| 释义 |
lieutenant
(lɛf-, lɪfˈtɛnənt, U.S. ljuːˈtɛnənt)
Forms: α. 4–5 lutenand, -a(u)nt; 5 leu(e)-, leuȝ-, lyeu-, 5–7 lieu-, 6 lyue-, liue-, lieue-, leaue-, lew-, 7 leiu-; 4–7 -tenante, -aunt, 5–6 -aunte, 5–7 -ant, 6–7 -ent, -tennent, -ante; 6 Sc. lewtennand, 4– lieutenant. β. 4 leef-, 4–5 leyf-, lyef-, 4–6 leve-, 5–6 lyff(e-, 5–8 lief-, 6 lefe-, lyffe-, lyve-, lieuf-, 6– 7 live-, liefe-, leive-, leif-, 7 liev-, life-, + second element as in α; 5 luf-tenand, luff tenande, 6 leftenaunt, -tennant, -tenant.
[a. F. lieutenant, f. lieu place + tenant holding (see tenant); cf. locum tenens.
The origin of the βtype of forms (which survives in the usual British pronunciation, though the spelling represents the αtype) is difficult to explain. The hypothesis of a mere misinterpretation of the graphic form (u read as v), at first sight plausible, does not accord with the facts. In view of the rare OF. form luef for lieu (with which cf. esp. the 15th c. Sc. forms luf-, lufftenand above) it seems likely that the labial glide at the end of OF. lieu as the first element of a compound was sometimes apprehended by Englishmen as a v or f. Possibly some of the forms may be due to association with leave n.1 or lief a.
In 1793 Walker gives the actual pronunciations as |lɛv-, lɪvˈtɛnənt|, but expresses the hope that ‘the regular sound, lewtenant’ will in time become current. In England this pronunciation |ljuːˈtɛnənt| is almost unknown. A newspaper quot. of 1893 in Funk's Standard Dictionary says that |lɛfˈtɛnənt| is in the U.S. ‘almost confined to the retired list of the navy’.]
1. a. One who takes the place of another; usually, an officer civil or military who acts for a superior; a representative, substitute, vicegerent.
c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxxi. (Eugenia) 40 To quham..þe hale senat gef þe cure of Alysandir þe cyte þar lutenand þar-of to be. 1375Barbour Bruce [MS. 1489] xiv. 139 Schir Richard of Clare, That..luf-tenand Was off the king of Yngland. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VIII. 143 Hubert archebisshop of Caunterbury was leeftenaunt [v.rr. lutenant, levetenaunt] of þe pope and of the kyng of Engelond. 1390Gower Conf. I. 73, I his grace have so poursuied, That I was mad his lieutenant. 14..Lydg. & Burgh Secrees 2194 Oon singuler man to make thy leyf tenaunt, To the ne thyne is not avayllable. 1480Caxton Chron. Eng. ccli. (1482) 322 He beyng that tyme lyeutenaunt of the kyng in Normandye. c1500Melusine lxii. 369 Sersuell..held the said Fortres as lieuftenaunt & Captayne there for the kyng of England. 1534Act 26 Hen. VIII, c. 4 §1 Any Justiciar, Steward, Lieuetenaunte, or other officer within wales or the marches of the same. 1552Lyndesay Monarche 4271 To Christe he [the Pope] is gret Lewtennand. 1583Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 106 They are his Liefetenants, his vicegerents in his Church. 1610Shakes. Temp. iii. ii. 20 By this light thou shalt bee my Lieutenant Monster, or my Standard. 1651Hobbes Leviath. (1839) 400 God was king, and the high-priest was to be, after the death of Moses, his sole viceroy or lieutenant. 1703J. Logan in Pa. Hist. Soc. Mem. IX. 192 It will be extremely necessary to procure a lieutenant for some time at least in thy interest. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. (1869) III. lxvii. 698 His lieutenants were permitted to negociate a truce. 1845S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. III. 231 Though called king, he was in fact only a lieutenant of the sultan. 1869Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) III. xi. 49 He had the trustiest of lieutenants in his brothers.
†b. fig. (Now not used, on account of the specific associations of the word.)
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xvi. 47 Ac liberum arbitrium letteth hym some tyme, Þat is lieutenant to loken it wel by leue of myselue. c1425Lydg. Assembly of Gods 1254 Then made Vertu Reson hys lyeftenaunt. 1461Liber Pluscardensis xi. viii, He [God] maid Natur to be his luff tenande. a1586Sidney Arcadia iii. (1633) 303 Where..Fore-sight, with his Lievtenant Resolution, had made readie defence. 1621Quarles Argalus & P. (1678) 110 Parthenia (whose tears Are turn'd Lieutenants to her tongue). a1708Beveridge Thes. Theol. (1711) III. 241 The Holy Ghost, Christ's Lieutenant, that supplies the place of the absent Captain.
c. As a formal title of office, usually with defining phrase indicating the object or locality of delegated command, as in Lieutenant of the Tower (of London), the acting commandant delegated by the Constable; Lieutenant of Ireland, lieutenant of a county (now always Lord-lieutenant), and in various other designations now only Hist.
