| 释义 |
▪ I. loading, vbl. n.|ˈləʊdɪŋ|
[f. load v. + -ing1.]
1. a. The action of the verb load; the placing of a load or cargo in a vehicle, vessel, etc. † bill of loading = bill of lading (see bill n.3 10).
1523Fitzherb. Husb. §22 In Iodynge of hey or corne, the cattel is alwaye eatynge or beytynge. 1571Campion Hist. Irel. viii. (1633) 102 The Irish impositions of Coyne, Livery, Cartings, carriages, loadings,..and such like. 1626Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Sea-men 25 With your Commission, Cocket, or bills of loading. 1727A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. II. xxxiii. 17 Perrin must take them, and sign Bills of Loading for good well-conditioned Goods. 1806Gazetteer Scot. (ed. 2) 545 The want of a pier..prevents them from loading or unloading except at low water. 1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 961 The ‘loading’ indeed, if not excessive, stimulates the organ to stronger contraction.
b. Arch. The placing of a ‘load’.
1751C. Labelye Westm. Br. 80 The further Loading of the settled Pier would be dangerous. 1853Sir H. Douglas Milit. Bridges (ed. 3) 48 In the bridge, without any loading, each large pontoon is immersed to the depth of about 9½ inches.
c. Painting. (See load v. 7 b.)
1859Gullick & Timbs Paint. 228 This loading of thick masses of colour upon the picture. 1882Hamerton Graphic Arts 230 Loading is the use of opaque colour in heavy masses which actually protrude from the canvas and themselves catch the light as the mountains do on the moon.
d. The use of weights or of some added material for the purpose of falsification or adulteration. concr. The material used for this purpose.
1886Pall Mall G. 3 June 4/2 Loading is slipping about an ounce weight of lead down the ears of the horse..No matter how vicious the beast may be it becomes dazed and stupid when the load plugs its ears. 1889Ibid. 16 Nov. 6/3 Into lobsters and crabs which have become by reason of age of lighter weight are introduced portions of fresh haddock or roker... This is technically called ‘loading’. 1890Watt Paper-making 114 The very finest qualities of paper are usually made without the addition of any loading, as it is called.
e. Conjuring. (See quot.)
1872Routledge's Ev. Boy's Ann. 345/2 For the purpose of what is called ‘loading’, i.e. bringing a rabbit or other article into a hat, etc.
f. Electr. Addition of inductance, or the inductance added (see load v. 3 c); any impedance that acts as a load (load n. 3 g).
1903Phil. Mag. V. 325 Loading..presents the greatest possibilities upon long cable circuits. 1922Glazebrook Dict. Appl. Physics II. 850/2 The increase in voltage resulting from the increased impedance..increases the leakage losses, and these set a limit to the possible improvement in transmission efficiency by loading. 1959K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. (ed. 5) xxviii. 29 Uniformly surrounding the conductor with a thin layer of magnetic material of high permeability..is known as continuous loading. This has been used, to some extent, in the construction of some long submarine-cable circuits for telegraphy as well as telephony. However, loading is usually introduced in telephone circuits by connecting loading coils in series with the conductors at intervals. 1968Radio Communication Handbk. (ed. 4) xvi. 34/1 With a centre loaded coil on 3·5 Mc/s it may be possible to vary the transmitter frequency over about 25 kc/s before it becomes essential to re-adjust the loading. 1973Physics Bull. Dec. 716/1 This changes the impedance of the loop and hence it alters the loading of the rf circuit and this can be detected in the rf drive output.
g. The (maximum) current or power that an electrical appliance is designed to take.
1938E. M. Ackery Electr. Heating for Public & Commercial Libraries iv. 42 The coke-boiler was replaced by a 400 gallon thermal storage tank, fitted with immersion heaters with a total loading of 100 kw. 1951Good Housek. Home Encycl. 310/1, 2 or 3 kilowatts is a sufficient loading for the average-sized tank. 1973Daily Tel. 4 Dec. 11/4 Fan heater with loading of 2 kw: 1·8p an hour (2 units).
2. The putting of the charge in a firearm.
1655Marquis of Worcester Cent. Inv. §58 To make a Pistol discharge a dozen times with one loading. 1748Anson's Voy. iii. viii. 375 The whole crew..were..quick in loading, all of them good marksmen. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. ii. 66 The loading was effected almost as easily and rapidly as in a smooth-bore.
