| 释义 |
▪ I. mare1|mɛə(r)|
Forms: 1 myre, mire, 1, 3–6 mere, 4 mure, maare, 4–5 mer, meer(e, 6 Sc. meir, meyr, 6–7 meare, 7 Sc. meire, 8 mear, 2– mare.
[OE. mẻ̄̆re (WS. mī̆ere, mȳ̆re) wk. fem. = OFris., MLG., MDu. mer(r)ie (mod.Du. merrie), OHG. meriha (MHG. meriche, merhe, mod.G. with altered sense mähre jade), ON. merr str. fem. (Sw. märr, Da. mær):—OTeut. *marhjô(n)-, f. *marho-z horse (OE. mearh, OHG. marah, MHG. marc, ON. marr):—pre-Teut. *marko-s (= Gaulish µάρκαν acc. sing., Pausanias x. xix; Irish, Gael. marc, Welsh march).]
1. a. The female of any equine animal (as the horse, ass, or zebra), but esp. applied to the female of the domestic horse (Equus caballus).
a900tr. Bæda's Hist. iii. xii. [xiv.] (1890) 196 Cwist ðu þaet þe sy leofre þære myran sunu þonne þæt Godes bearn? c1000ælfric Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 119/36 Equa, mere. c1175Lamb. Hom. 85 He brohte hine uppen his werue [= jumentum Luke x. 34] þet is unorne mare. c1290Becket 1161 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 139 Þo wende forth a man, þat with him eode: and huyrde him a mere, For an Englichs peni. c1386Chaucer Reeve's T. 161 Youre hors goth to the fen With wilde mares. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. xl. (1495) 801 A maare foolyth stondynge and louyth her coltes passynge other beestys. a1400–50Alexander 2853 Meeris & mulis & all maner of bestis. 14..Nom. in Wr.-Wülcker 697/34 Hec equa, a mer. Ibid. 698/7 Hec equifera, a wyld mer. 1467in Eng. Gilds (1870) 371 No horsez ner marys stande in the markett. 1549Compl. Scot. vi. 39 Baytht horse & meyris did fast nee, & the folis nechyr. 1576in Ripon Ch. Acts (Surtees) 377 An old meare. 1594in Black Bk. Taymouth (Bannatyne Cl.) 298 Off greit meirris xlvi; off twa yeir auld hors, v... Off greit mearis xxxviii..off yeir auld meiris, iiii. 1615Crooke Body of Man 334 A Bitch whelps at foure moneths; a Mare Foales the ninth. a1774Goldsm. tr. Scarron's Com. Romance (1775) I. 295 A park, where he kept mares for breed. 1855Thackeray Newcomes II. 152 He comes to me with another letter and a face as long as my mare's.
¶ Used for: The mother, dam (of a horse).
a1400Octouian 1416 Thys ys a stede of Arabye..An vnycorn..Begat hyt thare: A rabyte..Therto was mare.
b. In various proverbial phrases.
grey mare: see grey a. 4 b.
1546J. Heywood Prov. (1867) 43 Of auncient fathers she tooke no cure nor care, She was to them, as koy as a crokers mare. Ibid. 62 This biteth the mare by the thumbe, as they sey. 1562A. Scott Poems (S.T.S.) i. 142 The heidismen hes ‘cor mundum’ in þair mouth, Bot nevir wt mynd to gif þe man his meir. 1590Shakes. Mids. N. iii. ii. 463. 1597 ― 2 Hen. IV, ii. i. 47 How now? whose Mare's dead? what's the matter? 1606Choice, Chance, etc. (Grosart) 68 Can seeme as sober as a Millers Mare, And cannot blush at any villany. 1607Acc. Christmas Prince (1816) 40 Now Night growes old, yet walkes here in his trappinge Till Daye come catch him, as Mosse his graymare, nappinge. 1611Cotgr., A desprouveu, at vnawares..vnlooked for; napping, as Mosse tooke his Mare. 1659Howell Lex., Prov. 6/2 Money makes the grey Mare to go. 1698Money Masters All Things 3 [Money] Makes the old Wife trot, and makes the Mare to go. 1827T. Creevey in C. Papers (1904) II. 123 No tidings of the Beau yet! but he must have his mare again.
c. Applied, orig. contemptuously, to a woman.
