| 释义 |
religious, a. and n.|rɪˈlɪdʒəs|
Forms: 3–5 religius(e, 4–5 -iose, 4–6 -iouse; 4, 6 -eous(e, 5 -eus; 4 -yus, 5 -yous; 4 relygiouse, 6 -i(o)us; 5 -eous; 4–6 -y(o)us, 5 -youx, -yows, 6 -youse; 4 relegiouse; 4– religious, (7 rell-).
[a. AF. religius, OF. religious, -eus, etc. (12th c.; mod.F. religieux m., -euse f.), or ad. L. religiōs-us: see religion and -ous.]
A. adj.
1. a. Imbued with religion; exhibiting the spiritual or practical effects of religion; pious, godly, god-fearing, devout.
a1225Ancr. R. 74 Ȝif eni weneð þat he beo religius, & ne bridleð nout his tunge, his religiun is fals. 1388Wyclif Dan. iii. 90 Alle religiouse men, blesse ȝe the Lord, God of goddis. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. clxxiv. (Bodl. MS.), Holy men & religious þt be nouȝt defouled. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) II. 231 Thei were religious men..hauenge glorious vertues. 1542Becon Pathw. Prayer vii. Wks. 1564 I. 64 Who would not haue thought thys holy religious father worthy to be canonised..? 1599Shakes. Hen. V, ii. ii. 130 Seeme they religious? Why so didst thou. 1642Rogers Naaman 144 Earthly Selfe so scrues and mixes it selfe with religious, that oft-times the soule markes not the difference. 1667Milton P.L. xi. 622 That sober Race of Men, whose lives Religious titl'd them the Sons of God. 1715De Foe Fam. Instruct. i. iv. (1841) I. 81, I think I am religious enough in all conscience. 1787Jefferson Writ. (1859) II. 154 He is..very limited in his understanding, and religious, bordering on bigotry. 1841Myers Cath. Th. iv. §23. 293 A man may be Moral without being Religious, but he cannot be Religious without being Moral. 1877E. R. Conder Bas. Faith i. 13 The Apostle John and Benedict Spinoza were both intensely religious persons, but it would be difficult to say what their religious feelings had in common.
transf.1591Sylvester Du Bartas i. iii. 254 The Jewes' religious River Which every Sabbath dries his Channell over; keeping his waves from working on that Day.
b. most religious, used as an epithet of royalty. (Cf. Christian a. 1 b.)
1662Bk. Com. Prayer, We humbly beseech thee..for the High Court of Parliament, under our most religious and Gracious King, at this time assembled. 1820Shelley Œd. Tyr. i. 137 The chaste Pasiphae..Wife to that most religious King of Crete.
†c. Holy, sacred. Obs. rare—1.
1611Coryat Crudities 77 Pictures of Christ and the Virgin Mary, and many other religious persons.
2. a. Of persons: Bound by monastic vows; belonging to a religious order, esp. in the Church of Rome. (Cf. B. 1.)
a1300Cursor M. 29374 Þe thrid es men religius, þat has þair ouer man in hus. 1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 7383 Þe fourþe synne ys more perylous, Wyþ man and wommane relygyus. c1400Rom. Rose 6149 Religious folk ben ful covert; Seculer folk ben more appert. 1450–1530Myrr. our Ladye 24 Men & women of holy chyrche, namely relygyous people, oughte to saye theyre seruyce eche howre in hys owne tyme. 1500–20Dunbar Poems xxxiii. 10 A religious man he slew, And cled him in his abeit new. 1551Robinson tr. More's Utop. ii. (1895) 145 How ydle a companye ys theyr of prystes, and relygyous men, as they call them? 1599Hakluyt Voy. II. i. 59 The said city is as big as two of Bononia, & in it are many monasteries of religious persons, al which do worship idols. 1633T. Stafford Pac. Hib. i. v. (1821) 73 With a competent number of three thousand Souldiers, Pioners, and religious persons. 1680Dryden Span. Friar ii. ii, There's a huge, fat, religious gentleman coming up, Sir. 1745A. Butler Lives of Saints (1836) I. 192 The superintendency of all the houses of religious women in his kingdom. 1796Southey Lett. fr. Spain (1799) 415, I remember a religious society was established at Lisbon, calling themselves the Order of Divine Providence. 1810― Kehama vii. iv, Never yet did form more beautiful..Bless the religious Virgin's gifted sight.