3. Life Insurance. (See quot. 1881.)
1867C. Walford Insur. Guide (ed. 2) 258 Some loading to the pure premiums may be considered as absolutely necessary. Ibid. 329 There will still remain..a considerable surplus, after paying all proper expenses, out of the loading of the premiums. 1881Encycl. Brit. XIII. 173/1 With the introduction..of mortality tables which approached more closely the death-rates among assured lives, there revived the practice of making an addition to the pure premiums, in order to provide for expenses, for fluctuations in the death-rate, and for other contingencies. This addition is called the ‘loading’ or ‘margin’... The terms ‘loading’ and ‘margin’ have come to bear a somewhat extended meaning. They are now used to designate the difference between the premiums payable by the assured and the net premiums deduced from any table that may be employed for the time. 1896Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 477 The calculated premium is slightly in excess of the true net premium, and the ‘loading’ in contingent cases is usually heavy.
4. concr.
a. That with which something is loaded; a load, lading, cargo. Now somewhat rare.
1494Fabyan Chron. vii. 620 A Frenshman..beynge a carter, whiche dayly vsed to entre this towne with vytayll & other lodynge of his carte. c1592Marlowe Jew of Malta i. i. 85 Goe thou thy wayes, discharge thy Ship, And bid my Factor bring his loading in. 1604Shakes. Oth. v. ii. 363 Look on the tragic loading of this bed. 1703Lond. Gaz. No. 3917/4 The Loading of the Dorothy..will be exposed to publick Sale. 1720De Foe Capt. Singleton i. (1840) 11 The ship, having taken in her loading, set sail for Portugal. 1745Eliza Heywood Female Spect. xvii. (1748) III. 258 The plumb unhandled lost its bloom, the weak stems let fall their loading yet unripe. 1755Man No. 13. 5 In failure of better loading, my wife and my chum might have the first ride in it [viz. a cart]. 1804in Lewis & Clarke Trav. (1893) I. 45 No damage was done to the boats or the loading. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 656, 21 waggons of five cwt. each, which, with their loading of coals, amounted to 43 tons eight cwt. 1890‘Rolf Boldrewood’ Col. Reformer (1891) 245 He had, as early as such loading could be procured, ordered from town great stores of fruit-trees and plants.
b. pl. in Mining. (See quots.)
1875J. H. Collins Metal Mining 96 Blocks, which are mounted upon piers or ‘loadings’ of masonry. 1883Gresley Coal-mining Gloss., Loadings, pillars of masonry carrying a drum or pulley.
5. The weight supported by a wing divided by its area. More fully wing loading (cf. power loading vbl. n.1).
1918[see live load s.v. live a. 9]. 1919H. Shaw Textbk. Aeronaut. xv. 181 The loading of a machine, which is the weight carried per unit area of surface, varies in different types. 1936Discovery Mar. 73/2 Most birds fly at a loading of 1½ to 2½ lb. per sq. ft. 1973Sci. Amer. Dec. 103/2 The glider can travel much faster than the vulture at a given gliding angle. This is owing partly to..its higher wing loading (the ratio of weight to wing area).
6. Psychol. The extent to which any given factor or variable contributes to or is correlated with some resultant quality or overall situation, usu. represented by a number arrived at by statistical analysis of the results of a series of tests.
1931Psychol. Rev. XXXVIII. 407 Our next problem is to assign a weight or loading of each of the general factors to each of the variables... Engineering, for example, has a high loading of interest in science, a rather low loading of interest in language. 1935L. L. Thurstone Vectors of Mind viii. 201 (heading) The elimination of negative factor loadings. 1947L. E. Tyler Psychol. Human Differences xv. 364 The task of the factor analyst then becomes one of determining these weights or loadings. The raw material for the mathematical work in each case is the original table of intercorrelations. 1952[see load v. 11]. 1971Jrnl. Gen. Psychol. LXXXV. 72 The loadings have been rounded to two figures and the order of both factors and variables rearranged to facilitate inspection. Ibid. 212 Because many of the memory tests require recall of the items memorized, and because the operations of divergent and convergent production are so much dependent upon retrieval of information from the memory store, it might be expected that..either production tests would have some memory loadings, or memory tests would have some loadings on production factors.
