monospasms or protospasms of Jacksonian epilepsy.
1951Whitby & Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 5) xvii. 293 One such *mono-specific serum thus appropriately prepared will only agglutinate Br[ucella] melitensis. 1964A. L. Thomson New Dict. Birds 309/2 Flocks may be mono-specific or composed of several species. 1970Nature 22 Aug. 779 (caption) Digenea subarticulata..belongs to a genus formerly thought to be monospecific. 1974Ibid. 1 Nov. 78/2 The reactivity of the DeV reagent was abolished by previous incubation with a monospecific rabbit anti-human IgG serum.
1819Pantologia, *Monostach caulis, in botany, a stem bearing a single spike.
1850Ogilvie, *Monostachous.
1775J. Jenkinson tr. Linnæus' Brit. Plants 254 *Monostachyous [wrongly explained, ‘consisting of but one range or order’]. 1856Mayne Expos. Lex., Monostachyous.
1957R. Watson-Watt Three Steps to Victory xxii. 128 We had already erected a direction-finding hut so close to the others as to show that we were..confidently counting on wholly *monostatic working. That is to say we would obtain all the information required from a sector of our front by observations made at a single site accommodating both transmitter and receiver. 1973Nature 9 Mar. 109/2 Some work has been reported in which a steerable monostatic radar has been pointed obliquely in several directions successively, so as to measure more than one velocity component.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 119 Charcot thinks..that in children the usual stigmata [of hysteria] are often absent and the disease is ‘*monosymptomatic’. 1937G. W. Allport Personality (1938) p. ix, Cultural determinism is one of the monosymptomatic approaches; it has a blind spot for the internal balancing factors and structural tenacity within personality. 1965Monosymptomatic [see conversion hysteria]. 1972H. J. Eysenck Psychol. is about People iii. 111 Her patients were all..suffering from serious and complex phobic anxieties; there were no monosymptomatic cases.
1962P. H. A. Sneath in Ainsworth & Sneath Microbial Classification 291 Special classifications are usually based on single characters, or on a series of single characters... Beckner..calls such groups monotypic, because the defining set of features is unique, but since monotypic has other meanings, *monothetic is a better term. 1965Math. in Biol. & Med. (Med. Res. Council) iii. 82 (caption) Group Y is monothetic, and is subdivided monothetically. 1969E. Mayr Princ. Systematic Zool. iv. 83 When the definition of the logicians—‘individuals sharing common characters’—was replaced by ‘members of a group having descended from a common ancestor’, a monothetic characterization of a taxon was no longer necessary.
1835Shepard Min. I. p. xxxi, Pearl Kerate..1 Hexahedral..2 Pyramidal..3 *Monotomous.
1938Engineer 3 June 615/1 Messrs. Butters Brothers are showing..a ‘*Monotower’ electric crane. 1953Dock & Harbour Authority XXXIV. 88/2 The design of the mast for the monotower crane. 1963Engineering 19 Apr. 532 During erection as a monotower up to 90 ft, the crane grows from the bottom. 1971B. Scharf Engin. & Its Lang. xvi. 230 Monotower cranes..consist of a latticed tower surmounted by a derrick crane. 1972J. R. Illingworth Movement & Distribution Concrete vi. 84 With monotowers, full circle slewing is obtained, but static base operation limits coverage to the area swept out by a particular jib length.
1939Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. III. 241 (table) Fully saturated triglycerides... *Mono-unsaturated-di-saturated glycerides. 1950Analytical Chem. XXII. 1261/1 Extinction coefficients..are reported for seventeen pure cis and trans mono⁓unsaturated and saturated acids, esters, and alcohols. 1965E. D. Wilson et al. Princ. Nutrition (ed. 2) v. 35 The quantity of the monounsaturated fatty acids in the average American diet matches that of the saturated ones, about 40 per cent.
1953E. C. Dougherty in Parasitology XLII. 259/2 Such an expression as ‘two-membered culture’ becomes ‘*monoxenic culture’. 1969Oikos XX. 287 (heading) The monoxenic cultivation of some rhabditid nematodes. Ibid. 288/1 Some nematode species were studied under controlled conditions on monoxenic agar cultures.
