| 释义 |
▪ I. luff, n.1 Naut.|lʌf|
Forms: 3 lof, (pl. lofes, 3–5 loves), 4–5 lofe, 5, 8 loff, 5 louffe, lowffe, 7 loufe; 6–7 loofe, looff(e, Sc. luif(e, 3–9 loof; 6 luf(fe, 6–7 lufe, 5– luff.
[Early ME. lof, loof, app. a. OF. lof (Wace, 12th c.), later louf, used in sense 1 below. Senses 2–4 are common to various mod. langs.: F. lof, Sp., Pg. ló, Du. loef (whence LG. loff, G. luv, Da. luv, Sw. luf). The manner of their development is obscure, and it is uncertain whether they originated in Fr., Eng., or (? most prob.) Du. Sense 5 is peculiar to Eng., and it is not easy to connect it with any of the other senses.
Certain other meanings which the word has had in Du. and Fr. need to be accounted for before any hypothesis as to the primitive meaning and sense-development can be regarded as satisfactory. In early mod.Du. loef, loeve is explained as ‘thole-pin’ (scalmus, Kilian). In the 17th c. the F. lof or loo is stated to mean ‘the distance from the mast to the place on the side to which the sheet is fastened when the vessel is close-hauled’. (See the quot. from Nicot in Godef., s.v.) In the existing uncertainty as to the primary meaning, the ultimate etymology remains obscure; the current view that it represents a Teut. word cogn. with ON. lófe palm, loof n.1, depends on the doubtful assumption that the ‘lof’ of sense 1 was a steering paddle.]
†1. ? Some implement or contrivance for altering the course of a ship. Phrases, to turn, wend the luff (= Anglo-Latin obliquare dracenam), to change one's course; also fig. Obs.
Commonly supposed to have been either a rudder or a paddle to assist in steering. Comparison with the various senses which the word has had in Eng. and other langs. (see above) suggests that it may have been some kind of machine for operating on the sails.
c1205Lay. 7859 Heo scuuen ut heore lof & læiden to þon londe. Ibid. 20949 Heo wenden heore lofes [c 1275 loues] & liðen toward londe. Ibid. 30922 Heo rihten heore loues and up droȝen seiles. a1225Ancr. R. 104 Hu swetelich þi spus spekeð, & cleopeð þe to him so luueliche, & ter after hu he went þene lof, & spekeð swuð grimliche, ȝif þu wendest vt. a1259Matthew Paris Chron. Maj. (Rolls) III. 29 Perrexerunt igitur audacter, obliquando tamen dracenam, id est loof, acsi vellent adire Calesiam. 13..Coer de L. 71 And her loof and her wyndas Off asure forsothe it was. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 12088 Somme aforced þe wyndas, Somme þe loof [Petyt MS. lofe], somme þe bytas [orig. 11491 Li un s'esforcent al vindas, Li autre al lof et al betas]. 13..E.E. Allit. P. C. 106 Þay layden in on ladde-borde & the lofe wynnes [? read wyndes]. a1400Morte Arth. 744 Tytt saillez to þe toppe, and turnez the lufe. 1485Naval Acc. Hen. VII (1896) 38 Chenes for the Loves..j.
†2. The weather-gauge, or part of a ship toward the wind. Obs.
a1400Morte Arth. 750 Launchez lede apone lufe, lacchene ther depe. a1500Piers of Fullham 263 in Hazl. E.P.P. II. 11 What worde for to sey he ys yn dowt: eyther, war the looff, or fall, or bye. 1609T. Ravenscroft's Pammelia No. 55 D 4 b, Looke to the looffe wel, beware the lee still. 1622R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea xlix. 118 The Vice Admirall a mile right to le-wards of vs; the Reare Admirall in a manner right a head, some Culvering shott; and one vpon our loofe, within shott also.
