| 释义 |
▪ I. joint, n.|dʒɔɪnt|
Forms: 3–7 ioynt, 4–6 ioynte, iointe, (ioynct(e, 5 geynt(t)e, iuynt, iunte, ionte, yonte, yuncte, 6–7 ioinct, ioint, 7 jonct, 8 Sc. junt), 7– joint.
[a. OF. joint and jointe, n. use of joint, -te (:—L. junctum, juncta), pa. pple. of joindre to join.]
I. The place or part at which two things or parts are joined or fitted together; a junction.
1. An arrangement, structure, or mechanism in an animal body, whereby two bones (or corresponding parts of an invertebrate animal) are fitted together, either rigidly, or (esp.) so as to move upon one another; an articulation.
c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 186/42 Euerech Ioynt and senue. 1388Wyclif Dan. x. 16 My ioynctis ben vnknit. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 19 In bringyng to her placis ioyntis þat ben oute. 1422tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 227 Tho men whych haue the neke wel dystyncted by his yontes. c1460Towneley Myst. xxiii. 307 It will breke ilk ionte in hym. 1553Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 15 There be some men which thincke that Elephantes haue no ioyntes in theyr legges. 1582Stanyhurst æneis iii. (Arb.) 75 A cold sweat saltish through my ioynctes fiercely dyd enter. 1593Shakes. Rich. II, iii. iii. 75 How dare thy ioynts forget To pay their awfull dutie to our presence? 1665Manley Grotius' Low C. Warres 299 For avoiding the Gout, and other pains of the Joynts. 1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. III. 34/1 The Joynt of the Wrist. 1873Mivart Elem. Anat. ii. 23 The contiguous surfaces of such movable bones form the joints.
2. Phr. out of joint.
a. lit. Said of a bone displaced from its articulation with another; dislocated; also of the part or member affected.
to put any one's nose out of joint: see nose.
1393Langl. P. Pl. C. x. 215 He..is lame, oþer his leg out of ioynte. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 62 Whanne..þe boon..is to-broke atwo and dislocate—þat is to seie out of ioynte. 1535Coverdale Ps. xxi[i.] 14 All my bones are out of ioynt. a1586Sidney Arcadia ii. 109 Had her shoulder put out of joinct. 1652Culpepper Eng. Physic. 3 It helpeth to strengthen the members that be out of joynt. 1712Arbuthnot John Bull iii. x, He had like to have shook his shoulder out of joint.
b. fig. Disordered, perverted, out of order, disorganized. (Said of things, conditions, etc.; formerly also of persons in relation to conduct.)
1415Hoccleve To Sir J. Oldcastle 200 Thow haast been out of ioynt al to longe. 1513More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 766 They might peradventure bring the matter so farre out of ioynt, that it should never be brought in frame againe. 1602Shakes. Ham. i. v. 188 The time is out of ioynt: Oh cursed spight, That euer I was borne to set it right. 1842Tennyson Locksley Hall 133 All things here are out of joint. 1871Lowell Pope Pr. Wks. 1890 IV. 18 The loyalty of everybody both in politics and in religion had been put out of joint.
3. A part of the stem of a plant from which a leaf or branch grows (esp. when thickened, as in grasses, so as to resemble a knee- or elbow-joint); a node.
1523Fitzherb. Husb. §138 Se that it haue a good knot or ioynte and an euen. 1552Huloet, Ioynt of a cane, rede, strawe, or suche lyke, geniculum, nodus. 1688R. Holme Armoury ii. 84/2 The knot or joynt from whence a years growth proceeds. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 105 Its Leafs are small, and come out at its Joints. 1863F. A. Kemble Resid. in Georgia 87 From each of the notches or joints of the recumbent cane. 1866Treas. Bot. 516/2 G[aleopsis] Tetrahit..is well marked by its hispid stem, which is singularly swollen beneath the joints.
4. a. That wherein or whereby two component members or elements of an artificial structure or mechanism are joined or fitted together, either so as to be rigidly fixed (as e.g. bricks, stones, pieces of timber, rails, lengths of pipe, etc.), or so that one can move upon the other while still remaining connected with it (as in a hinge, pivot, swivel).
universal joint, a contrivance by which one of two connected parts of a machine is made capable of moving freely in any direction with respect to the other.