1423Rolls of Parlt. IV. 198/2 He beyng the Kynges Lieutenaunt in the said Londe [of Ireland]. 1454Ibid. V. 240/2 The Duk of York, the Kynges Lieutenant of his Parlement. 1481Caxton Myrr. iii. xxiv. 192 Lieutenaunt of the toun of Calays. 1495Act 11 Hen. VII, c. 35 Preamble, His Lyeutenaunte of Ireland and Gardeyn of the..Marches. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. ix. 206 Henrie Stuart, quhom the king..maid leauetennant of the gret Gunis. 1596Sir J. Smythe in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 89 Mr. Leivetenant of the Tower. a1604Hanmer Chron. Irel. (1633) 140 Whereupon he made Reimond Lievetenant of the forces. a1613Overbury A Wife (1638) 187 He doe's not feare the Lieutenant o' th' Shire. c1667Cotton in N. & Q. 9th Ser. VIII. 41/1, I am through his Magestyes gratyouse Favor lieutennant off y⊇ Forrest. 1679Wood Life 30 Apr., He was lieftenant of the ordinance. 1702Lond. Gaz. No. 3810/8 Her Majesty has been pleased to appoint Sir George Rooke..Lieutenant of the Navies and Seas of this Kingdom. 1864Burton Scot Abr. I. ii. 61 King Robert III had a younger brother Alexander, who was made lieutenant of the northern part of the kingdom.
†d. Used as an equivalent for L. legatus, proconsul, suffectus, Gr. ἡγεµών. Obs.
1388Wyclif 2 Macc. iv. 31 Suffectus..ether lutenaunt. 1526Tindale Luke ii. 2 Syrenus was leftenaunt in Siria. 1553Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 9 Metellus celer, pro⁓consull or leauetenaunte of Fraunce. 1557N. T. (Genev.) Luke iii. 1 Lieutenant of Jurie. 1636E. Dacres tr. Machiavel's Disc. Livy II. 639 Fulvius remaining Lieftenant in the army..for that the Consull was gon to Rome. 1658Sir T. Browne Hydriot. i. (1736) 9 A great Overthrow was given unto the Iceni by the Roman Lieutenant Ostorius. 1741Middleton Cicero I. vi. 408 The whole administration of the corn and provisions of the Republic was to be granted to Pompey for five years, with a power of chusing fifteen Lieutenants to assist him in it.
†e. (See quot.) Obs.
1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 72 That Christmas the Temple Sparks had enstalled a Lieutenant, a thing we Country folk call a Lord of Misrule.
2. Mil. and Naval. (As a prefixed title, often abbreviated Lieut., and in combs. Lt.)
a. In the army: The officer next in rank to the captain. † Also in captain-lieutenant (see quot. 1727–51; cf. lieutenant captain in 3).
b. In the navy: The officer next in rank and power below the commander. † Also lieutenant at arms (see quot. 1769).
a.1578T. N. tr. Conq. W. India 1 Who in his youth applied himselfe to the warres, and was lieutenant to a companie of horsemen. 1642Althorp MS. in Simpkinson Washington (1860) p. lxxxii, To liefetennant Scotts horse of oates j. pecke. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. §52 A lievtenant of a foot company. 1653Baxter Chr. Concord 82 The Lieutenant of the Troop..needs no new Commission. 1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v. Captain, Captain-lieutenant is he who commands a troop, or company, in the name and place of some other person, who has the commission, with the title, honour, and pay thereof; but is dispensed withal, on account of his quality, from performing the functions of his post. 1844Regul. & Ord. Army 3 Second Lieutenants take rank of Cornets and Ensigns. 1876Voyle & Stevenson Milit. Dict. (ed. 3) s.v., In the footguards 24 of the lieutenants have the rank of captain in the army, and are called lieutenants and captains.
b.1626Capt. Smith Accid. Yng. Sea-men 6 The Lieutenant is to associate the Captaine, and in his absence to execute his place. 1757Smollett Reprisal ii. ix, Lieftenant Lyon commands a tender of twelve guns. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1780) Z 4 b, The youngest lieutenant of the ship, who is also stiled lieutenant at arms,..is particularly ordered..to train the seamen to the use of small arms. 1833Marryat P. Simple xxi, The Admiralty..had..promoted him to the rank of lieutenant.
c. An officer in the Salvation Army.
1884[see captain n. 5 b]. c1897A. E. Housman Lett. (1971) 45 Lieutenant Isabella..comes Dealing blows with her umbrella. 1970Guardian 2 May 10/4, I love the Salvation Army through which I found my Saviour... Yours faithfully, Lars Juhlin. Lieutenant.
3. attrib. and in Comb., signifying generally one who acts as deputy to the superior officer designated, as in † lieutenant-admiral (in the Dutch navy), lieutenant-bailiff (in Guernsey), † lieutenant-fire-worker; † lieutenant-captain (see quot.); lieutenant-colonel, an army officer of rank next below that of a colonel, having the actual command of a regiment; hence lieutenant-colonelcy, the office or rank of lieutenant-colonel; lieutenant-commander, a naval officer who is in rank next below a commander and next above a lieutenant; lieutenant-governor, the deputy of a governor, esp. (a) in the British colonies, the actual governor of a district or province in subordination to a governor-general; (b) in the United States, the deputy-governor of a state with certain independent duties and the right of succession to the governorship, in case of its becoming vacant; hence † lieutenant-governancy, lieutenant-governorship, (a) the office of a lieutenant-governor; (b) the province under his government; † lieutenant-prætor = L. proprætor. Also lieutenant-general.
