| 释义 |
▪ I. jowl, jole, n.1|dʒəʊl, dʒaʊl|
Forms: α. 1 ceafl, (? ceáfl), 3 cheafl, chefl, chæfl, (? chouel), 3–4 chauel, chavel, cheuel, chevel, 4 chawl, chaul, 4–5 chavyl(l, 4–7 chaule, 5 chawylle, 6 chall(e, 5–7 chawle; 9 dial. chole. β. 6 ioule, 7 jowle, joll, 9 jole, jowl.
[OE. ceafl (? ceáfl), corresp. to OS. *kaƀal (only in dat. pl. kaflun), mod.Flem. kavel, Du. kevel gum; cf. MHG. kivel, Ger. dial. kiefel, kiffel = kiefe, kiefer jaw, chap; a deriv. of an ablaut stem kef-, kaf-, whence also ON. kjaptr (Sw. käft, Sc. chaft, q.v.). The OE. ceafl regularly gave ME. chavel, whence chauel, chawl. The later jowle, jowl, joul, joll, jole, is not a regular development; even with change of ch to j, chawl would have given jawl. But these forms coincide with the j forms in jowl2 and jowl3, and they first appear late in the 16th c., contemporaneously with those of jowl2, from cholle, chowle. From that time onward the three words have run together in form, although in this word ch forms have come down dialectally to the present day.
The origin of the j, first in jowl n.3, and then in jowl n.1 and jowl2, is at present unaccounted for; there is no OF. or other Romanic word to the influence of which it can plausibly be referred. This, with the obscurity which attaches to the origin of jowl n.2 and jowl n.3, and the fact that all are in recent use levelled under the form jowl, makes the group a very puzzling one.]
1. A jawbone, a ‘chaft’; a jaw; esp. the under jaw; pl. Jaws.
αa1000Whale 59 in Exeter Bk., Oð þæt se wi 'a ceafl ᵹefylled byð. c1000ælfric Hom. I. 572 Ða leon..ðærrihte mid grædiᵹum ceaflum hi ealle totæron. c1205Lay. 6507 Þat deor to-dede his chæfles [c 1275 vndude his choules (? cheules)]. Ibid. 26056 Arður..þen chin him of-swipte mid alle þan cheuele. c1220Bestiary 513 Ðis cete ðanne hise chaueles lukeð, Ðise fisses alle in sukeð. a1300Cursor M. 7510 (Cott.) Þair chauelis [Gött. chaulis; Trin. chaules] cleue in twa. c1380Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. II. 169 Mannis soul mut have two chauelis, boþe þe over and þe neþere, and þes moten eete Cristis bodi. Ibid. 170 Þe over chawl. 1483Cath. Angl. 60/2 A Chawylle (Chavylle; vbi A chafte). 1489Marg. Paston in P. Lett. III. 349 My lord..had qwestyond John a Lowe of this fych..and he answerd, as for the nedyr chavyll therof, he had put it in sewrte. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §75 The .ix. propertyes of an oxe... The fyfte [is] to be wyde betwene the challes. 1601Holland Pliny II. 326 If one take a tooth out of one of the chawles of a dead horse, it will ease his owne that aketh. 1614Markham Cheap Husb. i. i. 4 Let your hunting horse haue a large leane head, wide nostrils, open chauld, a big weasand. 1617― Caval. i. 28 His tusks worne close to his chaule. [1861E. Waugh Birtle Carter's T. 23 Are yo noan flayed o' throwin' yo're choles off th' hinges?]
β1598Sylvester Du Bartas ii. i. iv. Handie-crafts 410 [Of a horse] a lean bare bonny face, Thin joule, and head. 1658Sir T. Browne Gard. Cyrus iii, That prominent jowle of the Spermaceti whale. 1699Farquhar Love & Bottle iii. i, It has made my Jolls rhime in my head. 1808J. Barlow Columb. i. 73 The Dragon dips his fiery-foaming jole. 1828Scott Jrnl. 2 Feb., My portrait is like, but I think too broad about the jowls. 1892Besant Ivory Gate (1893) 268 His mouth was too large and his jowl too heavy.
b. transf. A toothed projection from the front of a cart, used for reaping the ears of corn (an ancient reaping machine).
c1420Pallad. on Husb. vii. 34 A squared carre on whelis too they make..His chaule aforn, that shal ete vp the whete, Is not right high..That iowe is toothed thicke as the mesure Of eres wol not passe hem vpward bende.
