| 释义 |
kale, kail
(keɪl, Sc. kel)
Forms: α. 3–4 cal, 3–9 cale, (5–6 Sc. cail (1, 6 call, 7 cayle), 4, 8– kale, (6–7 Sc. kaill), 7– Sc. kail. β. 5 kelle, 6 kel, 6–7 kele, keel(e, 7–9 keal(e, 8 kell.
[Northern form of cole, q.v. The normal north. Eng. spelling was cale (now rare), the Sc. kaill, kail; the latter still common in Sc. writers or with reference to Scotland, though kale is more frequent in general use. The β-forms are mainly southern spellings indicating the narrow Northern vowel.]
1. a. A generic name for various edible plants of the genus Brassica; cole, colewort, cabbage; spec. the variety with wrinkled leaves not forming a compact head (B. oleracea acephala), borecole.
a1300Cursor M. 12523 He sent him to þe yerd..for to gedir þam sum cale. a1340Hampole Psalter xxxvi. 2 As kale of gressis soen sall þai fall. 1483Cath. Angl. 51/2 Cale, olus. 1548Turner Names of Herbes 20 Brassica is named..in englishe colewurtes, cole or keele. 1698M. Lister Journ. Paris (1699) 150 The Keel is to be found wild upon the Maritime Rocks. 1772–84Cook Voy. (1790) I. 215 One of the sailors, who..had been sent to gather kale. 1813Cale [see borecole]. 1814Scott Wav. viii, Gardens, or yards..stored with gigantic plants of kale or colewort. 1860G. H. K. in Vac. Tour. 148 When times were tolerably quiet, they..cultivated their oats and kail in peace.
b. With qualifying word: curled kale, curly kale, † frizzled kale, German kale, or green kale, the ordinary borecole, with green leaves, very much curled; † great kale, lang kale, Scotch kale, a variety of borecole with less wrinkled leaves, of a purplish colour; wild kale, Colewort. Also corn-kale, field-kale, wild kale, Field-Mustard (Sinapis arvensis); Indian kale (see quot. 1890). See also bow-, sea-kale.
1673Wedderburn Vocab. 18 (Jam.) Brassica, great kail, unlocked. Brassica capitata alba, white locked kail. Brassica crispa, frizzled or curled kail. Brassica minor, smaller kail. 1731–59Miller Gard. Dict. (ed. 7), Brassica Siberica, Siberian Borecole, called by some Scotch Kale. 1773J. Hawkesworth Voy. III. 564 The plant which in the West Indies is called Indian Kale and which served us for greens. 1855Delamer Kitch. Gard. (1861) 58 Borecole, Scotch Kale, &c. 1890Watt Dict. Econ. Prod. India, Indian Kale, a name sometimes given to edible Aroids in those parts of the country where the leaves are eaten.
2. a. Broth in which Scotch kale or cabbage forms a principal ingredient; hence Sc. Broth or soup made with various kinds of vegetables. water-kale, broth made without meat or fat.
As kale was long the chief element of dinner in Scotland, the word was often used to denote the meal itself.
c1470Henryson Mor. Fab. ii. (Town & C. Mouse) 321, I had lever thir fourtie dayis fast, With watter caill..Than all your feist. a1480Burlesque in Rel. Ant. I. 85 Ther whas rostyd bakon, moullyde brede, nw soure alle, Whettestons and fyre⁓brondys choppyde in kelle. a1529Skelton Vox populi 19 Nother malte nor meale,..mylke nor kele. 1567Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.) 206 The Monkis of Melros maid gude kaill On Frydayis quhen thay fastit. 1611Cotgr. s.v. Viande, No man can make of ill acates good cale [vn bon potage]. 1642Milton Apol. Smect. i. Wks. (1851) 277 When he brings in the messe with Keale, Beef, and Brewesse, what stomach in England could forbeare to call for flanks and briskets? c1730Burt Lett. N. Scotl. (1818) I. 198 Your ordinary fare has been little else beside brochan, cale, etc. 1816Scott Bl. Dwarf i, I will be back here to my kail against ane o'clock. 1858Ramsay Remin. Ser. i. v. (1860) 108 The old-fashioned easy way of asking a friend to dinner was to ask him if he would take his kail with the family. 1873C. Gibbon Lack of Gold iii, We'll sup our kail out o't together.
b. Sc. Phrases: cauld kale het again, something stale served up again; e.g. an old sermon doing duty a second time. to give one his kale through the reek, to treat one in some unpleasant fashion, to let one ‘have it’.