1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 7980 And shame hyt ys euer aywhare To be kalled ‘a prestës mare’. 1508Kennedie Flyting w. Dunbar 261 This Dewlbeir, generit of a meir of Mar, Wes Corspatrik, Erle of Merche. 1590Shakes. Mids. N. iii. ii. 463 The man shall have his mare again. 1922Joyce Ulysses 231 She's a gamey mare and no mistake. 1953C. W. Ogle in Caribbean Anthol. Short Stories 43 Forgot her keys! Bah! These mares give me the creeps.
2. transf. in various applications, chiefly with implication of a metaphorical ‘riding.’
a. The gallows. ? Obs.
1568U. Fulwell Like will to like C iv, This peece of land wherto you inheritours are: Is called the land of the two legged mare. 1685Roxb. Ball. V. 600 Should it..be his Fate (as needs he must fear) To leap from low Pillory up the Mare, She'll swear she had never such rider before. 1694Motteux Rabelais v. iv. (1737) 14 The two or three-legg'd Mare that groans for them. 1834H. Ainsworth Rookwood iii. v, Here's to the three leg'd mare. Ibid., For the Mare-with-three-legs, boys, I care not a rap.
†b. the wild mare: (a) a see-saw; (b) a wooden frame on which soldiers were made to ‘ride’ for punishment; = horse n. 6 b (also wooden mare, timber mare). shoeing the wild mare: some childish Christmas game. Obs.
a1586Sidney Arcadia ii. (1590) 211 b, Bestriding the mast, I gat..towards him, after such manner as boies are wont, (if euer you saw that sport) when they ride the wild mare. 1609R. Armin Maids of More-Cl. (1880) 92 Christmas gambuls, father, shooing the wilde mare. a1625Fletcher Woman's Prize ii. v., She should ride the wild Mare once a week, she should. a1670Spalding Troub. Chas. I (Spalding Club 1850) I. 290 Ane tymber meir, quhairvpone runnaget knaves and runaway soldiouris sould ryde. Ibid. 295 He..syne rode the meir, to his gryte hurt and pane. 1680[J. Speed] Batt upon Batt 5 Our Batt can..play..At..Shooing the wild Mare. 1819Scott Leg. Montrose xiv, He had an hour's ride on the wooden mare for his pains.
†c. Hick's mare (see quot.). Obs.
1585Higins Junius' Nomenclator, Oscillatio..a kind of gambol called the haltering of Hix mare.
¶ For Shanks's mare (i.e. one's own legs as a means of conveyance) see shank.
3. dial. (See quots.)
1670Blount Glossogr. (ed. 3) s.v., To cry the mare is an ancient custom in Herefordshire, viz. when each husband-man is reaping the last of his Corn, the Work-men leave a few blades standing, and tye the tops of them together, which is the Mare, and then stand at a distance, and throw their Siccles at it, and he that cuts the knot has the prize [etc.]. 1883Burne & Jackson Shropsh. Folk-lore 373 Crying, calling, or shouting the mare, is a ceremony performed by the men of that farm which is the first in any parish or district to finish the harvest.
4. Sc.
a. A kind of trestle used by masons.
b. A bricklayer's hod.
a.1651Burgh Recs. Stirling (1889) 306 For half a hunder nailles to mak the meare. 1821Galt Ann. Parish xxxvi. 295 The three were seated aloft, on a high stage, prepared on purpose, with two mares and scaffold-deals, borrowed from Mr. Trowel the mason.
b.1823Tennant Card. Beaton v. iv. 155, I think I set my apron and my mare as weel as you your apparel.