3. In various phrases. † on luff, † at a luff, † at luff and lie, luff a luff: hugging the wind closely, close to the wind. † a luff: see aloof adv. 1, 2. † to go by luff (by love), to keep one's luff: to keep close to the wind; to keep away to the windward, keep one's distance (from another vessel, etc.). to spring one's luff: to bring the ship's head closer to the wind; transf. (in jocular use) to show agility in climbing. (Also said of the ship, to keep her luff, spring her luff, spring a loof.)
c1400Laud Troy Bk. 3610 The wynd was good to ther byhoue, Thei sailed on brod and gon by-loue, Til thei come to Troye land. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. (1858) I. 124 Sum bade on luffe, and other sum hald by. a1568Satir. Poems Reform. xlvi. 6 Se that hir hatchis be handlit richt, Wt steirburd, baburd, luf and lie. Ibid. 11 Bot at ane lufe scho lyis behind. 1583Leg. Bp. St. Androis Pref. 104 He lattis his scheip tak in at luife and lie. 1591Raleigh Last Fight Rev. (Arb.) 19 Diuerse of the formost, who as the Marriners terme it, sprang their luffe. c1595Capt. Wyatt R. Dudley's Voy. W. Ind. (Hakl. Soc.) 57 She verie stoutlie keepinge her loofe bare with us. 1628Digby Voy. Medit. (1868) 21 He sprung his loofe and went as neere the wind as he could. 1682Hickeringill Black Non-Conf. Concl., Wks. 1716 II. 157 Then, Charity (Hussy!) stand off, keep your 'loof and your distance. 1697Lond. Gaz. No. 3318/3 The Hospital-Ship prudently springing her Loof quickly came near us. 1754Eeles in Phil. Trans. XLIX. 143 If they sail upon a wind from the center of the shower toward the extremity, they may safely venture to keep their luff. 1762Falconer Shipwr. ii. 51 The mizen draws; she springs aloof once more. 1805Adm. Stirling in Naval Chron. XV. 80 We sprung our luff. 1849Florist 305 And so we quietly kept our luff. 1870Routledge's Ev. Boy's Ann. 251, I just want to know who ‘spring their luffs’ most nimble up the rigging. 1887E. J. Mather Nor'ard of Dogger (1888) 172 He stated that they had passed the Leman Light, and was steering southerly, luff a luff (close haul to the wind).
4. ‘The weather part of a fore-and-aft sail, in other words, the side next the mast or stay to which it is attached’ (Young Naut. Dict. 1846).
1513Douglas æneis v. xiv. 7 Now the lie scheit, and now the luf, thai slak. 1549Compl. Scot. vi. 40 Hail doune the steir burde lufe harde a burde. c1860H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 48 Name the parts of a fore-and-aft sail. Head, luff, leech, and foot. 1883Harper's Mag. Aug. 449/2 A mainsail which is..short on the luff or on the part which is made fast to the mast. 1893M. Pemberton Iron Pirate 39 The mainsail presently showed a great rent near the luff.
5. The fullest and broadest part of a ship's bow, where the sides begin to curve in towards the stem. † luff for luff: (of two vessels) close alongside.
1624Capt. Smith Virginia iv. 128 They brauely boorded vs loofe for loofe. 1627― Seaman's Gram. ii. 9 The Bow is broadest part of the Ship before, compassing the Stem to the Loufe, which reacheth so farre as the Bulkhead of the Fore-castle extendeth. 1694Motteux Rabelais v. xviii, With Cables fasten'd to the Bits abaft the Manger in the Ship's Loof. 1711W. Sutherland Shipbuild. Assist. 47 Raise what you can regularly in the Bulge and Loof. c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 130 Luff or loof, the fullest or roundest part of the bow. 1875Bedford Sailor's Pocket Bk. vi. (ed. 2) 214 The two bowmen to gather down on the luff.
6. = luff-tackle (see 7). luff upon luff, a luff-tackle attached to the fall of another, to increase the purchase.
1840R. H. Dana Bef. Mast xxix. 99 Two more luff tackles [were] hooked on, with dogs,..and thus by luff upon luff, the power was multiplied. c1860H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 8 A long luff for a fore and aft tackle should be used for steadying the boat. 1882Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 58 The double block of the luff is hooked to the lanyard.
7. attrib. and Comb.: † luff board, ?= sense 2; † luff hook (see quot. 1627); † luff-law, -lew, -low [second element obscure], ? = sense 5; luff-piece (see quot.); luff-rope, ? the rope of a luff-tackle; luff-tackle, a purchase composed of a double and a single block, used for various purposes.
c1470Henry Wallace ix. 56 Ledys on *luff burd, with a lordlik fer: Lansys laid out, to [luik] thar passage sound.
