| 释义 |
juniper|ˈdʒuːnɪpə(r)|
Forms: α. 4–7 iunipere, (4 iuny-, 5 -pre, -pur, iwnipre), 5–6 iunyper, (5 -pyr), 6–7 iuniper, (6 -peer), 7– juniper. β. 5 ieneper(e, ienyper, 6 ieni-, ieno-, iyneper; 5 gynypre, genopir, 5–7 geneper, (6 -par, -pre), 6 genne-, giniper, 7 ginnuper.
[ad. L. jūniper-us, repr. in Romanic by F. genièvre (OF. -evre, -eivre, etc.), Prov. genibre, -ebre, Sp. enebro, Pg. zimbro, It. ginepro. The β-forms follow OF. in substituting e or i for the ū, but retain the p of the Latin. OF. genevre was adopted in MDu. as genever (Du. jenever): see geneva1, jeniver.]
1. A genus of coniferous evergreen shrubs and trees, of which about thirty species are found in different parts of the northern hemisphere; specifically and originally, the common European species Juniperus communis, a hardy spreading shrub or low tree, having awl-shaped prickly leaves and bluish-black or purple berries, with a pungent taste, yielding a volatile oil (oil of juniper) used in medicine as a stimulant and diuretic, also in the manufacture of gin. The common N. American species is J. virginiana.
The wood is occasionally used in joinery; the seeds and wood were formerly burnt as purifiers of the air. The coal of juniper wood was fabled to have a wonderful power of remaining glowing.
a1400Pistel of Susan 71 (Vernon MS.) Þe Iunipere ientel, Ionyng be-twene. c1400Mandeville (1839) xxviii. 289 That Tre hathe many Leues as the Gynypre hathe. c1420Pallad. on Husb. i. 397 (E.E.T.S.) Bordis of cipresse Playn and direct, vpsette hem in their kynde A foote atwyn, and hem to gedir dresse Wit iunipur [v.r. ienyper], box, oliue, or cupresse, So worchyng up thy wowis by and by. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccccxix. 734 A great large dyke full of busshes of genepar, and other small busshes. c1550Lloyd Treas. Health (1585) S v, Give vnto the pacient..a litle oyle of Ienoper. 1578Lyte Dodoens vi. lxxxii. 763 Iuniper or the beries thereof burned driueth away..all infection and corruption of the ayre. 1582Nottingham Rec. IV. 199 Paid for iyneper to swetten the Hall jd. 1594Spenser Amoretti xxvi, Sweet is the Iunipere, but sharpe his bough. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 301 Anoint all his breast over with the Oyl of Ginnuper and Pepper mixt together. a1682Sir T. Browne Tracts 58 The coals of Juniper raked up will keep a glowing Fire for the space of a year. 1794Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xxix. 459 Common Juniper has three spreading, pointed leaves, coming out together, that are longer than the berry. 1823Byron Juan x. lxiii, Holland..That water-land of Dutchmen and of ditches Where juniper expresses its best juice. 1857Whittier Last Walk Autumn ii, On a ground of sombre fir And azure-studded juniper. 1871H. Macmillan True Vine vii. (1872) 285.
b. Loosely applied to coniferous trees of other genera, as the American Larch or Hackmatack (Larix Americana), and the White Cedar (Chamæcyparis sphæroidea) of the Southern U.S.
1748H. Ellis Hudson's Bay 138 They are commonly of Fir, or Larch, which the English there call Juniper. 1866Treas. Bot. 642/1 Juniper,..also applied in Nova Scotia to the Hackmatack, Tamarack.
c. In the translations of the Bible, used, after the Vulgate, to render Heb. rethem or rōthem, a white-flowered species of Retama, R. Rætam, a shrub with rush-like branches, which are leafless or bear a few unifoliate leaves.
1388Wyclif Job xxx. 4 The roote of iunyperis [1382 iunypere trees] was her mete. 1560Bible (Genev.) Ps. cxx. 4 It is as the sharpe arrowes of a mightie man, and as the coales of Iuniper. 1608Hieron Wks. I. 711 These mine aduersaries, whose tongues are as the coales of iuniper. 1671Milton P.R. ii. 272 He saw the Prophet also, how he fled Into the Desert, and how there he slept Under a juniper.
2. slang. Gin (cf. juniper-brandy below).
1857J. E. Ritchie Nt. Side Lond. 195 The pots of heavy and the quarterns of juniper are freely quaffed.
†3. A name for the Fieldfare. Obs.
[1562Turner Herbal ii. 25 People eate the feldefares vndrawen..because they are full of the berries of Iuniper.] 1598Florio, Collurione, a bird called a Fieldfare or Iuniper.
4. attrib. and Comb., as juniper-berry, juniper-leaf, juniper-root, juniper-shrub, juniper-top, juniper-tree, juniper-wood; † juniper-beads, (?) beads of juniper wood; juniper-brandy, a name for gin; † juniper lecture (obs. colloq.), a severe pungent ‘lecture’ or reprimand; so † juniper letter; juniper-oil = oil of juniper (see 1); juniper pug, a species of pug-moth (Eupithecia sobrinota), the larva of which feeds only on juniper; juniper-resin = gum juniper: see gum n.2 3 a (Syd. Soc. Lex. 1887); juniper-water, a cordial drink made from or flavoured with juniper; juniper-worm, the larva of a N. American geometrid moth (Drepanodes varus), which feeds upon juniper-leaves.
1486Plumpton Corr. 51 The first gift that my lady of Syon gave to me was a par of *Jeneper beads pardonet.
1706Hearne Collect. 10 June (O.H.S.) I, The Quaker read him a *Juniper [mispr. Jumper] Lecture agt. Lewdness. 1744–50Ellis Mod. Husbandm. VII. ii. 142 (D.) When women chide their husbands for a long while together, it is commonly said, they give them a juniper lecture; which, I am informed, is a comparison taken from the long lasting of the live coals of that wood.
1655Fuller Ch. Hist. iii. v. §29 Bishop Grouthead, offended thereat, wrote Pope Innocent the fourth such a *Juniper Letter taxing him with extortion.
1382Wyclif Job xxx. 4 The roote of *iunypere trees was the mete of hem. 1480Caxton Ovid's Met. x. iv, Okes, Planes, Elmes, Beches, Geneper trees. 1756–7tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) I. 41 A valley in Tirol remarkable for the height of its juniper trees.
1666Temple Lett., to Godolphin Wks. 1731 II. 24 A little Bottle of *Juniper Water, which is the common Cordial in that Country.
Hence † ˈjuniperate v. trans., to impregnate or flavour with juniper; ˈjunipery a., abounding in junipers.
1605Timme Quersit. iii. 181 Drinke..a little wine juniperated. 1882Three in Norway viii. 61 The rockiest, brookiest, juniperiest country in the world. |