| 释义 |
▪ I. angle, n.1 arch.|ˈæŋg(ə)l|
Forms: 1 angul, ongul, 1–2 angel, 4 angil, 5 -ell, -ylle, (hangul), 5– angle.
[OE. angul, cogn. w. OS. and OHG. angul (mod.G. angel), ON. öngull:—*angulr; cf. L. unc-us, angulus, and Aryan root ank- to bend.]
1. A fishing-hook; often, in later use, extended to the line or tackle to which it is fastened, and the rod to which the latter is attached. arch.
c880K. ælfred Boeth. xx, Swa swa mid angle fisc ᵹe⁓fangen biþ. c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xvii. 27 Gae to sæ & sende ongul vel hóc. c1160Hatton G. ibid., Wirp þinne angel ut. [Tindale, Genev. angle; Wyclif, Rhem., 1611 hook.] 1440Promp. Parv., Angylle to take wyth fysche, Piscale, fistuca. 1496Bk. St. Alban's (title of ed. 2) Treatyse perteynynge to Hawkynge, Huntynge and Fysshynge with an Angle. 1535Coverdale Job xl. 20 Darrest thou drawe Leuiathan with an angle? 1606Shakes. Ant. & Cl. ii. v. 10 Giue me mine Angle, weele to 'th' Riuer. 1611Bible Isa. xix. 8 They that cast angle upon the brookes shall lament. 1653Walton Angler 120 You will be pleased too, if you find a Trout at one of our Angles. 1764Goldsm. Trav. 187 With patient angle trolls the finny deep. 1829J. Clare Autumn in Anniv. 76 On which the shepherd crawls astride, to throw His angle clear of weeds.
†2. fig. A person or thing that catches like a hook. Obs.
1535Coverdale Eccles. vii. 26 A woman is bytterer then death: for she is a very angle, hir hert is a nett. 1537? Tindale Exp. St. John 45 He can not..hyde the angle of his poysoned heresye vnder a bayte of true doctrine. 1598Sylvester Du Bartas i. i. (1641) 6/2 Yea Faith it selfe, and Zeale, be sometimes Angles, Wherewith this Juggler heav'n-bent souls intangles.
3. Comb. † angle-head, the barbed head of an arrow; † angle-taster, an Arctic bird; angle-worm, a worm for bait. Also angle-hook, -rod, -twitch, q.v.
c1470Henry Wallace iv. 554 Ane angell hede to the hukis he drew, And at a schoyt the formast sone he sleu. 1743in Phil. Trans. XLII. 612 Greenland produces Maws, Red-shanks..Angle-tasters, Snipes, &c. 1875B. Taylor Faust I. i. 26 Digs with eager hand for buried ore, And, when it finds an angle worm, rejoices.
4. [f. angle v.1] An act of angling. Here fig.
1874Hardy Madding Crowd II. i. 5 She forgot for a moment her thoughtless angle on that day in February.
▪ II. angle, n.2|ˈæŋg(ə)l|
Also 4–5 aungel, 4–7 angel, 5–6 -ule, -yll.
[a. Fr. angle:—L. angul-um (nom. -us) corner, a dim. form, of which the prim. *angus is not in L.; cf. Gr. ἄγκος a bend, a hollow angle, and L. ang-ĕre to compress in a bend or fold, to strangle; Aryan root ank- to bend.]
1. a. The indefinite space included between two meeting lines or planes, the shape of which depends upon their mutual inclination; hence in Geom. the degree of inclination of two lines to each other, or of one line to a horizontal or vertical base-line.
The angle is measured by the portion of the circumference of a circle described from the intersection of the lines as centre, which is intercepted between the two lines. The inclination of two lines in the same plane is a plane angle, which may be rectilineal or curvilineal, as it is formed by straight or curved lines; the inclination of two lines on the surface of a sphere is a spherical angle; the space included by more than two plane angles meeting at a point is a solid angle.
c1386Chaucer Sqr.'s T. 222 By compositions of angles and of slie reflections. 1570Billingsley Euclid i. def. 9 There are of angles thre kindes, a right angle, an acute angle, and an obtuse angle. 1571Digges Geom. Pract. i. B j, A Playne Angle is the inclination of two lines lying in one playne Superficies, concurring or meeting in a poynt. 1594Blundevil Exerc. iii. i. (ed. 7) 272 Sphericall, that is to say, round Angels, which consist of two circular lines drawn upon a Sphericall superficies. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iv. vi. 193 With man..in natation they [legs and arms] intersect and make all sorts of Angles. 1690Locke Hum. Underst. i. iv. (1695) 37 The three Angles of a Triangle are equal to two Right ones. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 60 The slope or inclination which one face [of a crystal] has to another; in other words the angle made by two neighbouring faces.