5. A particular throw in wrestling. Also flying mare (cf. flying horse s.v. flying, ppl. a. 1 d).
1602Carew Cornwall 76 Many sleights and tricks appertaine hereunto [‘wrastling’]..Such are the Trip, fore-Trip,..the Mare and diuers other like. 1612Drayton Poly-olb. i. 245 Or by the girdles graspt they practise with the hip, The forward, backward, falx, the mare, the turne, the trip. 1754[see flying ppl. a. 1 d]. 1863Thornbury True as Steel III. 40 An old wrestling trick, well known as ‘the flying mare’.
6. attrib. and Comb.
a. appositive, as mare colt, mare foal, mare mule.
1523Fitzherb. Husb. §68 At the foolynge tyme I haue vpon one daye a horse fole, and on the nexte day, or seconde, a mare fole. 1532J. Catvoord in Weaver Wells Wills (1890) 74 A bullock of one yere hold, and a mare colte. 1600Surflet Countrie Farme i. xxx. 200 The mare-mules are..longer liuers then the horse-mules. 1886Burton Arab. Nts. (Lady B.'s ed.) I. 232 He came up, riding a mare-mule.
b. simple attrib., as mare-head; objective, mare-milker, mare-stealing; similative, mare-faced, mare-headed, adjs. Also mareful Sc., as much as a hod will hold (cf. 4 b); mare grass, grazing-grass sufficient to feed one mare; † mare roiling, the condition of rutting in a stallion; † mare-wood a., mare-mad (of a stallion).
1685Lond. Gaz. No. 2036/8 A light dapple Gray Gelding,..long pasternd,..and a little *Mare-fac'd.
1823Tennant Card. Beaton v. iv. 155 I've a *marefu' o' as good lime here as ever cam out o' a lime-kill.
1523Fitzherb. Surv. 3 A horse grasse or a *mare grasse maye be dere ynoughe twelfe pens or twentie pens by y⊇ yere.
1709Lond. Gaz. No. 4603/4 A..Gelding,..with a thickish *Mare Head.
1684Ibid. No. 1950/4 A Black Nag, about 14 hands high,..*Mareheaded, and Rat-tailed.
1847Grote Greece ii. xvii. III. 317 Other tribes..whom the poet knows as milk-eaters and *mare-milkers.
1589Fleming Virg. Georg. iii. 41 Th' horsmasters earnest be Before the time (of *mareroiling).
1664Evelyn Sylva (1776) 564 The severity of our laws against *Mare-stealing.
1613Purchas Pilgrimage vi. i. 464 In the Spring they are *mare-wood.
c. Combinations with mare's, as mare's milk; † mare's evil, a disease; mare's fat dial., = fleabane; mare's son, a horse.
c1400Mandeville (1839) xxiii. 253 A Cuppe fulle of Mares mylk.
1649Eng. Farrier G ij, The *Mares Evill.
a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, *Mare's-fat, Inula dysenterica Lin.
1598*Mare's milk [see cosmos2]. 1607–1876 [see koumiss].
1470–85Malory Arthur ix. iii. 342, I calle my self neuer the wers knyght whan a *marys sone fayleth me. Ibid. xx. xxii. 837 Yf thys marys sone hath faylled me, wyt thou wel a kynges sone and a quenes sone shal not faylle the.
▪ II. † mare2 Obs.
Also 1 mære, mere, 6 meare, maare, 6–7 Sc. mair.
[OE. mare wk. fem. = MLG. mar masc. and fem., MDu. mare, maer masc., OHG. mara fem. (MHG. mar, mare masc. and fem., mod.G. dial. mahr masc.), ON. mara fem. (Sw. mara, Da. mare):—OTeut. *maron-, -ôn-; cogn. w. the synonymous Polish mora, Czech můra. The Teut. word is the source of OF. mare, appearing also in the compound cauchemar nightmare, f. caucher, to trample.]
