| 释义 |
kilogram, -gramme|ˈkɪləgræm|
Also 9 chiliogramme.
[a. F. kilogramme (1795): see kilo- and gram2, gramme.]
1. a. A unit of mass (formerly also taken as a unit of weight) that was introduced as a fundamental unit of the metric system and is now one of the base units of the International System of Units, being equivalent to approximately 2·205 lb.; it was intended to be the mass (or weight) of a cubic decimetre of distilled water, but in practice has been defined almost from its inception as the mass of a unique physical standard (orig. the ‘Kilogramme des Archives’, and since 1889 the International Prototype of the Kilogramme).
1797Jrnl. Nat. Philos. I. 197 The kilogramme [is] equal to 2 pounds 5 gros 49 grains. 1810Naval Chron. XXIV. 299 The French weight called Kilogramme. Ibid. 301 Killogram (weight of cubic decimeter of water). 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 53 A man going up stairs for a day raises 205 chiliogrammes to the height of a chiliometre. 1871[see next]. 1898H. O. Arnold-Forster (title) The Coming of the Kilogram, or the Battle of the Standards. 1946Proc. R. Soc. A. CLXXXVI. 171 The kilogram was originally defined by reference to a ‘natural’ standard, i.e. the mass of the cubic decimetre of water. The material representation of this standard was the Kilogramme des Archives, a simple cylindrical piece of platinum which was constructed in the latter part of the eighteenth century. 1964H. S. Hvistendahl Engin. Units iii. 20 Study of the archives of the BIPM [sc. the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures] has shown that whilst due to the lack of precision in scientific terminology at that time, the word ‘poids’ (weight) was improperly used as a synonym of ‘mass’, the kilogramme étalon was definitely intended to represent the unit of what we now always call mass, and not the force by which that mass unit was attracted to the earth. 1969Changing to Metric Syst. (Nat. Physical Lab.) (ed. 3) 5 The spellings of the units of length (metre) and mass (kilogramme) given above are those used by the General Conference of Weights and Measures. In North America the spellings are meter and kilogram. 1969Symbols, Signs, & Abbreviations (R. Soc.) 22 Kilogramme. 1971Quantities, Units, & Symbols (R. Soc.) 22 Kilogram. 1971Nature 8 Jan. 80/1 A thousand kilogrammes of ice. 1972N.Z. News 26 Jan. 1/5 The prices for all classes of fleece wool showed an improvement of from 10c to 16c per kilogram. 1973SI Units (Internat. Stand. ISO 1000) 20 The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram.
b. An object having a mass of one kilogram and made as a standard of mass or weight.
1831Jrnl. R. Inst. Gt. Brit. II. 65 The rather unsightly appearance of the standard kilogramme of Monsieur Fortin's making. 1856Phil. Trans. R. Soc. CXLVI. 875 Permission was obtained from the French Government to compare the pound with the standard kilogramme of platinum deposited in the Archives on the 22nd of June, 1799, known as the ‘kilogramme des Archives’. Ibid. 878 The kilogramme, after having been washed with alcohol, was suspended from the right-hand pan of the balance. 1922Nature 19 Oct. 622 During the nineteenth century..serious doubt arose as to whether the accepted standard kilogramme [sc. the ‘Kilogramme des Archives’ made by Lefèvre-Gineau and Fabbroni in 1799] actually did comply with the original definition of the kilogramme... A proposal to construct a new standard kilogramme brought the whole subject under review in 1872, and the Commission Internationale du Mètre..decided that the international kilogramme should be a copy of the ‘Kilogramme des Archives’. 1936Rep. Board of Trade Standards Dept. Comparisons Imperial Standards 3 The opportunity was..taken to undertake..the comparison of the national copy of the kilogram with the principal standard kilograms of the Board of Trade. 1946Proc. R. Soc. A. CLXXXVI. 172 Some forty or more copies of the international kilogram were constructed. The principal copies..are preserved at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Sèvres, Paris... One such copy, No. 18, designated the British Copy of the Kilogram, is kept in this country. 1962Brit. Jrnl. Appl. Physics XIII. 456/1 The international kilogramme, which is a platinum-iridium weight at the head of an extensive hierarchy of similar kilogrammes, was known to be extremely stable.
2. attrib. and Comb., as kilogram calorie = calorie a; kilogram-force (pl. kilograms-force), a unit of force equal to the weight of a mass of 1 kilogram, esp. under standard gravity.
1900E. Buckingham Outl. Theoret. Thermodynamics ii. 12 The small or gram calorie, in distinction from the large or *kilogram calorie, which is one thousand times as large. 1930Engineering 21 Nov. 640/1 Curve I shows the maximum liberation of heat in kilogram-calories per cubic metre per hour. 1951B. L. Goodlet Basic Electrotechnics i. 4 Heat energy is measured in kilogram-calories, one of which equals 4186 joules.
1960McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. VII. 347/1 The kilogram is also sometimes defined as a unit of force, that is, the weight of a 1-kilogram mass, hence the expression *kilogram-force. 1972Physics Bull. May 285/1 The addition of small weight pieces by hand to the scalepan system permits forces in newtons and kilograms-force to be obtained readily. |