1660in J. Ramsay Scotl. & Scotsmen 18th Cent. (1888) II. 80 We will take cold kail het again tomorrow. 1816Scott Old Mort. xiv, When my mither and him forgathered they set till the sodgers, and I think they gae them their kale through the reek! 1823Galt Entail III. xxx. 282 Theirs was a third marriage, a cauld-kail-het-again affair. 1840C. Brontë in Mrs. Gaskell Life 142 He would have given the Dissenters their kale through the reek—a Scotch proverb.
3. N. Amer. slang. Money.
1912J. Sandilands Western Canad. Dict. 26 Kale, money, or wealth. 1922[see funfest s.v. fun n. 3 b]. 1926Flynn's 16 Jan. 638/1 The kale is cut up an th' biggest corner goes to th' brains. 1927Daily Express 23 Sept. 1 Enough ‘kale’ (prize-fighters’ name for money) has been received..to assure the promoters a profit of approximately {pstlg}100,000. 1946B. Treadwell Big Bk. of Swing 124/2 Kale, paper money.
4. Comb., as (sense 1) kale-blade, kale-castock, kale-knife, kale-leaf, kale-plant, kale-seed, kale-seller; (sense 2) kale-pot: also kale-bell, the dinner-bell; kale-brose, oatmeal-brose made with the fat skimmings of meat-broth; kale-gully, a knife for cutting kale; kale-runt, -stock, the stout stem of a kale-plant, a castock: kale-time, dinner-time; kale-turnip = kohlrabi (Chambers's Encycl. 1890); kale-wife, a woman who sells kale or greens; kale-worm, the caterpillar of the cabbage butterfly; a caterpillar in general. See also kale-yard and calgarth.
a1776Watty & Madge in Herd Coll. Scot. Songs II. 109 But hark!—the *kail-bell rings, and I Maun gae link aff the pot. 1849Sidonia Sorc. I. 249 The sexton rung the kale-bell. This bell was a sign..to the women-folk, who were left at home..to prepare dinner.
1816Scott Antiq. xxi, As caller as a *kail-blade.
1816― Old Mort. xxviii, When the quean threw sae muckle gude *kail-brose scalding het about my lugs.
1715Ramsay Christ's Kirk Gr. ii. i, Arm'd wi a great *Kail-gully.
1612N. Riding Rec. (1884) I. 263 An assault with a *Cayle knife.
1483Cath. Angl. 51/2 A *Cale lefe.., caulis. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. III. 412 Scant worth ane kaill leif. 1578Lyte Dodoens ii. lxxxi. 258 The leaues of the same rosted in a Call leaffe.
c1425Langl.'s P. Pl. B. vi. 288, I haue percil and porettes and many kole-plantes [MS. Cambr. Dd. i. 17 *cale-plantes].
1787Grose Prov. Gloss., *Kale-pot, pottage-pot. North. 1862J. Grant Capt. of Guard xlv, The iron bar whereon the kail-pot swung.
1785Burns Death & Dr. Horn-bk. xvii, Fient haet o't wad hae pierc'd the heart Of a *kail-runt. 1871C. Gibbon Lack of Gold v, ‘Kail runts’, from which the leaves had been picked clean.
1743Maxwell Sel. Trans. Soc. Improv. Agric. Scot. 269 A Description of the Method of raising *Kail-seed, from burying the Blades in the Earth.
1483Cath. Angl. 51/2 A *Cale seller, olitor. a1670Spalding Troub. Chas. I (1792) II. 241 John Calder, kail-seller there.
c1425Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 644/5 Hoc magudere, *calstok. 1522Skelton Why not to Court 350 Nat worth a soure calstocke. 1681S. Colvil Whigs Supplic. (1751) 58 They..rooted out our kail stocks. 1821Galt Ann. Parish xxviii. (1895) 178 Among the kailstocks and cabbages in their yards.
1787Burns Let. to W. Nicol 1 June, After *kail-time. 1827Scott Jrnl. 19 Mar., We will hear more in detail when we can meet at Kail-time.
1563Winȝet Four Scoir Thre Quest. Wks. 1888 I. 114 marg., Ȝea, the *cailwyfe seis ȝow heir, bund fute and hand. 1785Jrnl. Lond. to Portsmouth in R. Forbes Poems Buchan Dial. 8 They began to misca' ane anither like kail-wives.
1483Cath. Angl. 51/2 A *Cale worme, eruca. 1818Scott Hrt. Midl. xii, It is but a puir crawling kail-worm after a'. |