1940B. G. Chitwood in J. R. Christie Introd. Nematology ii. iv. 243/2 Parasites of animals may also be classified according to the number of hosts necessary for completion of the life cycle. Species in which there is a single host are termed *monoxenous. 1962W. P. Rogers Nature of Parasitism x. 219 A specific parasite (sometimes called species-specific or monoxenous) can live on or in one species of host only. 1973N. D. Levine Protozoan Parasites (ed. 2) i. 5/1 A monoxenous parasite has only one type of host—the definitive host. Ibid. 5/2 The term monoxenous parasite is used by some authors for a parasite which is restricted to a single host species.
2. Chem. Used in the names of compounds to signify the presence of a single atom or combining equivalent of the element or radical indicated by the word to which mono- is prefixed. Also used to indicate monomeric compounds (e.g. mononucleotide below). monoethaˈnolamine, 2-aminoethanol H2NCH2CH2OH, a viscous high-boiling liquid used in making detergents; monoˈglyceride, any compound consisting of glycerol esterified at only one of its hydroxyl groups; monoˈnucleotide [ad. G. mononucleotid (Levene & Mandel 1908, in Ber. d. Deut. Chem. Ges. XLI. 1906)], any of the compounds whose molecules are formed from a single molecule each of phosphoric acid, a sugar, and a heterocyclic base, and are the units of which nucleic acids are composed; a monomeric nucleotide.
proto- has also been used with the same meaning. The nomenclature is regularly continued in the series di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa- (see hexa- and hex-), hepta-.
The more important of these names are treated as main-words: see monacetin, monamide, monethyl, monochloride, monoxide, etc.; also monobromo-, mononitro-, etc. With a like sense are formed monacid, monatomic, monobasic, monovalent. A free use of the prefix is illustrated here in mono-compound (see quot.); mono-substitution, substitution affecting only one of the elements or radicals in a compound; mono-substituted a., formed by mono-substitution.
1865Watts Dict. Chem. III. 1047 *Mono-compounds. This term is applied to compounds containing 1 at. of the element specified.
1929Chem. Abstr. XXIII. 3232 If 352 parts of ethylene oxide is added to 3400 parts of 25% aq. NH3 at 10°, *monoethanolamine is obtained. 1959Times Rev Industry Jan. 67/1 The CO2 removed by scrubbing with monoethanolamine is used as a purge gas. 1972Materials & Technol. IV. xv. 516 Since monoethanolamine reacts more readily with ethylene oxide than does ammonia, excess of the latter and careful control of the ethylene oxide concentration is essential for appreciable amounts of the mono-alcohol to be formed.
1860H. Debus in Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XII. 243 (heading) *Monoglycerides. 1926G. D. Elsdon Edible Oils & Fats iv. 17 The β monoglycerides have been prepared by using dichlorhydrin. 1954E. W. Eckey Veg. Fats & Oils iv. 143 An important practical application of alcoholysis of fats is the preparation of monoglycerides which are used in shortenings to improve their cake-making properties and as emulsifiers... Monoglyceride mixtures are prepared also as a first step in the manufacture of oil-modified alkyd resins, and in the preparation of certain detergents. 1972Lipids VII. 433/1 Palmitic, stearic and oleic acids were the predominant fatty acids present in the monoglycerides.
1908Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XCIV. i. 587 The composition of the thyminglucophosphoric acid is almost identical with that of heminucleic acid.., and may be considered to be a *mononucleotide. 1956Nature 11 Feb. 271/1 Preparations or fractions of ribonucleic acid were hydrolysed in N potassium hydroxide to mononucleotides. 1968H. Harris Nucleus & Cytoplasm iii. 55 The mononucleotides released from this material by alkali hydrolysis are contaminated with other compounds. 1974Nature 1 Nov. 75/2 The data show total 32P c.p.m. in the RNA and in the triphosphate termini as mononucleotides and pppNps released by KOH hydrolysis of that RNA.
1889Nature 26 Sept. 539/2 On the constitution of *monosubstituted derivatives of camphor, by M. P. Cazeneuve.
1881Watts in Nature 15 Dec. 148/1 The saturated hydro-carbons..are first described; next their *mono-substitution derivatives. 1885I. Remsen Org. Chem. (1888) 131 The lactic acids..will be shown to be mono-substitution products of propionic acid. |