| 释义 |
▪ I. module, n.|ˈmɒdjuːl|
[a. F. module (1547 in Godefr. Compl.), or directly ad. L. modul-us small measure, limit or standard of measure, machine for measuring water, module in architecture, also rhythmic measure, dim. of modus measure: see mode n. (Cf. mould n.2, a. OF. molde, modle:—L. modulum.) The earliest uses in Eng. seem to be based directly on Latin senses not found in Fr., and also to show confusion of the word with model. The architectural sense appears to have been introduced from Fr. in the 17th c.]
†1. Allotted measure, compass, or scale; one's allotted power or capabilities. Cf. model n. 8. Obs.
1586A. Day Eng. Secretary ii. (1625) 122 To repose a foundation consonant to the module or compasse of this my present intendment. 1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1369/2 His counterfet so naturallie conveied into coloures, with his white beard, the hollownesses of his cheekes,..and all within a module the circumference whereof exceedeth not six inches. 1607T. Walkington Opt. Glass. Ep. Ded. 3 Yet for that module of these habiliments in me I have ever bent my judgement so far as in it lay to limit [etc.]. 1628Coke On Litt. Pref., The module of a preface cannot express the observations that are made in the work. 1640G. Watts tr. Bacon's Adv. Learn. ix. i. 471 That the mind for its Module [orig. pro modulo] be dilated to the amplitude of the Mysteries. 1663Charleton Chor. Gigant. 41 Whose picture, though in too small a module, is taken also by our Author. 1681Wittie Surv. Heavens 70, I have reasoned with modesty according to my module.
2.
†a. The plan or design in little of some large work. Cf. model n. 1. Obs.
1589Acts Privy Council (1898) XVII. 455 Send unto us a plat forme or module of the situation of the said mylne upon the river. 1611R. Badley To Author in Coryat Crudities k, Yet in thy booke the module is descried Of many a Citie, and Castle fortified. 1622Hakewill David's Vow vi. 222 Man..himselfe, a little map or module as it were of the great world. 1636Earl of Cork Diary in Lismore Papers Ser. i. (1886) IV. 210, I sent [them]..to tak a module of the L. presidents howse..to make the lyke by ffor my son. 1695Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth ii. 107 That's the Business of the Larger Work, of which this is only the Module or Platform.
†b. A plastic or graphic representation (usually on a small scale) of some material object. Cf. model n. 2.
1591Sylvester Du Bartas i. vi. 1015 You that have seen within this ample Table, Among so many Modules admirable [orig. parmy tant de pourtraits], Th' admired beauties of the King of Creatures. 1609Heywood Brit. Troy xii. lxxxvii, The Pummel..rarely wrought With artful Modules. a1661Feltham Resolves, etc. Let. x. 74 By this weeks Carrier you shall receive the Module of the World in a box.
†c. poet. A mere image or counterfeit. Obs.
1595Shakes. John v. vii. 58 And then all this thou seest, is but a clod, And module of confounded royalty. 1601― All's Well iv. iii. 114 Come, bring forth this counterfet module. 1608Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iv. 111. Schisme 492 This Childe (no Man, but Man's pale Module now).
†d. poet. A model for imitation; a type or pattern of excellence, a perfect exemplar (of); = model n. 10. Obs.
1609Daniel Civ. Wars iv. lxxxii, That vertuous Prince..borne to bee The module of a glorious Monarch. 1598Sylvester Du Bartas 11. Ded., From Thee (rare Module of Heroik minds). Ibid. ii. i. 1. Eden 94 Ye Pagan Poets..; from henceforth still be dum Your fabled prayses of Elysium; Which by this goodly Module you have wrought.
†e. A regularly formulated plan or scheme (of government, etc.); = model n. 7 b. Obs.
1650Needham Case of Commw. ii. 50 Notwithstanding all the Reasons to the Contrary the Scotish Module was still pressed.