†2. Idle or malicious talk; = jaw n.1 6. to lead chawle, to give mouth. Obs.
a1225Ancr. R. 72 Þet heo [our thoughts]..ne uallen aduneward, & to uleoten ȝeond te world, ase deð muchel cheafle. Ibid. 76 Of the worldes maðelunge, & of hire chefle. c1315Shoreham 150 That other reyson was for the devel, That he schal to mys-wende hys chevel. 1589R. Robinson Gold. Mirr. (Chetham Soc.) 346 And cald vpon the houndes that were of choyce, Who leade no chawle, the game they found so warme.
3. The cheek, a cheek. (In late use often blending with jowl n.2)
1668Wilkins Real Char. ii. vii. 177 Cheek, Jole. 1711Steele Spect. No. 32 ⁋2 If his Sides are as compact as his Joles, he need not disguise himself to make one of us. 1713― Guard. No. 42 ⁋3 The merit of his wit was founded upon the shaking of a fat paunch, and the tossing up of a pair of rosy jowls. 1885J. L. Robertson White Angel, etc. 15 He has such a good crop of hair on his jowls.
4. Here perhaps belongs the phrase cheek by jowl, in earlier usage cheek by cheek: see cheek n. 5.
In this the j form is known from 1577, which is somewhat earlier than it is known in sense 1 above. The 17th c. variants cheek by chole, chowl, agree in form better with jowl n.2 or n.3. But it is probable that, by the time the phrase came into use, all three ns. were already felt as one. The following examples supplement those under cheek.
1577Hanmer Anc. Eccl. Hist. viii. xxv. 165 Cheeke by iole with the Emperour. 1589Hay any work (1880) 46 That maidenly Doctor, (who sits cheek by ioll with you). 1590Shakes. Mids. N. iii. ii. 338 Follow? Nay, Ile goe with thee cheeke by iowle. 1660S. Fisher Rusticks Alarm Wks. (1679) 336 Howbeit they may..set up their meer Transcriptions, so as to make them sit cheek by chole with the first Hand-writings. 1678Trans. Crt. Spain 172 There to find Father Nitard cheek to jowl with me. 1818Scott Rob Roy xiv, In puir auld Scotland's Parliament they a' sate thegither, cheek by choul. 1820W. Irving Sketch Bk. II. 146 The dragon and the grass-hopper actually lie, cheek by jole. 1880Browning Dram. Idylls ii. Doctor ― 159 Old and young, rich and poor—crowd cheek by jowl.
5. Comb., as † chawle-bone, a jawbone.
1430–40Lydg. Bochas i. xix. (MS. Bodl.) 78/2 Off an Asse cauhte a chaule bon, And a thousand he slouh off hem anon. c1440Promp. Parv. 70/2 Chavylbone, or chawlbone, mandibula. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §86 Betwene his chall bones.
▪ II. jowl, jole, n.2|dʒəʊl, dʒaʊl|
Forms: α. 4–5 cholle, choll, chol, 7 chowle. β. 6 ioule, 7 iowle, jowle, 9 jole, 7– jowl.
[ME. cholle, choll, chol, coincides in sense with OE. ceolur, choller, a deriv. of same stem as OE. ceolu, ceole, ME. cheole, chel throat (cf. OLG. kela, OHG. chela, Du. keel, Ger. kehle throat). But the etymological relation of ME. cholle to these words is difficult to determine; and it does not appear possible to refer it to any OE. type. The 17th c. chowle was a regular development of ME. cholle: cf. bowle, bowl n.1 from ME. bolle; but the j forms, which, as in jowl n.1, appear late in the 16th c., are not accounted for. See prec., and next.]
The external throat or neck when fat or prominent; the pendulous flesh extending from the chops to the throat of a fat person, forming a ‘double’ chin; the dewlap of cattle; the crop or the wattle of a bird, etc.; = choller.
αc1320Sir Beues (MS. A.) 2665 Þar þe dragoun gan ariue..Eiȝte toskes at is mouþ stod out, Þe leste was seuentene ench about, Þe her, þe cholle vnder þe chin. Ibid. 2879 A hitte hem so on þe cholle, And karf ato þe brote bolle. c1394P. Pl. Crede 224 His chyn with a chol lollede As greet as a gos eye growen all of grece. 1646Sir. T. Browne Pseud. Ep. v. i. 234 The chowle or crop adhering unto the lower side of the bill, and so descending by the throat.