1. A kind of goblin supposed to produce nightmare by sitting on the chest of the sleeper; the nightmare itself.
a700Epinal Gloss. 558 Incuba, maere. c1000Sax. Leechd. II. 140 Gif mon mare ride; ᵹenim elehtran. 14..Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 597/37 The mare i. Epialtes. c1440Promp. Parv. 326/1 Mare, or nyȝhte mare, epialtes. c1500Rowlis Cursing 65 in Laing Anc. Poet. Scot., The mowlis, and in thair sleip the mair. 1562W. Bullein Def. agst. Sickness, Sicke men 70 The verie cause is, liyng or slepyng on their backe. And not through the mare, or night spirit, as thei term it. 1565Cooper Thesaurus s.v., Ephialtes, the disease called the maare. a1585Montgomerie Flyting 319 The mair and the migrame, with the meathes in the melt. 1626Bacon Sylva §966 The Incubus, which we call the Mare. 1627Drayton Nymphidia vii, And Mab..by night Bestrids young Folkes that lye vpright, (In elder Times the Mare that hight). 1755in Johnson.
b. transf. The ‘blues’, melancholy.
a1529Skelton E. Rummyng 110 Now away the mare And let vs sley care. a1536Interl. Beauty & Gd. Prop. Wom. A ij, Tush, syr, be mery, let pas awey the mare. 1611T. Ravenscroft's Melismata vi, Eigh ho, away the Mare, let vs set aside all care.
2. A spectre, hag.
c1440Promp. Parv. 326/1 Mare, or wyche, magus, maga, sagana. a1529Skelton P. Sparrow 76 From Medusa, that mare, That lyke a fende doth stare.
3. Comb. in mare-hag: see hag n.1
1638Ford Fancies iv. i, Out mare-hag mule! avaunt!
▪ III. † mare3 Obs.
(See quot.)
1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 288/2 If in the Reeling of the Yarn upon the Reel, they chance to lay a thred cross or contrary to the true way of Reeling: it is in our Countrey termed a Mare.
▪ IV. mare4 Astr.|ˈmɑːreɪ, ˈmɑːriː, ˈmæriː|
Pl. maria |ˈmɑːrɪə|, occas. mares.
[L., = ‘sea’: used in 17th-c. L. works (e.g. J. Hevelius Selenographia (1647) vi. 133); the proper names (which are still current) given to the various regions were taken into Eng. often without translation.]
Any of the extensive areas of flat land (‘seas’) on the surface of the moon, which appear dark and were once thought to be seas; also, any of the dark areas visible on Mars.
[1765R. Turner View of Heavens 11 The Oceans, Seas, and Lakes are, a Mare Hyperboreum, [etc.]. ]1860Monthly Notices R. Astron. Soc. XX. 69 Whatever force might have broken down the portion of the wall towards the mare. 1876E. Nelson Moon iii. 25 Although water is absent from the lunar surface, the Mares present in many places the appearance of alluvial deposits. 1895T. G. Elger Moon 6 The Maria are only level in the sense that many districts in the English Midland counties are level, and not that their surface is absolutely flat. 1901G. P. Serviss Pleasures of Telescope ix. 167 The precipitous Mount Hadley..rises more than 15,000 feet above the level of the Mare. 1938Ann. Reg. 1937 356 The ‘maria’ are regarded as lava fields from fissure eruptions. 1962F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics iii. 74 Other conspicuous features on Mars are the so-called maria, dark areas easily distinguished from the surrounding, desert-colored, lighter expanses. 1964D. H. Menzel Field Guide Stars & Planets vii. 251 Mares are rolling plains, generally somewhat darker than the surrounding territory. 1967Punch 28 June 936/1 The maria are plains with low hills and scattered craters. Nearly half of the moon's surface which we see is covered with these maria. 1970Sci. Jrnl. Mar. 83/3 A catastrophic event hit both the Earth and the Moon, melting the lunar surface—or at least surfaces of the mares. 1970Nature 6 June 925/1 The form and magnitude of the mascon anomalies can be accounted for by sheets of mare volcanic rock denser than the rock of the adjacent highlands.
▪ V. mare
see mar, marc, mayor, mere, more. |