3. A standard or unit for measuring.
a1628F. Grevil Cœlica vi, Measure of all ioyes stay to phansie traces Module of pleasure. 1685Bernard Let. to Author in Pococke Comm. Hosea (a), Many of the ancients serv'd themselves with ordinary grains of corne (which module hath also entred our English Laws) for the Measures both of length and capacity. 1712H. More's Antid. Ath. i. v. Schol. 145 They are not made..by measure or module, which should limit, and, as it were, design and determine them. 1845R. W. Hamilton Pop. Educ. vi. (ed. 2) 128 A precise proposition is already adjusted, a module of the truth. 1863Herschel Fam. Lect. Sci. (1868) 450 The only new measure I would legalize would be a ‘module’ (or some other name at present unoccupied) of 50 geometrical inches.
4. a. Arch. In the classic orders, the unit of length by which the proportions of the parts are expressed; usually the semidiameter of the column at the base of the shaft.
[1563: see modulus 1.] 1664Evelyn tr. Freart's Archit. i. xxvii. 66 The Chapter contains two Modules and a third. 1760Raper in Phil. Trans. LI. 814 The shafts of the columns are so nearly 16 modules, that they seem to have been designed for that proportion. 1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 480 The height given to the column is fourteen modules, or seven diameters.
b. Numism. The diameter of a coin or medal.
1887Athenæum 24 Sept. 411/3 There are thirty plates, many of them containing coins of the smallest module.
c. A length chosen as a basis for the dimensions of parts of a building, items of furniture, etc., to facilitate their coordination, so that all lengths are an integral multiple of it; spec. one of 4 inches (101·6 millimetres). Also attrib.
1936Bemis & Burchard Evolving House III. iv. 64 A dimension of 4{pp} for the module..is selected because it is the nominal greatest common divisor of the wood-frame house, which represents the bulk of American housing. 1945Archit. Record Jan. 103/1 The architect can best realize the advantage of the coordination of masonry and metal window dimensions by doing preliminary building layouts on the familiar cross section paper of the module system, each grid line representing 4 inches. 1946Industr. Standardization XVII. 269/1 ‘Module’ furniture is designed on a coordinated 6-inch scale so that all pieces are interchangeable. 1949Architects' Jrnl. 20 Oct. 432/1 The planning grid on which the Hertfordshire County Council structure is based was an 8 ft. 3 in. module. 1955Sci. News Let. 1 Jan. 13/1 Houses of the future may all be built using a four-inch cube called a module as the structural ‘atom’. 1966L. B. Anderson in G. Kepes Module, Symmetry, Proportion 117 Now the idea of the module is again asserted, with emphasis on its ability to encompass growth and change.
d. One of a series of production units or component parts that are standardized to facilitate assembly or replacement and are usu. prefabricated as self-contained structures.
1955Sci. Amer. Aug. 30 (caption) Assembled module consists of a stack of wafers coated with opaque plastic. Vertical wires through notches in the wafers provide electrical connections between the parts. 1959Horsey & Shergaus Proc. Symposium Microminiaturization of Electronic Assemblies 1958 i. iv. 44 The electronic ‘module’..is an individually fabricated subassembly that may be replaced in toto when repair becomes necessary. 1964R. F. Ficchi Electr. Interference iii. 23 For circuits and components that can be grouped together, e.g., modules (a group of components mounted on a nonconducting board and wired together), and chassis drawers (groups of modules mounted in a rack), the following wiring rules should be followed. 1969W. V. Tipping Introd. Mech. Assembly ix. 240 The modules are bolted together to form a full machine ready for final trouble⁓shooting. 1970J. Earl Tuners & Amplifiers vi. 141 The vast majority of tuner-amplifiers are now transistored, the designs being based on printed circuit boards or ‘modules’. 1970New Yorker 3 Oct. 28/1 In prefabrication, flat pieces of a house are built in a plant and assembled on a site. Plumbing, electrical wiring, and heating are then installed by conventional methods. Modules are larger, three-dimensional units, which are completely finished in the factory and then bolted together at the site in a much shorter time. Modular housing gives you more control in the plant. 1971[see modular a. 1 b]. 1971Real Estate Rev. Fall 48/2 Our housing needs in the next nine years must be met with factory-built modules, assembled on site.
e. Astronautics. A separable section of a spacecraft that can operate as an independent unit.
