| 释义 |
management|ˈmænɪdʒmənt|
Also 7 mannagement, menagement.
[f. manage v. + -ment; in the 17–18th c. the development of meaning was influenced by association with the F. ménagement, f. ménager (see the etymological note to manage v.).]
1. a. The action or manner of managing, in senses of the vb.; the application of skill or care in the manipulation, use, treatment, or control (of things or persons), or in the conduct (of an enterprise, operation, etc.). † In early use sometimes in pl.
1598Florio, Maneggio,..management, businesse, handling, negotiation. 1601R. Johnson Kingd. & Commonw. (1603) 256 Those..expences which are daiely laide out..for the mannagements of so many warres. 1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 230 In contracts and management of State affaires. 1657R. Ligon Barbadoes (1673) 23, I had time enough to improve my self, in the knowledge of the management of a Plantation of this bulk. 1673O. Walker Educ. (1677) 65 Over looked, not strictly watched unless there is reason to suspect some ill menagement. 1678Moxon Mech. Exerc. 98 The Top-man observing to guide the Saw exactly in the line;..and the Pit-man drawing it..down; but not so low that the upper and lower Handles of the Saw sink below both their managements. 1736Butler Anal. i. iii. Wks. 1874 I. 52 Tranquillity, satisfaction,..being the natural consequences of prudent management of ourselves, and our affairs. 1796Horsley Serm. I. xi. (1812) 239 The holy angels are employed upon extraordinary occasions in the affairs of men, and the management of this sublunary world. 1828Macaulay Dryden in Edinb. Rev. Jan. 26 In the management of the heroic couplet Dryden has never been equalled. 1832H. Martineau Life in Wilds v. 66, I do not see why these skins should not make us caps and waistcoats, under Fulton's good management. 1834J. Busby Vineyards France & Sp. 133 The same care has been extended to the making and subsequent management of their wine. 1865D. G. Mitchell Wet Days 16 (Cent.) Management of the household, management of flocks, of servants, of land, and of property in general.
b. spec. The working or cultivation (of land); hence dial. the process of manuring; concr. manure. (See E.D.D. s.vv. Management, Manishment.)
†c. An instance of managing; an administrative act. Obs.
1609Tourneur Funerall Poeme Sir F. Vere 34 His ways..and intents In private and in publique managements. 1615R. Brathwait Strappado (1878) 137 Thou Saint of Albion, Who had thy auncient consecration From thy religious mannagements, as farre Disperst, as Turke or Christian planted are. a1618Sylvester Maiden's Blush 658 His faithfull diligence And mature Wisdome in all managements. 1671Evelyn Diary 14 Nov., Sir Cha. Wheeler, late Governor of the Leeward Islands, having ben complain'd of for many indiscreete managements, it was resolved..to advise his Majesty to remove him. 1676Glanvill Ess. iv. 34 By inquiry into God's Works, we discover continually, how little we can comprehend of his Ways and Menagements.
†d. Manner of proceeding. Obs.
1649Bp. Hall Cases Consc. (1650) 35 When some covetous extortioner..buys up the whole lading of the ship, that he may..sell..at pleasure..: The true judgment of which action, & the degrees of the malignity of it, must be fetcht..from the management of the buyer. a1715Burnet Own Time (1724) I. 217 By this management of his the thing grew publick.
e. spec. The administration of a commercial enterprise. Also in phrases designating specific methods of business administration, as management by exception, management by objectives.
1906Dicksee & Blain (title) Office organisation and management. 1962A. Battersby Guide to Stock Control x. 95 They [sc. the junior staff] are the instruments of ‘management by exception’, filtering out the run-of-the-mill cases from the few unusual ones which call for the personal attention of the Materials Controller. 1962H. O. Beecheno Introd. Business Stud. ii. 17 Trade union development and legislation on conditions of work, plus more enlightened management have eradicated most forms of unfair treatment of employees. 1965H. I. Ansoff Corporate Strategy (1968) 9 Management of a business firm is a very large complex of activities which consists of analysis, decisions, commmunication, leadership, motivation, measurement, and control. Ibid. iii. 36 Their potential pervasiveness is such that objectives have been used as a basis for an integrated view on the entire management process which has become known as ‘management by objectives’. 1968Johannsen & Robertson Managem. Gloss. 81 Management by Objectives, setting targets within an organisation..as a basis for achieving greater efficiency and providing motivation and an incentive to managers. 1969J. Argenti Managem. Techniques 146 Management by Exception..simply says, ‘don't tell someone if everything is O.K.—only tell him if something has gone wrong’. 1970Lebende Sprachen XV. 11/2 Operational research is an integral part of good management.
2. a. The use of contrivance, prudence, or ingenuity for effecting some purpose; often in unfavourable sense, implying deceit or trickery.
1666Dryden Ann. Mirab. Acc. of Poem §4, I repose upon your management what is dearest to me, my fame and reputation. 1711in Picton L'pool Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 4 Attempts have been..made.. to vacate and sett aside the present charter by the management of Mr. Henry Richmond. 1798Washington Let. Writ. 1893 XIV. 63 If there has been any management in the business, it has been concealed from me. 1842Borrow Bible in Spain xlviii. (Pelh. Libr.) 330 Through the management of Antonio, however, I procured one of the two chests. 1881Jowett Thucyd. I. 118 We rely not upon management or trickery, but upon our own hearts and hands. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. II. xl. 102 Talent for intrigue or ‘management’ usually counts for more than debating power.
†b. A contrivance, device; in bad sense, a piece of trickery. Obs.