c1420S. Etheldred 718 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 298 Þat ston was well ygraue euery geyntte. c1440Promp. Parv. 264/2 Ioynte, or knytty[n]ge to-gedur, what so they be, compago. 14..Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 590/46 Junctura, a Juynt. 1550Churchw. Acc. St. Mich., Cornhill, For new joynts and ij cramps to Mr. Machyns pewe dore. 1589Nashe Pasq. & Marforius 9 The ioyntes of that house begin to gape. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 876 Stones..so cunningly layed that one could not see the ioints. 1703T. N. City & C. Purchaser 51 Let Care be taken that Bricks be not laid Joynt on Joynt. 1831Brewster Nat. Magic xi. (1833) 275 The part..to which the quadrants are attached, moves on a joint. 1856S. C. Brees Gloss. Terms 463 The universal joint is of great use for conveying angular motion when it can be applied in couplings. 1884W. C. Smith Kildrostan i. iii. 174 There is no armour but it has its joints, And where the joints are there the arrow sticks. 1893Law Times XCV. 62/2 The joints of the pipes were not properly cemented.
b. to break joint: see break v. 31. † breaking joint, an arrangement of bricks, stones, timbers, etc. in which the joints are not continuous (obs.).
1663Gerbier Counsel 44 That the Bording be with breaking Joynts. 1856Olmsted Slave States 666 Planting is done by laying the cuttings..three always together, with the eyes of each a little removed from those of the others—that is, all ‘breaking joints’.
c. Bookbinding. The flexible cloth or leather which forms the junction between the spine and the sides of the binding of a book; also the projection along the edge of this junction.
1835J. Hannett Bibliopegia 104 The volume being laid upon the table or press, with the head towards the workman and the upper board open, the guard or false end paper must be removed and all other substances cleared out of the joint with the folder. 1861Chambers's Encycl. II. 226/2 Coming to his hands flat and solid, and with its joints well formed. 1894Amer. Dict. Printing & Bookmaking 313/2 Joints, the projection formed in backing to admit the millboards. The leather or cloth placed from the projection to the millboard is called a joint. 1901D. Cockerell Bookbinding xii. 165 Ensure that there is enough leather in the turn-in of the joint to allow the cover to open freely. 1951L. Town Bookbinding by Hand xvi. 203 If a slight amount of moisture is still present the leather will bed itself very neatly into position in the joint. 1967V. Strauss Printing Industry x. 673/2 Backing does not give the book a new back but provides the joints of the back.
5. Geol. A crack or fissure intersecting a mass of rock; usually occurring in sets of parallel planes, dividing the mass into more or less regular blocks.
1601Holland Pliny II. 611 The Bactrian Emerauds..be in chinks and ioints (as it were) of rocks in the sea. 1761A. Catcott Treat. Deluge iii. (1768) 306 The tops of rocks and summits of the highest mountains are sometimes divided by joints into separate pieces. 1833Lyell Princ. Geol. Gloss. s.v., The partings which divide columnar basalt into prisms are joints. 1882Geikie Text-bk. Geol. iv. ii. 501 All rocks are traversed more or less distinctly by vertical, or highly inclined planes termed Joints.
†6. A connecting point of time. Obs. rare.
a1638Mede Wks. (1672) 585 To shew the connexion of that vision of the book with the joynt which begins the seventh Trumpet. a1679T. Goodwin Knowl. Father & Son in Spurgeon Treas. Dav. Ps. cii. 24, I note these several joints of time, because the Scripture notes them.
II. One of the parts or sections by the longitudinal union of which a body is made up.
7. A portion of an animal or plant body connected with another portion by a joint or articulation (see 1–3); esp. such a portion or section of a limb, or of the stem of a plant, an internode.
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xvii. 175 Þe paume hath powere to put oute alle þe ioyntes, And to vnfolde þe folden fuste. c1420Pallad. on Husb. v. 162 Kitte out a ioynt of reed, and in the side Therof let make an hole. c1420St. Etheldred 880 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 302 Þat ston was y-shape as mete for hurre body..Þat no geynte of hurre body lay þerinne amys. 1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. iv. v. 233, I haue with exact view perus'd thee Hector, And quoted ioynt by ioynt. 1697Dryden Virg. Past. ii. 45 Of seven smooth Joints a mellow Pipe I have. 1828Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. II. 303 Antennæ short, of nine joints. 1869Huxley Phys. i. (ed. 3) 7 The several joints of the fingers and toes have the common denomination of phalanges.
8. spec. One of the portions into which a carcass is divided by the butcher, consisting of one or more bones (e.g. that of the leg or shoulder) with the meat thereon; esp. as cooked and served at table.
