| 释义 |
▪ I. lichen, n.|ˈlaɪkən|
[a. L. līchēn, ad. Gr. λειχήν in all the senses below. Cf. F. lichen, Sp. liquen, It. lichene.
Not in Johnson. The pronunciation |ˈlɪtʃən| is given in Smart without alternative, and most of the later Dicts. allow it a second place; but it is now rare in educated use.]
†1. = liverwort; the lichens and liverworts having formerly been included in the same group.
1601Holland Pliny II. 245 Another kind of Lichen or Liuerwort there is, cleauing wholly fast vpon rockes and stones in manner of moss. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., Lichen, liverwort in botany, the name of a genus of mosses. 1759Stillingfl. Gedner's Use Curiosity Misc. Tracts (1762) 180 The vertues of the lichenes or liverworts upon animate bodies..are not inconsiderable.
2. One of a class of cellular cryptogamic plants, often of a green, grey, or yellow tint, which grow on the surface of rocks, trees, etc. Also collect.
According to the modern theory, now generally accepted, the lichen is a fungus parasitic upon an algal, whose form is somewhat modified by the influence of the parasite.
[1601Holland Pliny II. 169 As well in this wild kind as in planted Plum trees of the hortyard, there is to be found a certain skinny gum, in Greek called Lichen, which hath a wonderfull operation to cure the rhagadies or chaps.] 1715J. Delacoste tr. Boerhaave's Aphorisms 313 The famous earthy ash-colour'd moss call'd Lichen. 1789E. Darwin Bot. Gard. ii. (1791) 29 Where frowning Snowden bends his dizzy brow..Retiring lichen climbs the topmost stone. 1796Coleridge To Yng. Friend on Domestic. with Author 4 Where..coloured lichens with slow oosing weep. 1830Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 325 Lichens are distinguished by their want of a distinct axis of growth. 1856Stanley Sinai & Pal. viii. (1858) 320 Aged trees covered with lichen, as if the relics of a primeval forest long since cleared away. 1887Algie Guide to Forres 66 The coral-like gray lichen. 1893Bridges Shorter Poems v. Winnowers 8 The red roofs nestle, oversprent With lichen yellow as gold.
3. Path.
a. A skin disease, characterized by an eruption of reddish solid papules over a more or less limited area.
1657Physical Dict., Lichen, a tetter, or ringworm. 1727–41Chambers Cycl., Lichen, a cutaneous distemper, other⁓wise called impetigo. 1842Burgess Man. Dis. Skin 189 Lichen is not confined to any period of life, or to either sex. 1888Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v., Many authors regard lichen, strophulus, and eczema, as forms of the same disease.
b. With mod.L. adjs., as lichen planus, a skin disease characterized by an eruption of wide, flat-topped, shiny, purple-coloured papules; lichen simplex, (a) a type of eczema characterized by the presence of small red papules; (b) (lichen simplex chronicus) a disorder characterized by areas of lichenification.
1798R. Willan Descr. & Treatm. Cutaneous Dis. i. ii. 41 The extent of the disease being thus limited, I shall proceed to describe the varieties of it, which have occurred to my observation, under the denominations of Lichen simplex, Lichen agrius, Lichen pilaris, Lichen lividus, and Lichen tropicus. 1842T. H. Burgess tr. Cazenave & Schedel's Man. Dis. Skin 191 Acute lichen simplex requires no other treatment than diluents and tepid baths. 1866E. Wilson in Brit. Med. Jrnl. 13 Oct. 399/1 (heading) On lichen planus: the lichen ruber of Hebra. 1910C. F. Marshall tr. Gaucher's Dis. Skin. 101 Lichen simplex may occur on all parts of the body, but it chiefly affects the forearms and dorsal surface of the hands, the neck and shoulders, the external and posterior surfaces of the legs, and the internal surface of the thighs. 1934Dore & Franklin Dis. Skin viii. 121 Lichen planus is generally a chronic complaint. 1966W. D. Stewart et al. Synopsis Dermatol. xxvi. 485 Lichen simplex chronicus..is a common pruritic disorder resulting in a localized patch of dermatitis that has a characteristic lichenification. 1971Acta Dermato-Venereol. LII. 216/1 In an epidemiologic house-to-house survey..in Kerala in South India, 7639 individuals were examined for oral lichen planus.