¶ Measurement by angle is used in many departments of physics, mechanics, etc., to estimate the position of bodies, the direction of forces, etc. Hence such phr. as angle of application, approach, attack, depression, deviation, elevation, entry, incidence, inclination, position, reflection, refraction, repose, rest, traction, trail, vision; and the vbl. phr. to take the angle.
1626etc. [see incidence 4]. 1638Wilkins Discov. New World i. (1684) 44 Where the Angel of Reflexion is Equal to the Angel of Incidence. 1790Ray in Phil. Trans. LXXX. 154 By the means of this piece of mechanism in the eye-end of the telescope..small angles of elevation or depression may be determined with great accuracy. 1805Flinders ibid. XCV. 190 Endeavoured to take the angles on shore with a..theodolite. 1812Woodhouse Astron. viii. 58 When through a Star great circles are drawn respectively from the poles of the equator and ecliptic, they form at the Star an angle called the Angle of Position. 1831Brewster Optics iv. §35. 29 The angular change of direction or the angle of deviation as it is called. 1831― Nat. Magic iv. 87 A prism with a small refracting angle. 1849Weale Dict. Terms 17 Angle of application, the angle which the line of direction of a power gives the lever it acts upon. Angle of inclination, the angle an inclined plane makes with the horizon. Angle of traction, the angle which the direction of a power makes with the inclined plane. 1869Phillips, Vesuv. vii. 180 The usual angle of rest in loose materials. 1908Westm. Gaz. 30 May 7/3 The angle at which the plane is inclined to the direction of motion, the technical term for that angle being the angle of attack. 1910R. Ferris How it Flies xx. 454 Angle of Entry, the angle made by the tangent to the curve of the aeroplane surface at its forward edge, with the direction, or line, of travel. Ibid., Angle of Incidence, the angle made by the chord of the arc of a curved ‘plane’, or by the line of a flat plane, with the line of travel. Ibid., Angle of Trail, the angle made by the tangent to the rear edge of a curved plane with the line of travel. 1932H. Nicolson Public Faces ii. 29 Even the angles were so diffcult: the angles of approach: the actual moment of initiation: the excruciating angle of continuance. 1948Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. LII. 441/2 Approaches at a constant angle could be made by means of an ‘angle of approach light’, which was a light having three coloured sectors arranged one above the other, so that the pilot saw a red light if the aircraft was too low, a green light if the aircraft was approaching at the correct angle, and a yellow light if the aircraft was too high. 1962Gloss. Aeronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) iv. 1 Angle of incidence, angle of attack, the angle between the chord of a wing or the reference line in a body and the direction of the undisturbed flow in the absence of sideslip. Ibid. v. 4 Rigging angle of incidence, the angle between the chord of the main or tail plane and the horizontal when the aeroplane is in the rigging position.
b. at angles with: so placed as to form an angle with, in opposition to parallel (and, unless qualified by right, to perpendicular) to. on the angle: obliquely.
1753Hogarth Anal. Beauty iii. 19 The painter, if he is left to his choice, takes it on the angle rather than in front. 1779J. Moore Soc. in France II. 169 Others which go off at right angles from that. 1862Lytton Str. Story II. 11 Behind the portico of a detached house at angles with the street.