1485Naval Acc. Hen. VII (1896) 73 *Lofe hokes. 1495Ibid. 158 Loff hokes. 1532Inv. Gt. Barke 6 Oct. (Jal), Item, a snatche polly; a Luffhooke. 1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. v. 24 The Loofe hooke is a tackle with two hookes, one to hitch into a chingle of the maine, or fore saile,..and the other to strap spliced to the chestres to bouse or pull downe the saile to succour the tackes in a stiffe gale of wind.
1495Naval Acc. Hen. VII (1896) 192 Devettes stondyng at the *louffelawes oon asterborde an other a latheborde. Ibid. 203 Lowffelewes. Ibid. 215 Loff⁓lowes.
1815Falconer's Marine Dict. (ed. Burney), Loof, the after part of a ship's bow;..hence, the guns which lie here are called *loof-pieces.
1895Times 29 Jan. 11/2 Before the wheel could turn G. [a workman] had to be let down in his basket from the axle in order to take off a *luff rope.
1698T. Savery Navig. Impr. Plate, A pice of Iron, to which a *luff Takle may bee Fixed, to lift those [paddles] that are to Heavey for mens Strength. 1731Bailey vol. II, Loof Tackle. 1775N. D. Falck Day's Diving Vessel 51 Belay all safe with stout salvages and loff-tackles. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. §253 That buoy..was confined to the side of the Weston by a small luff-tackle which laid hold of it. c1860H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 61 They are..transported to their places by luff tackles. 1884Mil. Engineering I. ii. 66 The luff tackle used for loading and unloading the magazine.
▪ II. luff, n.2 colloq.|lʌf|
= lieutenant.
1836E. Howard R. Reefer xxxiii, The Hon. Mr. B., our junior luff. 1898Westm. Gaz. 17 Oct. 2/3 The future ‘Luffs’—in other words, the naval cadets at Dartmouth—are to be reduced in point of numbers.
▪ III. luff, v. orig. Naut.|lʌf|
Forms: 4 love, 6–8 loff, louffe, 7 looff, loufe, luffe, Sc. luif, 6–8 loof(e, 6– luff.
[f. luff n.1; cf. Du. loeven, F. lofer.]
1. intr. To bring the head of a ship nearer to the wind; to steer or sail nearer the wind; to sail in a specified direction with the head kept close to the wind. Also with advs., † by, in, off, to, up, etc. luff round or luff alee: see quot. 1769.
1390Gower Conf. II. 369 So nyh the weder thei wol love. 1557W. Towrson in Hakluyt Voy. (1589) 119 He loffed too and was able to lie as neere as he did before. 1578Best Frobisher's 2nd Voy. in Hakluyt (1600) III. 64 Hauing mountaines of fleeting yce on euery side, we went roomer for one, and loofed for another. 1579–80North Plutarch, Antonius (1595) 999 He was driuen also to loofe off to haue more roome. 1591Raleigh Last Fight Rev. (Arb.) 19 The ships that wer vnder his lee luffing vp, also laid him aboarde. a1600Montgomerie Misc. Poems xlviii. 143 Come no lauer, bot luif a lytill we. 1600Hakluyt's Voy. III. 589 The vice-admirall of the Spaniards..loofed by and gaue the Concord the two first great shot. 1687B. Randolph Archipelago 61 The ship..luffing too near the great island. 1697W. Dampier Voy. (1729) I. 550 We lufft in for the Downs. 1697Dryden æneid v. 23 Contract your swelling sails and luff to Wind. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey) s.v., To Loof into a Harbour, is to sail into it close by the Wind. 1748Anson's Voy. ii. i. 112 By means of the head-way we had got, we loofed close in. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1780), Luff, the order..to put the helm towards the lee-side of the ship [etc.]... Hence, luff round, or luff alee; the excess of this movement by which it is intended to throw the ship's head up in the wind, in order to tack her, &c. 1806A. Duncan Nelson 110 He had the satisfaction to luff under his stern. 1833Marryat P. Simple xv, ‘Luff now, all you can, quarter-master’, cried the captain. 1840R. H. Dana Bef. Mast xxxvi. 136 She luffed at the same moment, and we just passed one another. a1895Ld. C. E. Paget Autobiog. i. (1896) 8 The unfortunate vessel was in a sinking state,..she luffed up and grounded on the rocks.