1961New Scientist 4 May 241/3 To deal with its dual function the Apollo craft will have three separate sections, or modules: first, a command centre module..; secondly, a propulsion module..; and finally, a so-called ‘mission’ module. 1963Ann. Reg. 1962 400 A capsule was to be fired from the earth into orbit round the moon, when a special part of it, christened the lunar excursion module, would detach itself. 1969Listener 24 July 123/1 The ITV audience was being guided..towards the first climax of the night, the landing of the module on the Moon's surface. 1970Sci. Jrnl. Aug. 35/2 As additional modules are placed in orbit and docked with the first module, some could be devoted to specialized activities.
f. One of a number of distinct, well-defined units from which a computer program may be built up or into which any complex process or activity is analysed (usu. for computer simulation), each of which is complete in itself but bears a definite relationship to the other units.
1963L. Schultz Digital Processing xv. 340 Ideally, the total program system could be segmented into completely independent parts (called modules) that exhibit interdependence only through a central communication pool. 1964Fisher & Swindle Computer Programming Syst. iv. 220 Because of such varying input/output requirements among programs and among machine configurations, it is now possible with many of the new 10cs packages to specify which modules of an 10cs [sc. an input/output control system, a set of routines for reading input and writing output data] are necessary for the most efficient processing of input/output requirements. 1965Economist 17 July 272/2 This network is split up into sections or ‘modules’ that can be used in block form whenever a similar network is required. Shell used the example of the construction of chemical plant which the company put up around the world. The ‘modules’ in this instance are the particular items of plant, such as pressure vessels, which are standard. 1968F. F. Martin Computer Modeling ix. 193 Modules are of two types: system or auxiliary. System modules simulate a specific function in system (or operation) logic... For example, a detection routine in a radar model is a system module that simulates the detection function of the radar... Auxiliary modules are nonsystem modules and are not necessarily unique to any given model. For example, a random statistical variates generator routine is an auxiliary module that may be applied in any stochastic model to generate random numbers. 1971B. de Ferranti Living with Computer ix. 82 The computer programmer breaks his problem down into modules and gives the modules names so that they can be handled. 1973R. M. Armstrong Modular Programming in COBOL v. 60 The components of an operational control information system may be delineated as follows. Logistics: 1. Raw materials. 2. Production. 3. Salable product. Physical assets: 1. Property and equipment. 2. Capital projects... Manpower: 1. Payroll. 2. Benefits. 3. Personnel administration. We might describe these components as applicational modules at the systems level. Ibid. 63 In applying the above [characteristics] to a module in a computer system, a more precise definition is necessary. 1. The functions of input and output are well defined. 2. The module has a single entry point and a single exit point. 3. It exits to a standard return point in the module from which it was executed.
g. A unit or period of training or education. Cf. modular a., 1 c.
1966Economist 3 Dec. 1005/1 Eventually the sort of retraining envisaged could fit in with the notion..of periodic training ‘modules’, whereby skilled men would take repeated periods off productive work to renew their perhaps rusty skills and learn new ones. 1968Daily Tel. 12 Nov. 19/5 A training manual for a module course on ‘Repairs and Restoration’ has been produced.
5. Math.
a. = modulus 2.
a1883H. J. S. Smith Collect. Math. Papers (1894) II. 545 The squared modules resulting from the σ′ (n) primitive and primary transformations of n.
b. Math. [ad. G. modul (R. Dedekind in P. G. L. Dirichlet Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie (ed. 2, 1871) Suppl. x. 442).] Orig., a set that is a subset of a ring and is closed under addition and subtraction; now usu. defined as a commutative additive group whose elements may be multiplied by those of a ring (usu. a ring with an identity element), the product being in the group and the multiplication obeying the associative and distributive laws; left module, right module (see quot. 19701). Formerly also modul.