c. The point or direction from which one views or approaches an object, circumstance, event, subject of inquiry, etc.; standpoint; hence (loosely) = aspect 9; (slang) scheme, illegal method. Freq. with defining word. Cf. slant n.1
1872Geo. Eliot Middlem. iii. xxiii. 13 Tacit expectations of what would be done for him by Uncle Featherstone determined the angle at which most people viewed Fred Vincy in Middlemarch. 1922H. Walpole in S. Lewis Babbitt p. viii, Mr. Lewis turns the figure round and allows us to view it from every possible angle. 1928A. Waugh Nor Many Waters (1930) vi. 241 The account of the cricket from an Australian angle. 1935Proc. Prehist. Soc. I. 10 The study and appreciation of a culture from this angle imposes fresh obligations upon the archaeologist. 1936Punch 14 Oct. 430/1 Let us approach the subject from a mathematical or statistical angle. 1942World Rev. May 6/1 The right type of advertising man might be better as an adviser on the propaganda angle. 1942A. Christie Body in Library xviii. 157 The selection of the poor child, Pamela, the approach to her from the film angle. 1944‘N. Shute’ Pastoral v. 116 The old stagers..the men who knew all the angles, who had great experience. 1958S. Ellin Eighth Circle (1959) ii. ix. 103 His angle was to sell off tapes and pictures to the dirt magazines. 1958Spectator 22 Aug. 259/3 This collection of essays..feels obliged to use such a selling angle to persuade America that a favourable attitude to colonialism can be held without giving hostages to Marxist criticism.
d. Squash Rackets. In full angle shot: a shot struck at the side wall so that it rebounds directly to the front wall without touching the floor.
1926C. Arnold Squash Racquets ii. 12 The angle shot can be made from either court, forehand or backhand. 1933Times 4 Dec. 6/6 In the fourth game Elsmie set an even faster pace by means of cleverly played angle shots. 1934Times 13 Jan. 4/5 He played the angles cleverly and showed a delicate touch when using the drop.
e. Photogr. In full camera angle: the direction or viewpoint from which a photograph is taken. So angle shot, esp. in Cinemat., a shot taken with the camera at an angle to the horizontal.
1928Amer. Speech III. 352 Directors are obsessed with camera angles. 1937Mod. Encycl. Photogr. I. 70/2 The angle shot is now extensively employed in order to give emphasis and dramatic force. 1959Halas & Manvell Technique Film Amination 336 For variety of continuity a different angle is often used in long shots, medium shots and close-ups of the same subject.
2. The meeting-point of two lines not in the same direction. Also fig.
1605Bacon Adv. Learn. ii. v. §2 (1873) 105 Several lines that meet in one angle, and so touch but in a point. 1677Hale Prim. Orig. Man. 362 He is nexus utriusque mundi, the common Angle wherein the highest and noblest of Material and Corporeal Nature is joyned to the Spiritual. 1870Flower Osteol. Mamm. 122 The angle of the jaw is the point at which the vertical hind edge of the ramus, descending from the condyle, meets the horizontal inferior border.
3. A corner viewed internally or as a receding space; a retreating corner, a corner into which one may withdraw, a coign. Also fig.
c1384Chaucer H. Fame 1959 Alle the houses Angles [v.r. aungelys] Ys ful of rovnynges and of Iangles. 1430Lydg. Chron. Troy i. vi, Not openly as ypocrytes praye In dyuers angels ioyning on the waye. 1509Fisher Wks. (1876) 171 We be thraste downe into a very streyght angyll. 1607Tourneur Rev. Trag. iii. i, Some darken'd blushless angle. 1655Digges Compl. Ambass. 321 For truth will seek no angles. 1826Scott Woodst. 187 In each angle of the ascent was placed..the figure of a Norman foot-soldier.
4. A spot lying out of the direct way, an outlying spot or ‘corner,’ without reference to shape; a nook. Also fig. arch.
1447O. Bokenham Lyvys of Seyntys 2 For this the[y] soun Throwyn it [this book] in the angle of oblyvyoun. 1480Caxton Descr. Brit. 3 Anglia hath that name as it were an angle and a corner of the world. 1563Grindal Rem. (1843) 256 That little angle where I was born, called Cowpland. 1610Shakes. Temp. i. ii. 223 Whom I left..In an odde Angle of the Isle. 1641Milton Ch. Govt. ii. iii. (1851) 171 To search the tenderest angles of the heart. 1656S. Holland in Shaks. Cent. Praise 302 The fire of Emulation burnt fiercely in every angle of this Paradise.