β1591Percivall Sp. Dict., Cerbiguillo, the necke of a bull, any fat necke or ioule. 1807Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 327 Its head is small, clean, and free from flesh about the jaws;..throat free from jowl or dewlap. 1827D. Johnson Ind. Field Sports 25 Jungle fowl..the cocks are of a black red with large combs and joles. 1868Atkinson Cleveland Gloss., Jowl, ..2. The fleshy appendages which, in a fat person, hang down from the jaws, forming, as it were, part of the flesh of the throat. 1871G. H. Napheys Prev. & Cure Dis. iii. vi. 786 The pendulent jowls of the pig.
▪ III. jowl, jole, n.3|dʒəʊl, dʒaʊl|
Forms: α. 4–5 choll(e, 5 choule. β. 5–6 iolle, 5 iol, 6–7 iole, 7 jolle, joule, (geoule), 7– 8 joll, joul, joal, 7–9 jole, jowl.
[The forms agree generally with those of jowl n.2; but the j forms appear here much earlier, and the ch forms disappear before 1500; in sense 2, the ch forms are not evidenced at all. For these reasons, and on account of the complete distinction of sense, this is treated provisionally as a distinct word; but its origin remains unknown.
The chronology of the forms of this word, and of jowl n.1 and n.3, suggests that it was in this word that the j forms originated, and that hence they passed in the 16th c. to the two others in which ch was original, so as to level all three under the form jowl, jole. But no extrinsic source of either jolle or cholle in the sense ‘head’ has been found.]
†1. The head of a man or beast. (In quot. 1562 applied app. to the head or top of an engine of war.) Obs. or ? dial.
αa1400Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS. 501/314 So harde raced he þat Rolle, Þat he chopped his Cholle Aȝeyn þe Marbel-ston [cf. Audelay 77 So hard Rofyn rogud his roll, That he smot with his choule Aȝayns the marbystone]. c1400Ywaine & Gaw. 1994 Sunder strake he the throte boll That fra the body went the choll, By the lioun tail the hevid hang yit, For tharby had he tane his bit.
βc1440Promp. Parv. 264/2 Iol, or heed (K, S, P. iolle), caput. 1562T. Phaer æneid ix. Ee ij b, Wher their engine ioynes his iolle, A huge vnweldie weight y⊇ troians rumbling did doun rolle. 1783Wolcott (P. Pindar) Lyric Odes v. iv, St. Dennis, when his jowl was taken off, Hugg'd it, and kiss'd it. 1795― Pindariana Wks. 1812 IV. 227 Leeds and Hawkesbury join'd their jowls together. 1825Brockett, Jowl, the head.
2. spec. The head of a fish; hence (as a cut or dish), the head and shoulders of certain fish, as the salmon, sturgeon, and ling.
c1430Two Cookery-bks. 61 Jollys of Samoun. c1460J. Russell Bk. Nurture 622 The Iolle of þe salt sturgeoun thyn take hede ye slytt. 1530Palsgr. 235/1 Iolle of a fysshe, teste. 1607Beaum. & Fl. Woman-Hater i. ii, For the Captain of the Guards Table, three chines of Beef, and two joals of Sturgeon. c1645Howell Lett. i. v. xvi, Two geoules of sturgeon. 1659–60Pepys Diary 20 Jan., Went..to the Swan in Fish Streete..where we were very merry at our Jole of Ling. 1719S. Sewall Diary 25 Mar. (1882) III. 216, I present his Excellency with a Joll of the Salmon. 1732Pope Ep. Cobham 241 Mercy on my Soul! Is there no hope? Alas!—then bring the Jowl. 1747H. Glasse Cookery ix. 89 To dress a jole of pickled salmon. 1853A. Soyer Pantroph. 225 The jole and belly were thought the most delicate parts. 1859Thackeray Virgin. ix, I have kept for your Excellency the jowl of this salmon.
▪ IV. jowl, joll, n.4 Now dial.|dʒəʊl|
Also 6 iole.
[f. jowl, joll v.1]
1. A bump; a blow, esp. on the head; a knock, a stroke.
c1520More Mery Geste 259 The wenche behinde lent him..Many a iole about the nole with a great battill dore. 1877N.W. Linc. Gloss., Jowl, a jolt, a knock. 1883G. C. Davies Norfolk Broads xix. (1884) 143 The wherrymen seize the opportunity..to plunge the spears into the mud, and so get a good many eels. The strokes of the spear are called ‘jowles’.