7. attrib. and Comb. Pertaining to the loading of goods, cargo, etc., as loading-berth, loading-board, loading-book, loading-pick, loading-tool, loading-tower, loading-yard; pertaining to or used in the loading of firearms, as loading-bar, loading-chamber, loading-funnel, loading-hammer, loading-machine, loading-plug, loading-tongs, loading-tray; loading bay, a bay (bay n.3) or recess in a building where vehicles, etc., are loaded and unloaded; loading coil Electr., an inductance coil used in the loading of telephone lines or aerials (see sense 1 f and load v. 3 c); loading gauge Railways, (a) the maximum height and width allowed for rolling stock to ensure adequate clearance under bridges and in tunnels; (b) a device suspended over railway lines for checking the dimensions of rolling stock; loading-rod, a ramrod; loading-turn (see quot. 1858).
1881Wilhelm Milit. Dict., *Loading-bar, a bar used to carry shot. It is passed through the ring of the shell-hooks; also called carrying-bar.
1963Listener 31 Jan. 202/2 The whole street is sometimes used as an open-air *loading bay and temporary warehouse. 1971R. Busby Deadlock x. 152 The roller doors of the loading bay were shut.
1900F. T. Bullen With Christ at Sea iii. 53 We had reached our *loading berth.
1910W. M. Raine Bucky O'Connor 36 The *loading board was lowered and the horses led from the car.
1812J. Smyth Pract. of Customs (1821) 407 J. Mann, Cart-follower, kept the *Loading-book.
1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., *Loading-chamber, the paterero, or inserting piece in breech⁓loading.
1901Ann. Rep. Amer. Telephone & Telegr. Co. 4 The efficiency of these lines will be largely increased by the use of ‘*loading coils’. 1922Glazebrook Dict. Appl. Physics II. 853/1 Loading coils are encased in iron cases and are mounted in manholes—if the circuit..is a cable circuit—or are mounted at the cross-arms of poles if the circuit..is an open-wire line. 1974Encycl. Brit. Micropædia VI. 286/1 Auto radios generally use loading coils because whip antennas are much too short to resonate at broadcast frequencies.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Loading-funnel, one for charging mortars with loose powder.
1883F. S. Williams Our Iron Roads (ed. 4) 266 Among the minor appurtenances of a railway station is the wagon *loading gauge. 1901Young Engineer I. 53 The fire-box may be extended to the full width of the loading gauge. 1930Engineering 22 Aug. 230/2 The upper part [of a coke wagon] slopes inward to suit the loading gauge.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Loading-hammer, one for loading rifles.
1860Eng. & For. Mining Gloss. (Derbysh. Terms), *Loading pick, a pick made purposely to cleave or rive up coals and prepare them for laying on the corves.
1864Trevelyan Compet. Wallah (1866) 164, I appeared among them with my *loading-rod.
1881Wilhelm Milit. Dict., *Loading-tongs, a pair of tongs used with siege howitzers to set the shell home.
1874J. W. Long Amer. Wild-Fowl Shooting 20, I usually made a practice of reloading as fast as possible between shots, carrying an ammunition-box and *loading-tools with me.
1901Chambers's Jrnl. May 12/1 Steam-cranes and movable *loading-towers..lower the coal into the hold of the vessel.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, *Loading Turn, the successive rotation for ships to approach the quays, to take in cargo. 1899Westm. Gaz. 20 Apr. 5/3 Many of the collieries have little or nothing to sell for some weeks ahead, while loading turns as a rule are practically full to the end of the month.
1909Westm. Gaz. 9 June 11/1 Between them is a *loading yard 200 ft. by 60 ft.
Senses 6, 7 in Dict. become 7, 8. Add: [1.] h. Med. The administration of a large amount of a (usu. biologically active) substance, esp. a loading dose of it. Freq. preceded by the name of the substance being administered.
1965Jrnl. Neurochem. XII. 491 No 5-hydroxytryptophan was detected in the brain after tryptophan loading, although it appeared in measurable amounts in the plasma. 1975Nature 20 Nov. 227/1 Four hours after salt loading, vagotomised rats still drank less. 1985Bodypower Oct. 12/1 (Advt.), This product is also used for carbohydrate loading prior to an athletic event or body-building contest. 1990Ironman Oct. 32/1 You'll learn how your body reacts to carb or protein ‘loading’ or depletion and how specific foods make you feel and look.
[3.] b. Austral. An amount or percentage awarded in addition to a wage or salary; = weighting vbl. n. 4. See also holiday loading s.v. *holiday n. 4 c.
