| 释义 |
karyo-|ˈkærɪəʊ|
sometimes caryo-,
combining form of Gr. κάρυον nut, kernel, employed in a number of biological terms referring to the nucleus of an animal or vegetable cell, esp. to changes which take place in its structure. The earliest of these were karyolysis, karyolytic (introduced by Auerbach in 1874) and karyokinesis (Schleicher). Those generally recognized are the following:
karyˈogamy [-gamy], fusion of cell nuclei; karyokinesis |-kaɪˈniːsɪs| [Gr. κίνησις motion], the complicated series of changes observed in indirect or ‘mitotic’ division of a cell-nucleus; hence karyokinetic |-kaɪˈnɛtɪk| a., pertaining to karyokinesis; ˈkaryoˌlymph, the more fluid portion of a cell-nucleus; karyolysis |kærɪˈɒlɪsɪs| [Gr. λύσις], the dissolution of a cell-nucleus (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1887); hence karyolytic |-ˈlɪtɪk| a.; ˈkaryomere [Gr. µέρος part], a vesicular chromosome enclosed in a nuclear membrane of its own, such as forms at telophase in the division of some cells; karyomiˈtosis [Gr. µίτος a thread], separation of the nuclear fibres in the process of cell-division; hence karyomiˈtoic, -miˈtotic adjs.; ˈkaryoˌplasm [Gr. πλάσµα thing moulded], the formed substance or protoplasm of the nucleus; nucleoplasm (Syd. Soc. Lex.); karyo-plasˈmatic, -ˈplasmic adjs., of or pertaining to karyoplasm; karyoˈrrhexis [Gr. ῥῆξις breaking], bursting of a cell-nucleus; karyosteˈnosis [Gr. στένωσις constriction], direct or ‘amitotic’ division of the nucleus, by simple elongation and constriction; hence karyosteˈnotic a.; karyoˈtheca rare, the nuclear membrane.
1891Jrnl. R. Microsc. Soc. 49 In Hydatina, as in some Hymenoptera, there is established between arrhenotoky (parthenogenetic production of males) and fecundating *karyogamy, a relation so necessary that the second is impossible without the first. 1901G. N. Calkins Protozoa iii. 97 It is quite possible that many cases of so-called conjugation are only instances of plastogamy, or fusion of the cell-body, and are not followed by union of the nuclei (karyogamy), as in fertilization. 1970J. Webster Introd. Fungi 187 Karyogamy (i.e. nuclear fusion) occurs within certain of the binucleate cells.
1882Vines tr. Sachs' Bot. 17 In the process of division into two the nucleus usually goes through a series of changes which are designated by the term *Karyokinesis. 1894H. Drummond Ascent Man i. 80 The fertilised ovum has completed the complex preliminaries of Karyokinesis.
1885Sedgwick in Proc. R. Soc. XXXIX. 243 The *karyo⁓kinetic figures characteristic of the ectodermal nuclei. 1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life Introd. 23 The ovular nucleus..undergoes karyokinetic changes.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 491 Fine fibrils..floating in the *karyolymph.
Ibid. 168 The leucocytes, often at an early date, undergo fatty degeneration and necrosis, their nuclei disappearing both by *karyolysis and karyorrhexis.
1883tr. Ziegler's Path. Anat. I. §75 Radiating lines of granules making up the so-called *karyolytic figure.
1912Jrnl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia XV. 525 The most general results of increased temperature are:... (4) Formation of numerous *karyomeres from these scattered chromosomes; indeed by slight increase of temperature almost every chromosome may be caused to remain distinct from every other one, and to give rise to a separate chromosomal vesicle. 1934L. W. Sharp Introd. Cytol. (ed. 3) x. 136 Of considerable interest are those nuclei in which every chromosome of the telophase group forms an individual vesicle, or karyomere. In some cases the karyomeres may eventually fuse partially or completely, but in others they remain separate although in contact, forming what is virtually a group of small nuclei containing one chromosome each. Ibid. 146 The limits of the several chromosomes remain visible through this stage [sc. between mitoses] in certain nuclei; in extreme cases the nucleus is virtually a group of separate elementary nuclei, or karyomeres. 1969Brown & Bertke Textbk. Cytol. xvii. 318/2 Karyomeres are rather like micronuclei except that they are normal and become associated to form a ‘compound’ nucleus.
1885Schäfer in Proc. R. Soc. XXXVIII. 91 The cells of lymphoid tissue multiply abundantly by *karyomitosis.
Ibid., Those peculiar changes in the nucleus which have been termed karyokinetic or *karyomitoic. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. II. 7 These cells..frequently show the phenomenon of karyo-mitosis, that is, a division of their nucleus with a star-shaped figure at each end.
1899Ibid. VI. 491 The nucleus or *karyo⁓plasm, also shows a reticulum of exceedingly fine fibrils.
1920L. Doncaster Introd. Study Cytol. ii. 16 Hertwig regards a disturbance of the normal karyo-plasmatic ratio as the immediate cause of cell-division, and supposes that the unequal rate of growth of nucleus and cytoplasm brings about a condition of ‘*karyo-plasmatic strain’ leading to cell-division and a consequent restoration of the normal ratio.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Karyoplasmic. 1924E. V. Cowdry Gen. Cytol. VI. 351 Hertwig's karyoplasmic relation hypothesis. 1925E. B. Wilson Cell (ed. 3) iii. 237 These various facts show on how precarious a basis rest theories of senescence and rejuvenescence which refer these processes to changes in the karyoplasmic ratio. 1948R. A. R. Gresson Essent. Gen. Cytol. i. 2 It has been found that a quantitative relationship exists between nuclear mass and cytoplasmic mass; this is known as the karyoplasmic ratio. 1966D. M. Kramsch tr. Grundmann's Gen. Cytol. ii. 66 The optical appearance of the karyoplasmic area is homogeneous and frequently seems to be empty.
1896E. B. Wilson Cell 337 *Karyotheca, the nuclear membrane. 1948W. Andrew tr. E. D. P. de Robertis's Gen. Cytol. iii. 45 Between the two parts of this heterogeneous system.., there is found the karyotheca or nuclear membrane. |