| 释义 |
▪ I. livelihood1|ˈlaɪvlɪhʊd|
Forms: α. 1 líflád, 2–5 lif-, 3–6 lyf-, 4 liif-, lyff-, lyif-, 4–6 lyfe-, lyve-, 4–7 live-; 2–4 -lad, 3–7 -lode, 4 -ladd, -laid(e, -late, -led(e, 4–6 -lode, -lood, 4–7 -lod, -loode, 5 -lothe, Sc. -lat, 5–7 -load, 6 -lodde, Sc. -lait, -lett. β. 5 livelhood, -hud, liffleod, 6 lyveliod, livelihod, livelehood, lyvelyhoode, 7 liveliehood, 6– livelihood.
[OE. líflád, f. líf life + lád course, way, also subsistence (see load, lode). Cf. the corresponding OHG. lîbleita provisions, subsistence, f. lîb life + leita conduct. In the 16th c. the spelling was gradually assimilated (see forms) to that of livelihood2, -head.]
†1. Course of life, lifetime; kind or manner of life; conduct. Obs.
c1000Benedictine Rule i. (Schröer-Wülker) 9/20 Þæt feorðe muneca cyn is, þe is Widscriþul ᵹenæmned, þa ealle heora liflade [L. tota vita sua] ᵹeond missenlice þeoda farað. c1175Lamb. Hom. 85 Hwet is þet he mei mare spenen of his aȝen feire forbisne of his aȝene liflade. c1230Hali Meid. 5 Þurh englene liflade & heuenlich þat leades þah ha licomliche wunie up on eorðe. a1300Cursor M. 1506, I find na term of his [caymes] liuelaid. a1300Ibid. 2009 A neu liuelade cun þai bigin. c1449Pecock Repr. ii. xii. 217 For gouernaunce and reule of her lijflode. a1470G. Ashby Dicta Philos. 374 Directe his levelode profitably. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 344 How is this contrarye to y⊇ auncient custome..of the Elders, If ministers..marry wives for the necessary comfort of theyr livelyhood?
2. Means of living, maintenance, sustenance; esp. in to earn, gain, get, make, seek a livelihood.
a1300Fall & Passion 37 in E.E.P. (1862) 13 In þe vale of eboir his liuelod he [Adam] most swink sore. a1300Cursor M. 1962 Ete..Na o fouxul þat refes his liuelade. 13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 133 Þat þe lude myȝt haf leue liflode to cach. 1357Lay Folks Catech. 212 We..withdrawes lyuelade fra tham that nede haues. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxiv. (Alexis) 169 And Ilke day thigyt his lyf-led At þame þat passage-by þare mad. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 331 Lanfrank..was a man þat kouþe doo no grete werkes to gete his liflode þerwiþ. c1449Pecock Repr. 342 Poul..wrouȝte with hise hondis forto haue his lijflode. c1470Henry Wallace ix. 376 My lyflat is bot honest chewysance. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 40/2 Noe began to labouer for his lyfelode with his sones. 1581Marbeck Bk. of Notes 1104 Then must it be the Priests wages, which at that time had no other livelode. 1611Bible Pref. to Rdr. ⁋1 Those noursing fathers and mothers..that withdraw from them who hang vpon their breasts..liuely⁓hood and support fit for their estates. 1660Wood Life Dec. (O.H.S.) I. 360 To gaine a bare livelihood. 1680Aubrey in Lett. Eminent Persons (1813) III. 401 What he did for his delight and recreation only when a boy, proved to be his livelihood when a man. 1702Eng. Theophrast. 117 A hazardous Trade to which they have bound themselves to get a Livelyhood. 1719W. Wood Surv. Trade 297 To..restrain our own Subjects from..seeking their Livelihoods. 1727De Foe Syst. Magic i. i. (1840) 4 They made a livelihood or trade of it. 1830Herschel Stud. Nat. Phil. 61 Fishermen who gain their livelihood on its waters. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 118 Let each man practise one art which is to be his livelihood. 1882J. L. Watson Life R. S. Candlish vii. 87 When Dr. Candlish left the Establishment he did so without any prospect of a livelihood.
†b. Corporeal sustenance, food, victuals. Obs.
a1300Cursor M. 19835 Quils þai dight him his liuelade, In orisun he lai and bade. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxxvi. (Baptista) 280 Wyld hony wes his lyflede, & a thinge callit locusta. 1382Wyclif Deut. ii. 28 Lyuelodis bi prijs sel to vs, that we eeten. c1400Apol. Loll. 21 Crist..wold not curse hem þat denoied to Him harborow & lifelod. 1688R. Holme Armoury ii. 122/2 Oaks, Elms, Ashes, Walnuts, Chesnuts, and such Trees, wrong them [Fruit Trees]..of their Livelyhood.
†c. In immaterial sense or fig. Obs.
1616Hieron Wks. II. 38 Faith is (as it were) the liuely⁓hood of a Christian: it is the stocke whereon hee liues. 1639Drummond of Hawthornden Answ. to Objections Wks. (1711) 214 We will allow no livelyhood to tender consciences. 1678Bunyan Pilgr. i. (1900) 118 His livelihood was upon things that were Spiritual [marg. note, Little-Faith could not live upon Esaus Pottage].