†4. After a L. use in Pliny: A callous excrescence on the leg of a horse or ass (? = chestnut n. 6). Obs.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 22 There is a collection of certain hard matter about an asses legs, called ‘lichen’, which if it be burned and beaten, and put into old oil, will cause hairs to grow out of baldness. 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 81 The fume of the lichens, helps the falling sickness.
5. attrib. and Comb.
a. simple attributive, as (sense 2) lichen-dust, lichen-flora, lichen-fungus, lichen-moss, lichen-spot, lichen-thallus, lichen-tuft; (sense 3) lichen-eczema, lichen-spot; lichen-acid, any lichen substance which is an acid; lichen substance, any of about 65 compounds, most of which are acids, which are found uniquely in lichens;
b. instrumental, as lichen-clad, lichen-clothed, lichen-crusted, lichen-laden, lichen-matted, lichen-tasselled adjs.;
c. similative, as lichen-green, lichen-like adjs.; lichen-starch, a kind of starch associated with lichenin in Iceland-moss.
1893Jrnl. R. Microsc. Soc. 497 (heading) New *lichen-acid. 1967M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens viii. 119 Lichen acids and pigments increase the opacity of the upper cortex.
1848Chambers' Inform. I. 563/2 A stunted *lichen-clad bole.
1859Jephson Brittany vii. 95 An immense *lichen⁓clothed menhir.
1886H. F. Lester Under two Fig Trees 232 An old boundary stone *lichen-crusted.
1880G. Meredith Trag. Com. (1881) 117 He snapped the *lichen-dust from his fingers.
1900J. Hutchinson Archives Surg. XI. 195 The patient had suffered from *lichen-eczema from the age of 20.
1857W. A. Leighton (title) The *Lichen-Flora of Great Britain.
1875Bennett & Dyer Sachs' Bot. 273 Algæ..known as the hosts of *Lichen-fungi.
1898Daily News 8 Oct. 6/4 Folds of *lichen-green velvet about the shoulders.
1889J. J. Hissey Tour in Phaeton 49 The old buildings..with..*lichen-laden roofs.
1885H. O. Forbes Nat. Wand. E. Archip. 101 Blocks of weather-beaten, *lichen-matted trachyte.
1860Ruskin Mod. Paint. V. vi. x. §25 The silver *lichen-spots rest, star-like, on the stone. 1897J. Hutchinson Archives Surg. VIII. 223 The initial stage was a lichen spot, of which there were many around the patches.
1900Jrnl. R. Microsc. Soc. 235 (heading) *Lichen-substances. 1954Asahina & Shibata (title) Chemistry of lichen substances. 1967Lichen substance [see depside].
1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 572 The heavily *lichen-tasselled fringe of the forest-belt.
1856W. L. Lindsay Pop. Hist. Brit. Lichens 39 The..tissues of the *Lichen-thallus.
1832R. Cattermole Becket etc. 191 Ashes..gray with *lichen-tufts.
Hence ˈlichenless a., destitute of lichens.
1843Ruskin Mod. Paint. I. ii. i. vii. §36 His very rocks are lichenless.
▪ II. lichen, v.|ˈlaɪkən|
[f. lichen n.]
trans. To cover with lichens.
1859Tennyson Elaine 44 There they lay till all their bones were..lichen'd into colour with the crags. 1862Macm. Mag. Sept. 426 How was it [island] lichened and mossed? 1864Sir J. K. James Tasso iii. xiii. note, Turrets lichened with gold.
fig.1883Harper's Mag. Feb. 438/2 Popular superstition has not had time yet to lichen over the familiar objects of his country-side.
Hence ˈlichened ppl. a., ˈlichening vbl. n.
1823Praed Poems (1865) II. 274 O'er the natural tomb The lichened pine rears up its form of gloom. 1887Ruskin Præterita II. 401 The deeply lichened stones of its low churchyard wall. 1892Cornh. Mag. Sept. 230 The rudeness of the masonry and the lichening of the stones were no real indications of antiquity. |