2. trans. To bring the head of (a vessel) nearer to the wind. Also with up. Also luff the helm (the call or order to the steersman).
1606Shakes. Ant. & Cl. iii. x. 18 She once being looft, The Noble ruine of her Magicke, Anthony, Claps on his Sea-wing, and..flyes after her. 1694Motteux Rabelais iv. xxii. (1737) 95 Loff, loff, cry'd the Quarter-master..keep her full, loff the Helm. Loff: it is, answer'd the Steer⁓man. 1800Weems Washington xi. (1810) 137 Washington..with a hard-a-lee, luffed up his ship at once to the gale. 1831E. J. Trelawny Adv. Younger Son cv, We carefully luffed her up to the wind.
3. a. In yacht-racing: To get the windward side of (an opponent). Also with away.
1894Times 23 July 11/2 Vigilant at once began to luff Britannia. 1898Daily News 23 Sept. 3/2 In four or five lengths she was alongside and to windward. She failed, however, to luff her antagonist away.
b. To obstruct (an opponent's yacht which is attempting to pass to windward on the same course) by sailing one's own yacht closer to the wind.
1912Heckstall-Smith & Du Boulay Compl. Yachtsman xiii. 299, I make it a fixed rule to luff every vessel that attempts to pass me to windward. 1960E. Schiöttz Pract. Yacht Racing ix. 89 If a yacht clear astern sails between two yachts ahead she has no right to luff the windward one. 1965Sailing (‘Know the Game’ Series) (ed. 2) 34/1 A yacht may luff a yacht clear astern or a windward yacht, until helmsman of windward yacht comes abreast of the mainmast of the leeward yacht.
†4. ? To attach (the anchor) to the ship's luff.
1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. ix. 38 Loofe fast your Anchor with your shank-painter.
5. trans. To alter the inclination of (the jib of a crane or derrick); to raise or lower in a vertical plane. Also with adverbs, as luff in, to raise (the jib), so moving the hook nearer to the operator; similarly luff out.
1913H. Wilda Cranes & Hoists ii. 128 The lifting and lowering of the load is effected by means of multiple pulley blocks, the horizontal movement of the load by luffing the jib. 1922H. H. Broughton Electr. Handling of Materials III. ii. 32 The load follows a horizontal path when luffing-in the jib. 1932S. J. Koshkin Mod. Materials Handling v. 78 A derrick boom can be changed in inclination, or luffed, to give one of the components of motion to the load. Ibid. 80 The boom is luffed-in or out as little as possible. 1963R. Hammond Mobile & Movable Cranes vi. 180 This arrangement reduces the power required to luff in the jib.
Hence ˈluffing vbl. n.; so luffing-in, luffing-out; luffing crane, a crane whose jib can be luffed in operation; luffing-match, a struggle for ‘weather berth’ (between racing yachts).
1775Ash, Suppl., Loofing, the act of bringing to the wind. 1886Caulfield Seamanship Notes 2 Luffing..would be correct. 1893Westm. Gaz. 9 Aug. 4/1 Plenty of luffing matches took place. 1896Daily News 2 July 4/4 Satanita soon made an attempt for Britannia's weather, but Carter put his boat sharply up and a determined luffing match ensued. 1913Engineering 9 May 632/1 Most of these luffing-cranes are now fitted with some sort of compensating gear to keep the load approximately level while the luffing operation is being carried out. Ibid., Greater acceleration in luffing is also obtained. 1922H. H. Broughton Electr. Handling of Materials III. ii. 41 The design is exceedingly simple, the level path being obtained by the automatic paying-out or taking-in of the load rope during the operations of luffing in and luffing out respectively. 1963R. Hammond Mobile & Movable Cranes vi. 181 The luffing motion control equipment consists of a negative-phase sequence panel, with contactors to give plain rotor-controlled ‘luffing-in’ and ‘luffing-out’ by the unbalancing of the stator voltages of the motor through an inbuilt transformer. 1967Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 8 July 1/9 The cries of wharf laborer Derek Beuttel, 54, were not heard by fellow workmen because of the noise of three large luffing cranes.
▪ IV. luff
obs. form of loof n.1 Sc., love. |