b. Of things, places, etc.: Of, belonging to, or connected with, a monastic order.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 80 Whan þei to Durham com..Þer þei bigan a home of religiouse manere. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints iii. (Andrew) 864 Ane bischope..religeouse lyf liffand ay. 1470–85Malory Arthur xiii. viii. 621 Soo had they done had not an old knyghte come amonge them in Relygyous clothyng. 1538Starkey England i. ii. 43 Settyng themselfe in relygyouse housys, ther quyetly to serue God. 1582N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. lxxiii. 151 note, An hermitage, or such lyke pore kind of solitary religious place. 1664Dryden Rival Ladies ii. i, If you will needs to a Religious House. 1674Wood Life (O.H.S.) II. 301 Those religious places that are neare Oxford. 1711Addison Spect. No. 164 ⁋4 A shaved Head, and a religious Habit. 1742Chesterfield Lett. (1792) I. xciii. 262 He dissolved the monasteries and religious houses in England. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. x. II. 438 The religious system, in its technical sense, he believed to have become a nursery of idleness. 1888Bernard Fr. World to Cloister i. 5, I believe..that the religious life is one..instituted by God, that is substantially in its three vows.
3. a. Of the nature of, pertaining or appropriate to, concerned or connected with, religion.
1538Starkey England i. ii. 38 Yf his mynd were not ryghtly set wyth relygyouse honour towards God. 1627May Lucan iii. 447 A sad religious awe The quiet trees vnstirr'd by winde doe draw. 1632Milton Penseroso 160 Storied Windows richly dight, Casting a dimm religious light. 1651Hobbes Leviath. iv. xlv. 361 They made it for a Religious use. 1715Pope Ep. Addison 12 Some felt..hostile fury, some religious rage. 1769Account of Society for promoting Relig. Knowl. 5 The design of this Society being to promote Religious Knowledge among the Poor. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. l. V. 202 From his earliest youth, Mahomet was addicted to religious contemplation. 1800H. More Let. 11 Sept. (1925) 177, I knew that every Anti-Abolitionist in the world was..an enemy to religious instruction at home. 1809M. Waring (title) A diary of the religious experience of Mary Waring. 1835J. H. Newman Par. Serm. (1837) I. xi. 163 Prayer is the most directly religious of all our duties. 1836Introd. Discourse & Lect. Amer. Institute of Instruction 1835 105 The parent who neglects the religious education of his child might as well suffer him to wander filthy and ragged in the streets. 1850C. Kingsley Alton Locke I. xi. 178 ‘Schooling hasn't made wages, rise, nor preaching neither.’ ‘But surely..all this religious knowledge ought to give you comfort.’ 1853Lynch Self-Improv. iii. 72 Books least religious in letter and phrase may be most religious in effect. 1858Geo. Eliot Scenes Clerical Life II. 193 It may be that some of Mr. Tryon's hearers had gained a religious vocabulary rather than religious experience. 1872Q. Rev. CXXXII. 534 The people will have to decide at a general election upon this great question of Religious or Secular Education. 1877C. Geikie Christ xlix. (1879) 584 Jerusalem was the religious centre of the Jewish nation. 1914G. B. Shaw Parents & Children p. c, The last ray of art is being cut off from our schools by the discontinuance of religious education. 1960–61Where? Winter 16/2 Religious instruction (RI), the only subject which state schools are obliged to teach by law. 1961Regulations G.C.E. Examinations (Univ. London) 22 Religious Knowledge Ordinary Level. There will be one paper of 2½ hours. 1968Guardian 28 Nov. 6/3 It is thought that a new attitude in the schools would encourage student teachers to take religious education as a subsidiary subject at colleges of education. 1973Listener 23 Aug. 251/1 To disbelieve in God's existence is..a matter of distrusting the testimony of others or lacking a religious experience oneself.
b. (Chiefly poet.) Regarded as sacred.
1618Hist. Perkin Warbeck in Select. Harl. Misc. (1793) 59 Even the name of Mortimer and York was sanctified and religious amongst them. 1648Herrick Hesper., To Perilla, Bring Part of the creame from that Religious Spring. 1700Dryden Wife of Bath's T. 212 Lonely the vale, and full of horror stood, Brown with the shade of a religious wood. 1746Collins Ode to Liberty, Thy Shrine in some religious wood. c1820S. Rogers Italy, Fire-Fly 22 Those trees, religious once and always green.
c. Special collocations. religious philosophy: the philosophical study of religion; philosophy that accepts the concept of an omnipotent God; hence religious philosopher; religious psychology: psychology which accepts that a religious context is basic to man's personality and behaviour.