5. A corner viewed externally or as a projection, a projecting corner (of a building, etc.). Also fig.
1532More Confut. Barnes viii. Wks. 1557. 783/1 That corner stone that is layed in the hed of the angle. 1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie (Arb.) 111 The Roundell hath no bonch nor angle, Which may his course stay or entangle. 1624Wotton Archit. (1672) 20 That the Angles be firmly bound, which are the Nerves of the whole Edifice. 1756Burke Subl. & B. Wks. I. 184 There is nothing more prejudicial to the grandeur of buildings than to abound in angles. 1842E. Wilson Anat. Vade M. 18 The superior angle is received into the interval formed by the union of the posterior and superior angles of the parietal bones.
6. An angular or sharp projection; hence an angular fragment. Also fig.
1684Dryden Ovid's Met. (R.) Though but an angle reach'd him of the stone. 1844Kinglake Eothen ii. (1878) 21 The angle of the oriental stirrup is a very poor substitute for spurs. 1850Tennyson In Mem. lxxxix. 40 We rub each other's angles down. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xxviii. (1856) 229 We trod on the fractured angles of upturned ice.
7. Astrol. A name given to the four astrological ‘houses,’ at the cardinal points of the compass.
c1386Chaucer Sqr.'s T. 263 Phebus hath laft the Angle [v.r. angel] meridional. 1594Blundevil Exerc. iv. xxxvi. (ed. 7) 493 Of which 12 houses the foure principall are foure points of the Zodiaque, whereof two do fall upon the Horizon, and the other two upon the Meridian, and are called principall points, Poles, or Angles. 1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v., The horoscope of the first house is termed the angle of the East. 1819J. Wilson Dict. Astrol. 6 Ptolemy gives the preference to the south angle.
8. Comb., chiefly attrib.:
a. of shape (= angular), as angle-leg, angle-piece, angle-taper;
b. of position (at or in an angle), as angle-bracket, angle-column, angle-niche, angle-rafter, angle-rib, angle-stone, angle-tower, angle-turret. Also angle-bar, the upright bar at the angle of a polygonal window, also (= angle-iron); angle-bead, a vertical bead, usually of wood, fixed to an exterior angle, flush with the surface of the plaster; angle-brace, a piece of timber fixed to the adjacent sides of a quadrangular framing; angle-bracket, (a) (see above); (b) Typogr., etc. (unhyphened), either of the symbols used, alone or in pairs, as a bracket in various scientific and general editorial contexts (see quots.); angle-brick (see quot. a 1884); angledozer, angle-dozer |ˈæŋg(ə)lˌdəʊzə(r)| [cf. bulldozer], a type of bulldozer on which the blade can be set at an angle; angle-iron, an L-shaped piece of iron, used to secure or strengthen all kinds of framework; angle-meter, an instrument for measuring angles, esp. for ascertaining the dip of geological strata, a clinometer; anglepoise, angle-poise [proprietary term] a., designating a type of swivelled reading-lamp; also ellipt.; angle shades [cf. shade n. 3 c], collectors' name for a species of moth, Phlogophora meticulosa; angle-staff (= angle-bead); angle-tie (= angle-brace). Also angle-wise, q.v.
1842Gwilt Encycl. 1181 *Angle beads of wood round the intradosses of circular arches are difficult to bend without cutting or steaming them.
a1875Knight Dict. Mech. I. 103/1 *Angle-bracket (Carpentry), one beneath the eave at the corner of a building, and projecting at an angle of 45° with the face of each wall. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 34/2 Angle bracket (Eng.), a bracket consisting of two sides set at right-angles, often stiffened by a gusset. [1954T. W. Chaundy et al. Printing of Math. ii. 33 Two further sorts of brackets can be made available..‘double’ brackets ⟦ ⟧ and ‘angular’ brackets ... Angular brackets have already been conventionalized in Physics, in connexion with Dirac's ‘bra’ and ‘ket’ vectors, and elsewhere.] 1956F. H. Collins Authors' & Printers' Dict. (ed. 10) 15/1 Angle brackets . 1978N. & Q. Feb. 90/1 The editors' preliminary announcement of policy together with..angle brackets for doubtful readings, removes the necessity for most textual footnotes. 1982Giant Bk. Electronics Projects vi. 246 An angle bracket is a satisfactory mounting.
a1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 36/2 *Angle-brick, bricks specially formed to enable other than square angles to be turned. 1937Discovery Sept. 289/2 Angle-bricks and half-sized bricks have been found.