1927Amer. Math. Monthly XXXIV. 64 The class concept was introduced by Dedekind as follows. A set M of elements of I(α) which is closed under subtraction, and hence under addition and subtraction, is called a module. If M be such that, if β is any element of M, and γ is any element of I(α), then βγ is an element of M, the module M is called an ideal. 1937A. A. Albert Mod, Higher Algebra i. 9 An additive abelian group is frequently called a modul. Ibid. xi. 252 A set 𝔐 of elements of a ring 𝔘 is called a modul of 𝔘 if a - b is in 𝔐 for every a and b of 𝔐... Thus a modul is simply an additive subgroup of the additive abelian group 𝔘. 1948O. Ore Number Theory vii. 159 The integers 0, {pm}1, {pm}2, {ddd} form a modul, but the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, {ddd} do not. Ibid. 161 A ring is a modul that is closed under multiplication. 1970Hartley & Hawkes Rings, Modules & Linear Algebra v. 70 A module over a ring R (or R-module) is an Abelian group M (almost always written additively) together with a map (r,m)→rm from R × M to M satisfying the conditions r(m1 + m2) = rm1 + rm2, (r1 + r2)m = r1m + r2m, (r1r2)m = r1(r2m), 1m = m, for all r, r1, r2 {elem} R and all m, m1, m2 {elem} M. It would be more accurate to call what we have just defined a left R-module. There is a similar definition of a right R-module in which the elements of R are written on the right. Ibid. 69 A module is a construct of great versatility. It turns up in many seemingly unlikely guises and has the knack of manifesting some of the quintessential features of a wide variety of mathematical structures. 1970Nature 19 Dec. 1234/2 A vector space is built up linearly by means of ‘scalar’ multipliers from a number field. The more general concept of a module replaces the field by an arbitrary ring (with unity) related to an Abelian group so that a ‘product’ is defined satisfying the usual distributive and associative laws.
6. An apparatus for measuring or regulating a supply or flow of water. [= It. modulo.]
1875L. D'A. Jackson Hydraulic Man. (ed. 3) 136 Hydraulic engineers not having yet arrived at a perfect module for measuring the amount of water drawn off in an open channel for irrigation. Ibid. 147 This module discharges one cubic metre..per hour.
¶7. ? The capital of a pillar (cf. mutule). Obs.
1585J. Higgins tr. Junius' Nomenclator 204/1 Epistylium, Vitru[vius], capitulum, modulus... The head or chapter of the piller: the module. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. i. 411 What a sort of modules or Chapters of pillars [orig. quot epistylia]..haue beene digged up.
8. Engin. The pitch diameter of a gear wheel in millimetres (or inches) divided by the number of teeth.
1909in Webster. 1912G. T. White Toothed Gearing ii. 17 Module = Dmm/N = ..25·4/diametral pitch = circular pitch{pp} × 8·085. 1964Morrison & Crossland Introd. Mech. Machines ii. 142 One set of standard proportions is that the addendum should be equal to the module m (or the reciprocal of the diametral pitch) and the dedendum..greater than this by an amount of one-twentieth of the circular pitch or 0·157m.
Add:[4.] h. Any one of a number or series of objects, elements, etc., which go to make up a complete item or set, without themselves conforming to a particular size or pattern.
1977F. K. Baskette Art of Editing (rev. ed.) xiv. 293 A module is a unit or component of a whole (or a page), in which each unit has a specific function..[and it] clearly separates and features a story inside it. 1977J. L. Harper Population Biol. Plants p. xiii, The population biology of higher plants needs to take account of..the number of modules of structure that compose each genet. The modules may be leaf plus bud, ramets, tillers or branch units. 1985Neat Ideas Mail Order Catal. Spring 4/1 Perfect for desk and table top literature, letterhead, paper and file organisation. Modules made of tough corrugated board. 1990Thames Valley Now Feb. 13/1 There is the fascinating Thames Valley Time Trail... Six time modules represent the six stages of development, from volcanic eruptions and dinosaurs to gravel and mineral quarrying.
▪ II. † ˈmodule, v. Obs.
[In sense 1, a. F. module-r, ad. L. modulāre to modulate. In sense 2, alteration of model v. after module n.]
1. trans. To sing, perform (music).
1610G. Fletcher Christ's Vict. ii. xviii, Soon the old Palmer his devotions sung, Like pleasing anthems moduled in time. 1612Drayton Poly-olb. xiii. 70 That Charmer of the Night..That moduleth her tunes so admirably rare.
2. To model, mould, form.
1598Sylvester Du Bartas ii. i. ii. Imposture Argt., Justice and Mercy modul'd in their kinde. 1621G. Sandys Ovid's Met. i. (1632) 9 O would I could my Father's cunning vse! And soules into well-modul'd Clay infuse! 1695Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth ii. (1723) 95 Men..which were to inhabit this Earth, thus moduled anew. |