1840J. S. Mill in Westm. Rev. XXXIII. 297 Of Coleridge as a moral and religious philosopher..there is neither room, nor would it be expedient for us to speak more than generally. Ibid. 298 We must be looking for a religious philosophy, and our main hope ought to be that it will be such a one as fulfils the conditions of a philosophy—the very foremost of which is, unrestricted freedom of thought. 1902W. James Var. Relig. Exper. iv. 105 An interpretation of Christ's message which in these very Gifford lectures has been defended by some of your very ablest Scottish religious philosophers. Ibid. xviii. 431, I doubt if dispassionate intellectual contemplation of the universe, apart from inner unhappiness and need of deliverance on the one hand and mystical emotion on the other, would ever have resulted in religious philosophies such as we now possess. 1912R. B. Perry Pres. Philos. Tendencies vii. 148 The English school of idealists..has from the outset offered a religious philosophy based on the supremacy of consciousness. 1927J. S. Huxley Relig. without Revelation iv. 120 Those who, through study or profession, are brought into contact with religious psychology. Ibid. viii. 290 Thouless, who writes on religious psychology from the standpoint of a psychologist who is also a professing Christian. 1951E. A. Burtt Types of Relig. Philos. (rev. ed.) p. vii, An exposition of the main points of view in religious philosophy. Ibid. i. 7 What significant comparisons may we make between the religious psychology of individuals who participate in quite different cultures? 1960D. A. Lowrie Rebellious Prophet xiv. 196 Berdyaev..is inclined to consider him [sc. Bulgakov] a religious philosopher rather than a theologian. 1974B. A. Brody Philos. of Relig. p. vii, For centuries, a principal issue in traditional religious philosophy had been whether one could prove the truth or falsity of a variety of fundamental doctrines.
4. transf.
a. Scrupulous, exact, strict, conscientious. † Also const. in, of.
1599Porter Angry Wom. Abingd. (Percy Soc.) 37 A man deuoted to a man, Loyall, religious in loues hallowed vowes. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. iii. iv. 424 A Coward, a most deuout Coward, religious in it. 1618Bolton Florus To Rdr., Translated..with a religious ayme to his meaning, howsoever it may be many times mist. 1697Dryden æneid i. 769 Religious of his Word. 1711Hearne Collect. (O.H.S.) III. 109, I must confess that I am so religious in that Affair [of editing], that I transcribe the very Faults. 1760–2Goldsm. Cit. W. civ, His library is preserved with the most religious neatness. 1798Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1838) I. 5 On my part, you will always meet with a religious adherence to every article of the treaties subsisting between us. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. I. xvi. 191 We were led to footsteps; and following these with religious care [etc.].
†b. Of an oath: solemn. Obs. rare—1.
1723Steele Consc. Lovers ii. i, The Religious Vow I have made to my Father.
5. Of a horse:
a. (See quot. 1788.)
b. U.S. ‘Having no vicious traits’ (D.A.E.).
1788Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue (ed. 2) sig. Z4v, Religious horse, one much given to prayer, or apt to be down upon his knees. 1869Overland Monthly III. 127 It is amusing to hear one ask of another, when about to purchase a horse: ‘Is he religous?’
6. Comb., as religious-mad, religious-minded, religious-sane adjs.
a1930D. H. Lawrence Apocalypse (1931) vi. 98 Men were religious-mad: not religious-sane.
1888C. M. Yonge Beechcroft at Rockstone II. xx. 153 Thoroughly religious⁓minded,..his aspirations had been blighted by his father's death. 1954A. Seton Katherine xxvi. 447 Religious-minded Katherine had never been... This strict penitential garb and talk of pilgrimage were surely some passing derangement.