1880J. Middleton in Academy 21 Aug. 139/3 The *angle columns have the least weight to bear.
1940Gloss. Highway Engin. Terms (B.S.I.) 54 Bulldozer, *Angledozer, a power operated machine of the grader type employed for spreading and levelling by pushing loose excavated material. 1942Times 9 Oct. 2/2 There are..machines for levelling—motor propelled scrapers—tractors, dumpers, angle-dozers and bulldozers. 1958J. S. Scott Dict. Civ. Engin. 8 Angle dozer, a bulldozer with the mouldboard set at an angle so that it pushes earth sideways instead of straight ahead.
1862Smiles Engineers III. 422 Cells formed of boiler-plates riveted together with *angle-iron. 1869E. J. Reed Ship-build. ii. 25 The vertical flanges of the angle-irons were bolted through all. 1881Greener Gun 415 A wooden frame..strengthened by an angle-iron facing.
1649Lovelace Lucaste, Like flyes Caught by their *angle-legs.
1793Smeaton Edystone L. §295 Sixteen *angle pieces of iron..in the nature of knee timbers of a ship.
1940Graves & Hodge Long Week-end xx. 350 *Angle⁓poise reading-lamps that would swing and bend in any desired direction. 1949Trade Marks Jrnl. 22 June 548/2 Angle-poise... Electric lamps embodying adjustable brackets or supports. Herbert Terry & Sons Limited..Redditch; Manufacturers—5th February, 1947. 1961I. Murdoch Severed Head vi. 52 He switched off the centre lights and turned on a single anglepoise lamp on the work table which he swung round towards the pedestal. Ibid. 56 Alexander..had turned the anglepoise back to shine upon his unfinished head.
1879G. Scott Archit. II. 185 The *angle ribs of the outer half meet the transverse ribs of the inner half of the vault.
1843J. Duncan in W. Jardine Naturalist's Libr. XL. 235 (heading) The *Angle Shades. Phlogophora Meticulosa... Angle-Shades Moth. 1938C. A. Hall Pocket-Bk. Brit. Butterflies 86 The Angle-Shades..is on the wing in June and again in the autumn. 1961R. South Moths Brit. Isles i. 294 (heading) The Small Angle Shades... The pale reniform mark on the outer edge of the blackish central area is the prominent feature of this pinkish or purplish brown moth. Ibid. 295 The Angle Shades... In this position [sc. with the wings folded] the moth is very like a crumpled decaying leaf.
1649W. Blithe Eng. Improver Impr. (1653) 131 The other two run towards an *Angle-taper, declining from twelve Inches in the But or bottom, to six Inches at the mouth.
1782in Phil. Trans. LXXII. 368 From the place into which this holdfast was driven to the outer end of the *angle-tie.
1911T. E. Lawrence Let. 8 June (1938) 110 No one knows how the outwork at Gaillard was breached: I fancy..that the *angle tower was mined over the filled up moat. 1958Listener 9 Oct. 558/1 Telephone wires, aerials, angle towers, and sub-stations.
1867A. Barry Sir C. Barry iv. 110 The elevated *angle-turrets.
Sense 8 in Dict. becomes 9. Add: 8. ellipt. for angle-iron, sense 9 below; iron or other metal in the form of bars having this shape.
1906H. Adams Cassell's Engineers' Handbk. v. 114 (table) Angle, tee, channel, and flats of 12in. width and under. 1980Amat. Gardening 4 Oct. 31/2 The supporting frame is usually of aluminium angle bolted together and suitably braced. 1983J. S. Foster Structure & Fabric (rev. ed.) I. vi. 143/2 Connections..are made by means of steel bolts and rivets with angles as cleats. 1990Traditional Homes Aug. 10/3 To cut slates to size or shape..obtain a length of iron angle and cramp it to the edge of a stout board.
▪ III. angle, v.1|ˈæŋg(ə)l|
[f. angle n.1; cf. to hook.]
1. To use an angle; to fish with a hook and bait.
a. intr. Const. for (to obs.).