†3. Income, revenue, stipend; pl. emoluments.
1422E. E. Wills (1882) 51, I bequeth to two prestes,..resonable lyuelode. 1433Rolls of Parlt. IV. 424/2 Some withoute any liflode or guerdon. 1439W. Byngham Petit. to Hen. VI in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) I. Introd. 56 For all liberall sciences used in your seid universitees certein lyflode is ordeyned and endued. c1440Promp. Parv. 308/2 Lyflode, or warysone,..donativum. c1460Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. x. (1885) 131 How necessarie it is that he [the King] haue grete livelod aboff the same charges. 1463Bury Wills (Camden) 29 The seid Marie preest to haue the seyd iijs. iiijd. to avmentacion of his lifloode. 1475Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 32 Rewarded in lifelode of londes and tenementis yoven in the counte of Mayne. 1502Arnolde Chron. (1811) 270 The Yerely Stint of the Lyuelod belonging to London Brydge. 1530–1Act 22 Hen. VIII, c. 15 Any spirituall persone..hauyng any dignitee, benefyce, promocion, or other spirituall lyuelode, within the prouince of Yorke. a1548Hall Chron. (1809) 199 The Cardinall..gave Elizabeth Beauchampe thre C. markes of Livelod. 1563–83Foxe A. & M. II. 1052, I..exhorte you to beare your partes of your liuelode & salarie towerd the paiment of this summe graunted. 1621Bp. R. Montagu Diatribæ 297 There was payed vnto the Sanctuary for them λυτρον, which went to the maintenance of the Priests amongst their other liuely⁓hoods and Reuenues.
†4. Property yielding an income, landed or inherited property; an estate, inheritance, patrimony. Also, man of (great, small) livelihood. Obs.
1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iv. xxx. 80 Yf the Chyuetayne were taken of the same countre where that he is enheryted and hath his lyuelode. 1438E.E. Wills (1882) 111 Item all myn owne lyuelode to remeyne to my next heires. c1440Partonope 5013 He was no man of grete lifelode. 1465Paston Lett. II. 254 What tyme that I rode oute aboute my litil livelod. 1470–85Malory Arthur i. iii, Syre Ector..had grete lyuelode aboute london. 1484Caxton Fables of Poge iv, [None ought to hunt and hawk] withoute he be moche ryche and man of lyuelode. 1513Bk. Keruynge in Babees Bk. (1868) 285 Some lorde is of blode royall & of small lyuelode. 1528Tindale Obed. Chr. Man 94 b, To byld abbays, to endote them with lyvelode, to be prayd fore for ever. 1545Brinklow Compl. xv. (1874) 38 Thei can not be content with the sufficyent lyuelodes that their fathers left them. 1570Queen's Councell's Let. 7 Feb. (in N. & Q. 1 Aug. 1857), Such speciall men of lyveliod and worshipp of the said Countie as have interest herein. 1594Carew Tasso (1881) 15 To this liuelode that from his mother came, Conquests he winned. 1601Holland Pliny I. 411 Being entred once vpon those grounds as his owne liuelode and possession. 1627Sir R. Cotton in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1659) I. 469 For the Land⁓forces, if it were for an Offensive War, the men of less livelihood were the best spared.
5. Comb.: † livelod-man, man of property.
c1470Henry Wallace vi. 72 This lyflat man hyr gat in mariage. c1500Melusine vi. 31, I shal make the for to be..the gretest and best lyuelod man [F. terrien] of them all. 1570Henry's Wallace vii. 869 The lyflait men [c. 1470 the blessit men], that was off Scotland borne, Fwnde at his faith Wallace gert thaim be sworn.
▪ II. † ˈlivelihood2 Obs.
[f. lively a. + -hood.]
= liveliness in various senses.
1566Painter Pal. Pleas. I. 106 How much his [Love's] assaultes can debilitate the livelihoode of the bodies and spirites of men. 1593Rites & Mon. Ch. Durh. (Surtees) 29 The fairness of the wall, the staitlynes of the pictures and the lyvelyhoode of the paynting. 1594J. King Funeral Serm. in Jonas (1618) 673 His spirit departeth; not only his strength, his health, his agility, his liuelihood; but his breath. 1601Shakes. All's Well i. i. 58 The tirrany of her sorrowes takes all liuelihood from her cheeke. 1616Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 638 The red [wines] which are not yet come to their liuelyhood and maturitie. 1619W. Sclater Exp. 1 Thess. (1630) 13 They are actions operatiue, full of liulihood and efficacy. 1640C. Harvey Synagogue (1647) 37 Thy Circumcision writ thy death in blood, Baptisme in water seales my livelyhood. a1641Bp. R. Montagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 93 In the Law-maker and the Law-dispenser, doing their duties, consists the life and livelihood of any State. 1641Relat. Answ. Earl Strafford 3 The Lieutenant..spake..with such a measure of Eloquence and Lively-hood, that his very Enemies were affected with it. 1646J. Gregory Notes & Obs. (1650) 32 The first judged of the Livleyhood and duration..of the City. |