1693Lond. Gaz. No. 2867/3 On Sunday last *Lieutenant Admiral Allemond passed by Dover with 4 great Dutch Men of War.
1682Warburton Hist. Guernsey (1822) 49 The Bailiff..is the chief judge of the royal court; his office may be executed by deputy, who is called the *lieutenant-bailiff.
1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v. Captain, *Lieutenant-Captain is the captain's second; or the officer who commands the company under the captain, and in his absence... In some companies, &c. he is also called Captain-lieutenant.
1598B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. iii. v, He might haue beene Serieant-Maior, if not *Lieutenant-Coronell to the regiment. 1707Vulpone 8 Collonels, Lieutenant Collonels, Majors, Captains. 1876Bancroft Hist. U.S. V. xix. 549 The subject was referred on the part of Howe to Lieutenant-colonel Walcott.
1797Nelson in Nicolas Disp. (1845) II. 446 Your good father tells me you are in great hopes of the *Lieutenant-Colonelcy. 1842Thackeray Fitz-Boodle Papers Pref. (1887) 14 His papa would have purchased him..a lieutenant-colonelcy.
1878N. Amer. Rev. CXXVII. 224 *Lieutenant-Commander J. G. Walker had been sent in the iron-clad Baron de Kalb.
1800Asiatic Ann. Reg., Char. 51/2 Mr. Harris was soon after appointed a *Lieutenant Fire-worker.
1595T. Maynarde Drake's Voy. (Hakluyt Soc.) 13 The *Leiftenant-governor and some others were taken prisoners. 1707Lond. Gaz. No. 4341/3 Colonel Richard Sutton is made Lieutenant-Governor of Hull. 1849Cobden Speeches 72 If we take the case of our North American colonies: we have five colonial and five lieutenant-governors. 1880V. Ball Jungle Life India i. 47 The official residence of the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal.
1784Laura & Augustus (1794) II. 50 *Lieutenant Governancy.
1745Observ. conc. Navy 44 Many have either had Governments or *Lieutenant-Governorships. 1886Athenæum 24 Apr. 556/1 The Reports on Public Instruction in Bengal and the North-Western Provinces..show considerable difference in the state of education in the two lieutenant-governorships.
1618Bolton Florus ii. xiii. (1636) 130 Anicius, *Lieutenant-Praetor, subdued them in an instant.
Add:[2.] d. A police officer next in rank below a captain; also, a senior prison officer. Chiefly U.S.
1907Daily Chron. 11 Apr. 3/5 [In Glasgow] when a prisoner was brought into a police station the lieutenant on duty would not accept the charge..unless [etc.]. 1909L. F. Fuld Police Admin. ii. 58 In Boston, St. Louis, Baltimore, and a few other cities,..provision has been made for a lieutenant of police. Such lieutenants of police exercise all the powers and discharge all of the duties of captains, in the event of the sickness or absence of the latter. 1940B. Smith Police Syst. in U.S. vii. 256 In the small force..which consists of one lieutenant, one sergeant, and nine patrolmen, subdivision by levels of activities has not been carrried far. 1942Handbk. Amer. Prisons & Reformatories (ed. 5) ii. 8 Promotion to the rank of lieutenant is made only from the senior officer's group. 1965G. Jackson Let. June in Soledad Brother (1970) 63, I talk to fewer convicts every day. Just one lieutenant here has tried to do anything for me. 1985E. Kuzwayo Call me Woman ii. xiv. 207, I asked the prison lieutenant to phone a woman doctor friend of mine.
e. The title, until 1966, of an assistant to the captain of a company of Girl Guides (subsequently officially called an Assistant Guide Leader).
1909R. Baden-Powell Girl Guides: Suggestion for Character Training (Pamphlet A) 6 The unit for work or play is the ‘Patrol’ of eight girls, of whom one is ‘Patrol Leader’, another the ‘Corporal’. Three or more Patrols form a Company under a ‘Captain’ and a ‘Lieutenant’. 1932R. Kerr Story of Girl Guides vi. 92 There is not much objection to ‘captain’, which is not exclusively military..; but there was at one time a great agitation against the term ‘lieutenant’. Suggestions were invited from the Movement, but no better name was sent in. 1966Tomorrow's Guide (Girl Guides Assoc.) iii. 21 Guide Leader [and] Assistant Guide Leader..should be used instead of Captain and Lieutenant. We believe that the time has come to drop the terms Captain and Lieutenant which, when used in conjunction with each other, have a military sound. 1976Norwich Mercury 10 Dec. 2/1 She is retiring from her post of Captain..and handing over to Mrs. Dianne Perrott—who..is her present lieutenant. |