1937Sydney Morning Herald 24 June 6/3 The [Arbitration] Court formed the opinion that the highest loading should be made for New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland. 1941Commonwealth Arbitration Rep. XLIV. 456 In addition to amounts otherwise payable a special loading at the rate of 3s. per week shall be payable to occupants of any of the callings specified. 1965Austral. Encycl. I. 447/2 All courts award ‘margins’ or ‘loadings’, for skill, overtime, week-end work, danger, and dirt. 1972Age (Melbourne) 14 Dec. 1/7 Victorian painters will receive a 17½ per cent. loading of their three-weeks holiday pay as a Christmas bonus. 1984Austral. Financial Rev. 9 Nov. 17/4 (Advt.), The Company provides an outstanding benefits package including immediate superannuation, 4 weeks' annual leave with loading and a comprehensive health benefits plan. 1991Chron. Higher Educ. (U.S.) 20 Feb. b6 (Advt.), Salary will be at the rate of $A67,812 p.a., plus a clinical loading of $A12,058. Additional allowances may be payable by the Central Sydney Area Health Service.
[4.] c. The number of passengers carried by a vehicle or vessel.
1957Buses Illustr. VII. 200/1 First impressions [of driving a bus in a holiday resort] are of abnormally heavy loading, which is spread fairly evenly throughout the day. 1976Southern Even. Echo (Southampton) 13 Nov. 6/1 Loadings are higher on Saturday through the day with football enthusiasts and shoppers. 1987Ships Monthly July 20/2 With some fully booked sailings and generally high loadings, the Easter and May Day Bank Holiday period suggested no obvious public reaction to Zeebrugge. 1987Railway World Nov. 650/1 Apart from poor loadings on 6 September, patronage has been good, with 480 passengers on the 11.05 ex-Swansea of 12 September. 1992Mod. Railways Mar. 145/2 Times change; today's loadings are well within the capacity of at most a couple of buses or coaches.
6. The concentration or amount of one substance in another. Used esp. with reference to the impregnation of solid materials, as wood, leather, etc.
1931Wilson & Merrill Anal. of Leather ii. 33 Users of sole leather are interested in the ‘loading’ which the leather has undergone—that is, in the quantity of material (glucose, Epsom salt, tannin, or non-tannin) deposited in the leather by impregnating it with a strong solution and drying out or in the quantity of material that will be leached out of the soles in actual wear. 1948N.Z. Jrnl. Sci. & Technol. B. XXX. 20 From the weight of treating solution absorbed and its concentration the amount of preservative in the block is calculated. This amount is expressed as a percentage of the calculated oven-dry weight of the block and is then termed ‘loading’. 1952Rev. Appl. Entomol. A. XL. 185 The concentration of the solution used was such that it would produce an average loading of 0.2 per cent. boric acid with treatment at pressures rising to 200 lb. per sq. in. 1968Gloss. Terms Timber Preservation (B.S.I.) 18 Impregnation, strictly the saturation of wood with a preservative. Generally used to describe treatments giving a high loading of preservative in the wood, e.g. pressure treatments. 1978Nature 19 Oct. 631/1 The decrease in atmospheric transmission in 1928 was caused by an increase in the stratospheric dust loading.
▪ II. loading, ppl. a.|ˈləʊdɪŋ|
[f. load v. + -ing2.]
1. That loads.
1891Labour Commission Gloss., Loading-up Men, men at the docks who stop the bales from the cranes and pile them up on the trucks.
†2. fig. Burdening, oppressive, aggravating. Obs.
1625Bacon Ess., Goodness (Arb.) 205 Such Men, in other mens Calamities, are, as it were, in season, and are euer on the loading Part. 1632tr. Bruel's Praxis Med. 2 The paine that doth seaze thereon [the brain], is farre duller, and more loading. 1642S. Ashe Best Refuge 29 Our Patentees,..may justly be cast under this loading aggravation.
3. That is loaded in a specified way: in comb. with prefixed word, as breech-loading.
a1858[see breech-loading]. 1889Sat. Rev. 16 Mar. 318/1 The relative effects of breech-loading and muzzle-loading rifle fire. 1902Daily Chron. 15 Apr. 3/1 Daylight-loading cameras.
Add:[4.] loading dose Med., a large dose of a drug administered at the beginning of a course of treatment in order to achieve a therapeutic concentration in the body quickly.
1961Lancet 19 Aug. 400/2 Cortisone 250 mg. by intramuscular injection was given as a loading dose. 1976Ibid. 20 Nov. 1143/2 Treatment with intravenous metronidazole was resumed with a loading dose of 1 g and was continued with 500 mg 8 hourly. 1988Neurology XXXVIII. 399/2 We found that a loading dose of barbiturate led to a very prompt, reproducible, and effective cessation of seizure activity. |