1496Bk. St. Alban's in Eng. Home (1861) 66 [The most] stately ffyssh that ony may angle to in freshe water. 1530Palsgr., 431/2 It is but a sory lyfe and an yuell to stand anglynge all day to catche a fewe fysshes. 1593Nashe 4 Lett. Confut. 5 Let them not..angle for frogs in a cleare fountaine. 1653Walton Angler 52 The fish which we are to Angle for. 1741Compl. Fam.-Piece ii. ii. 338 Always angle in black or dark-colour'd Cloaths. 1850Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) IV. xxxviii. 324 He would..listlessly angle in the placid waters.
b. trans. To angle (a stream, etc.). rare.
1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. xxiv. 610 Fishermen licensed either to angle or net parts of the piscary.
2. fig. To use artful or wily means to catch a person or thing, or elicit an opinion; to lay oneself out for, to ‘fish.’
a. intr. Const. for.
1589Pappe w. Hatchet Pref. 3, I doo but yet angle with a silken flye, to see whether Martins will nibble. 1601Shakes. All's Well v. iii. 212 She..did angle for mee, Madding my eagernesse with her restraint. 1750Chesterfield Lett. 255 III. 19 Modesty is the only sure bait, when you angle for praise. 1799Southey Love Eleg. iii. II. 125 The subtile line Wherewith the urchin angled for my Heart. 1867Disraeli in Morn. Star 12 Feb., We are not angling for a policy; we have distinct principles which will guide us.
†b. trans. with the thing wanted as object. Obs.
a1586Sidney (J.) If he spake courteously, he angled the people's hearts. 1597Daniel Civ. Wares viii. xlvi, To angle the benevolence And catch the love of men with curtesies. a1683Oldham Wks. & Rem. (1686) 85 Shooes which..angled their Charity, that pass'd along.
†c. trans. To angle one on: to draw him onward by holding out a bait. Obs. rare.
1653Walton Angler 38 You have Angled me on with much pleasure to the thatcht House.
▪ IV. angle, v.2|ˈæŋg(ə)l|
[f. angle n.2]
†1. intr. To run into a corner. Obs.
1575Turberville Venerie 194 To make the vermine eyther start or angle.
2. refl. To move in angles, wind, twist. Also intr. = refl.
1863W. H. Goode Outp. Zion ii. xvii. 381 Thence angling across the country, we..entered the Lane road. 1876Mrs. Whitney Sights & Ins. xx. 198 The road angles itself up the precipitous hillside. 1883Century Mag. Oct. 923/2 He..once more alters his direction, and so twists off, ‘angling’ across the meadow. 1953A. Upfield Murder must Wait xx. 177 She wondered why he didn't walk direct to the..boulders, why he angled this way and that.
3. a. intr. To turn or move at an angle, diagonally, or obliquely; to lie in an oblique direction.
1741Boston Rec. 274 They have computed the charge of fixing piers..set angling cross the channel. 1835Fraser's Mag. XI. 39 The circuitous route you are obliged to take—angling off at an infinite variety of points. 1869Rep. U.S. Comm. Agric. 1868 258 About half the saplings may be laid along outside one stake, then inside of the next, and thence angling across to the other row. 1881Mayne Reid Free Lances II. xxxii. 116 [The road] angles abruptly to the right. 1897Times 5 Feb. 14/5 The Majestic..broke her starboard quarter rope, which caused her to angle across the entrance and to become jammed. 1942R. Chandler High Window (1943) xxix. 189 Two davenports angled across the corners of the room and there was one gold chair.
b. trans. To strike, put, or drive at an angle.
1920Westm. Gaz. 16 Oct. 2/2 She attracted the returns to her by cleverly angling the ball. 1953A. Upfield Murder must Wait xxv. 222 Bony had walked like a white man, angling his feet at twenty-five minutes to five.
4. trans. To present (a story, description, subject of inquiry, etc.), esp. in journalism, so as to suit a particular point of view. Cf. angle n.2 1 c.
1937Harper's Mag. Dec. 54/2 The good communist editor to-day turns a news story..over to his copy-writer and says: ‘Class-angle that, Jim.’ 1951M. Dickens My Turn to make Tea ii. 13 You..almost never see the proprietor, although you feel his presence, because you have to angle your writing his way. 1959C. MacInnes Absol. Beginners 132 The leader columns are angled at the more intelligent portions of the population. |