1736Neve Builder's Dict. Pref. 8 The little Artifices, and low Managements, by which some Men in the Bookselling Trade..have..discredited their Business. 1748Anson's Voy. ii. viii. 220 By this management we never wanted turtle for the..four months..we continued at sea.
†3. A negotiation. to be in a management: to be engaged in negotiations with. Obs.
1705Addison Italy 456 They say too that he [the Duke of Savoy] had great Managements with several Ecclesiasticks before he turn'd Hermite. a1715Burnet Own Time (1724) I. 346 Yet, while he made a base complying speech in favour of the Court, and of the war, he was in a secret management with another party.
4. Power of managing; administrative skill; also, † tact, ingenuity.
a1715Burnet Own Time (1724) I. 189 He was a very prudent man, and had such a management with it, that I never knew any Clergy-man so universally esteemed. 1760Ann. Reg. 53 The argument was conducted with great management and address. 1809Malkin Gil Blas iii. iii. ⁋4 If you have management enough to worm yourself into his confidence.
†5. Indulgence or consideration shown towards a person; politic moderation in the conduct of a case; an instance of this. [= F. ménagement.] Obs.
1727Oldmixon Clarendon & Whitlock comp. 325–6 Decency seem'd to require a little more Management, considering he [Clarendon] was Cromwell's profess'd Enemy. a1743Ld. Hervey Mem. (1848) II. 257 He feared..lest the King and Queen, who hated their son..might construe it to be a management for their son in Sir Robert Walpole, and never forgive it him. Ibid. 291 Sir Robert..thought their suspicions of his having had any management or tenderness towards their son were most unjust. 1765H. Walpole Otranto iii, The herald, who with so little management had questioned the title of Manfred. 1771Burke Lett., to C. Townshend (1844) I. 268 When I have any thing to object to persons in power,..I use no sort of managements towards them. 1773Ibid. 432, I suppose this design of Lord Temple's is one cause of his management in opposition, in order to conciliate the Tories. 1790Ibid. III. 135 You certainly do not always convey to me your opinions with the greatest tenderness and management. 1818Jas. Mill Brit. India II. iv. iii. 110 Suraja Dowla..was too ignorant and headstrong to use management with his dislikes.
6. collect. A governing body, e.g. a committee, board of directors, board of control, board of governors, of any institution or business. spec. that group of employees which administers and controls an industry in contradistinction to the labour force in that industry or in industry in general.
1739Cibber Apol. x. 273 Drury-Lane, under a particular Menagement. 1847Illustr. Lond. News 10 July 27/2 Wherever they entered into engagements, the managements speak in high terms of their honourable conduct. 1864Morn. Star 26 May 4 These ‘authorised offices’ do not profess to be ‘authorised’ by the management. 1902E. Banks Newspaper Girl 201 There are many necessary outlays which the management of the paper would not pay. 1912F. W. Raffety Modern Business Pract. II. ii. i. 197 Management..deals with the three sources of force or energy—capital, labor and land...The management should never lose sight of their important influence. 1940W. Temple Hope of New World i. 61 If there is to be tension at all, let it be between the financial interests of Shareholders and the productive interests of Management and Labour in co-operation. 1959[see board n. 17]. 1965H. I. Ansoff Corporate Strategy (1968) i. 20 Management from top to bottom continually seeks to improve efficiency, to cut costs, to sell more, to advertise better. 1968Lebende Sprachen XIII. 4/2 It has been part of management philosophy to encourage and support the self-development of its employees. 1969J. Argenti Managem. Techniques 150 In every company there are two or three dozen absolutely vital ratios that must be watched and checked by the management.
7. attrib., as (sense 1) management accounting, management buy-out, management committee, management consultancy, management consultant, management expenses, management game, management science, management share.
1963Broad & Carmichael (title) A guide to *management accounting. 1967Oxford Computer Explained 32 Management accounting, the provision of a continuous and up-to-date check and control on income and expenditure.
1977Business Periodicals Index XVIII. 294 (heading) Making two out of one (*management buyouts). 1980Financial Rev. (Australia) 8 July 19/3 The British generally call it the ‘management buy-out’ but the meaning is the same—a company, very often the subsidiary of a large group, is bought ‘out’ by its senior directors. 1981Observer 4 Oct. 21/1 Both are on probation as examples of a growing phenomenon in British business life: the hive-off, spin-off or demerger—the management buy-out, in fact. 1985–86Sight & Sound Winter 13/3 Chief Executive Gary Dartnall goes about trying to raise the cash for a management buy-out.
1903Westm. Gaz. 12 Oct. 10/1 A member of the *Management Committee of the National Liberal Club.
1958,1966*Management consultancy [see consultancy]. 1972Accountant 19 Oct. 487/1 The rapid development of management consultancy services has resulted in the profession extending its activities far beyond its traditional role of auditor.
1961Times 14 July 2/2 *Management consultants..must also have..experience in personnel management. 1969Times 6 Mar. 23/2 This brings the number of management consultants on the commission up to three.
1901Daily Chron. 14 Aug. 4/3 The leaders of the men say this is due to heavy *management expenses.
1964M. Argyle Psychol. & Social Probl. x. 133 There has been a swing away from traditional teaching methods towards group discussion, joint report-writing by syndicates, case-studies and the *management game.
1965H. I. Ansoff Corporate Strategy (1968) ix. 148 *Management science can offer only partial assistance to the decision maker. 1969Times 2 May 34 (Advt.), Post-graduate studentships in management sciences.
1900Daily News 20 Nov. 2/3 The existing 200 one pound *management shares would be divided into a thousand 4s. management shares.
Hence manageˈmental a., pertaining to the management.
188519th Cent. June 1061 Each manager reduces managemental expenses so far as lies in his power. |