B. n.
1. a. As pl. Those bound by monastic vows or devoted to a religious life according to the principles of the Church of Rome.
a1225Ancr. R. 10 Gode religiuse beoð i þe worlde, summe nomeliche prelaz & treowe prechures. 1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 8639 Also relygyous are to wyte, þat for maystry wyl gladly smyte. c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 2 Ȝif oure newe religious bee in þese same synnys..þei ben cursid of god. c1420Sir Amadace (Camden) xxiv, Go, pray alle the religius of this cite, To morne that thay wold dyne with me. 1483Caxton Cato G ij b, An abbot..sette and made his relygyous or monkes for to werke. 1546Supplic. Poore Commons (E.E.T.S.) 65 The monkes, friers, and other the supersticious religious. 1597Beard Theatre God's Judgem. (1612) 405 There grew so great quarrels and discontentments betweene the townesmen and the religious. 1631Weever Anc. Funeral Mon. 271 The Religious of those times were as thankfull to their Benefactours. 1674Marvell Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 424 You know the Religious were in that [conspiracy] too with Rohan against the K[ing] of France. 1711Addison Spect. No. 164 ⁋11 The Letters..are yet extant in the Nunnery where she resided; and are often read to the young Religious. 1768Boswell Corsica ii. (ed. 2) 88 They also brought with them some religious, of the order of St. Basil. 1813Hobhouse Journey (ed. 2) App. 1123 Those Italian religious who were destined to the service of the mission. 1875Manning Mission H. Ghost xii. 339 Were these words..spoken to recluses, to men living in a desert, or to religious in cloisters?
b. With reference to other religions.
1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iii. xv. 99 b, These iolly louing religious. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. iii. 179 Ethodie..was brocht vpe amang the religious in the yle of man. 1604E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies v. viii. 348 The priests and religious of Mexico (who lived there with a strange observance). 1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 54 They have several sorts of Religious, among whom the Dervishes are the most familiar and polite. 1738[G. Smith] Cur. Relat. II. 372 There being great Numbers of those Religious at Ispahan, these Monks go always armed. 1860Pusey Min. Proph. 152 They had also true Nazarites..; and they felt the weight of these Religious against them.
2. a. A person given up to a religious or monastic life, esp. in the Church of Rome. † In ME. with pl. in -es.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 136 To þo religiouses þat were in Gascoyne, He gaf a þousand mark. 1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 1888 Dede wil na frendshepe do..til na religiouse, ne til na seculere. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. x. 317 Þere shal come a kyng, and confesse ȝow religiouses. c1400Hylton Scala Perf. (W. de W. 1494) i. lxi, Ryght soo shalte thou stonde as..a religyous in the sorte of relygyon. 1490Caxton How to Die 10 These demaundes and questyons ought to be sayd as well to religyouses as to seculers. 1577Hellowes Gueuara's Chron. (1584) 175 You send him newes as a Chronicler,..and counsel his conscience as a religious. 1600W. Watson Decacordon (1602) 23 Infamous libels put vp by..one religious against another. 1688Collier Several Disc. (1725) 288 Theodoret..at the End of the Life of every famous Religious, desires the Benefit of their Prayers. 1720De Foe Capt. Singleton xiv. (1840) 249 He met with a kind of religious, or Japan priest. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. 132 A monk or religious was so effectually dead in law, that a lease..determined by such his entry into religion. 1793W. Hodges Trav. India 112 A small district within a larger; it was at this time in the hand of a Gosine, or Hindoo Religious. 1813Eustace Class. Tour (1821) III. viii. 311 An Italian Religious, and a Mahometan dervise are..placed by many nearly upon a level. 1888Bernard Fr. World to Cloister i. 2 The idea of your..adopting the hard life of a religious was one which never occurred to me.
b. A religieuse; a nun.
The form may be intended to represent the F. fem. In recent use not a gallicism.
1491Caxton Vitas Patr. (W. de W. 1495) i. v. 9/2 There were x. M. men, & xx. M. virgynes in that cite religyous & religiouses. 1512Helyas in Thoms Prose Rom. (1828) III. 101, I wyll shortly go and yelde me a nune or religiouse in some nonery. 1651T. Matthew Life Lady L. Knatchbull (1931) ii. i. 87 Dame Mary Roper..was a much younger Religious. 1922Joyce Ulysses 706 Anal violation by male religious (fully clothed, eyes abject) of female religious (partly clothed, eyes direct). 1939R. Godden Black Narcissus xxx. 273 You've forgotten who you are. You're a religious. A nun. 1948W. S. Maugham Catalina xxix. 189 It behoved Catalina to become a religious. 1980I. Murdoch Nuns & Soldiers i. 56 When she was being converted she was already purposing to be a religious. |