2. A knock on the wall of a coal-pit, given as a signal, or to ascertain its thickness: cf. jowl v.1 4.
1851Greenwell Coal-trade Terms Northumb. & Durh. 32 Jowl, a sort of ‘tattoo’, beaten alternately upon the face of two places or drifts near holing, or intended to hole into each other, by a person in each place, for the purpose of ascertaining, by the sound, their relative positions.
3. pl. jowls, a game resembling hockey.
1855Robinson Whitby Gloss. s.v. Jowl, The game of ‘Jowls’..appears to have no more aim in it than that of sending the projectile from place to place by way of bodily exercise.
4. A single stroke of a bell; the tolling, knell, or clang of a bell: cf. jow n. 2. Chiefly dial.
1822Scott Nigel x, The dinner-bell is going to sound—hark, it is clearing its rusty throat with a preliminary jowl. 1883Thomson Leddy May 4 (E.D.D.) The deid-bell rings wi' solemn jowl.
▪ V. jowl, joll, v.1 Now dial.|dʒəʊl|
Forms: 5 cholle; 6 iolle, geolle, 7 joule, jowle, 5– joll, 8– jowl, (9 joul, jole).
[perh. f. jowl n.3, the notion being app. to knock a head or ball; cf. also note to jolt v. Sense 5 may be of distinct origin.]
1. trans. To strike (a ball) with a stick.
c1430Pilgr. Lyf Manhode iv. ix. (1869) 181 A crooked staf me lakketh for to cholle with, and a bal to pleye me with. 1855Robinson Whitby Gloss., To Jowl, to strike from the ground with a long stick or a boy's bat, a piece of wood or a ball, to a distance.
2. To bump; to strike, knock, or push; esp., to dash (the head, etc.) against something.
c1470Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 276 There was jollyng, ther was rennyng for the sovereynte. 1519W. Horman Vulg. 138, I geolled my heed ageynst the walle. 1530Palsgr. 593/1, I iolled hym aboute the eares tyll I made my fyste sore. 1556J. Heywood Spider & F. ii. 103 Many a flie the flap hath iobde and iolde. 1601Shakes. All's Well i. iii. 50 They may ioule horns together. 1602― Ham. v. i. 84 That Scull..how the knaue iowles it to th' grownd. 1640Gent Knave in Gr. ii. i. D iv, Yester night a scurvy boy did so joule my head and the wall together. a1811Cumberland in T. Mitchell Aristoph., Clouds II. 52 Who is he that jowls them [the clouds] thus together But Jove himself? 1863Mrs. Toogood Yorksh. Dial., He jouled his head against the wall. 1865Leeds Merc. 7 Mar., She also ‘joled’ my head against the bed post.
†3. intr. To strike or bump against something.
1770Armstrong Imitations 85 Now they mount On the tall billow's top, and seem to jowl Against the stars.
4. trans. To strike (the wall of a coal-pit) as a signal or to ascertain the thickness of the wall.
1825Brockett, Jowl, to knock, or rather to give a signal by knocking. 1862Times 21 Jan., The men [imprisoned in the pit] have not been heard ‘jowling’ since 1 o'clock yesterday afternoon.
5. intr. and trans. To toll, knell, or ring slowly, as a bell; = jow v. 2. Chiefly dial.
1872E. Peacock Mabel Heron II. 120 Candles were lighted and bells were jowled. 1888Dottie Rambles 88 (E.D.D.) It [the bell] kept on jowlin.
▪ VI. jowl, v.2 Obs. exc. dial.
In 5–6 ioll, 7 jole, jaul, jawl.
[Origin obscure.]
intr. To talk noisily or angrily. Hence ˈjowling vbl. n.
[c1440York Myst. xxx. 235 O, what javellis are ye þat jappis with gollyng [read jollyng]. ]a1550Image Ipocr. iv. 580 Thus the people seyne, With words true and playne How they iest and ioll. 1606Wily Beguiled in Hawkins Eng. Drama III. 317 Well, I'll not stay with her: stay, quotha? To be yauld and jaul'd at. Ibid. 342 Her father o' th' other side, he yoles at her and joles at her. 1632I. L. Womens Rights 180 The poore woman can haue no quiet her husband keepes such a iawling. [In mod. s.w. dialect: see Eng. Dial. Dict.]
▪ VII. † jowl, v.3 nonce-wd.
[f. jowl n.1]
trans. To place ‘cheek by jowl’.
1654Gayton Pleas. Notes iii. i. 66 Sancho was cheek by jowle at dinner, and now he is jowl'd with him after dinner. |