1576Gascoigne Flowers Wks. (1587) 40 An olde frutedish is bigge ynough to hold a ioynte of meate. 1592Nashe P. Penilesse (ed. 2) 21 There being one ioynt of flesh on the table. 1617Moryson Itin. iii. 115 They serve small peeces of flesh (not whole joints as with us). 1726Swift Gulliver iii. ii, The joints that were served to his majesty's table. 1883Mattieu Williams in Knowledge 11 May 274 A single wing rib, or other joint of three to five pounds weight.
†9. gen. A portion, ‘article’, item. Obs. rare.
1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 5093 Y rede we þanke hym of euery poynt, Syn we may nat forbere þe lest Ioynt.
III. Something constructed with a joint or joints.
†10. (app.) A snuff-box (with a hinged lid). Obs.
c1701Cibber Love makes Man iii. iii, Sir, I have lost my Snuff-box... I'll go to Paris, split me..They make the best joynts in Europe there.
11. Betting slang. An outside bookmaker's paraphernalia of list-frame, umbrella, etc., some of which are joined together in movable pieces.
1899Daily News 15 Mar. 5/5 It was positively ridiculous to see the police knocking down bookmakers' ‘joints’ every time the inspector came round, and looking passively on all the rest of the time.
b. flat joint, set joint, strong joint: see the adjs.
IV.
†12. = jointure 4. Obs.
1513Bradshaw St. Werburge i. 1900 Whiche place was gyuen to her Ioynt and dowry By Tombert her husbande. Ibid. 1951 Whiche (as afore is sayd) was her Ioynt and dowry.
†13. A coming together, meeting; the action of joining battle; attack, onset. Obs.
c1540tr. Pol. Virg. Eng. Hist. (Camden No. 29) 68 At the first ioncte [L. in primo congressu] many fell on both sides.
14. slang or colloq. (chiefly U.S.). A partnership or union, or a place of meeting or resort, esp. of persons engaged in some illicit occupation; spec. (in America) a place illegally kept (usually by Chinese) for opium-smoking, an opium-den; also applied to illicit drinking-saloons. More generally, a place; a house.
1821Real Life in Ireland xvii. 199, I had my education at the boarding-school of Phelim Firebrass..; and when I slipt the joint, and fang'd the arm, he strengthened the sinews. 1877Sessions Papers Cent. Criminal Court 25 Oct. 631 The joints—that means the offices where the swindle was carried on—that is a cant word. 1880Weekly Times 4 Jan. 8/3 They soon found him a ‘joint’ to do... Doing a ‘joint’ means effecting a burglarious entrance. 1883Harper's Mag. Nov. 945/1, I have..smoked opium in every joint in America. 1885Homilet. Rev. Aug. 179 A few months since the police made a raid on a ‘joint’ at No. 44 Clinton Place, and found seven men there smoking the drug. 1885Daily Tel. 18 Aug. 3/2 (Farmer) This class of thieves, when they agree on a partnership or joint, as the slang phrase is, work one for the other as they best can. 1887Lippincott's Mag. (U.S.) Aug. 290 The student, upon reaching his ‘joint’, as the club is called, hurriedly bolts a few mouthfuls of breakfast and swallows a cup of coffee. 1899Rowntree & Sherwell Temperance Prob. iii. 197 There were from sixty to eighty ‘joints’ (i.e. illicit liquor places) in the city. 1904Sun (N.Y.) 6 Mar. 7/4 Of course, there are no saloons in Kansas; no one would dream of calling them by that name. They are all ‘joints’, whether the drinks are passed over a polished counter by a white aproned attendant, or shoved through a hole in the wall by a dirty fist. 1905‘H. McHugh’ You can search Me 20, I took Clara J. to the St. Regis to dinner... It's a swell joint, all right. 1912Maclean's Mag. Sept. 69/2 Mr. Kelley, to whom few streets were unfamiliar, knew the place exteriorly as a ‘Dago joint’. a1922T. S. Eliot Waste Land Drafts (1971) 59 line 50 So the men..thought Of home, and dollars, and the pleasant violin At Marm Brown's joint, and the girls and gin. 1925H. L. Foster Trop. Tramp with Tourists 32 Been to Havana? Good Lord! I've been to that damned joint with Cook, Clarke, Frank, Raymond-Whitcomb, and the American Express. 1934Wodehouse Right Ho, Jeeves xiv. 167 Hanging out in a joint called Kingham Manor. 1935A. Squire Sing Sing Doctor v. 73 In cities the market for brothels, gambling joints, & narcotic dens is better. 1946F. Sargeson That Summer 55, I found a joint that was kept by a Mrs. Clegg. 1953G. Lamming In Castle of my Skin xiv. 282, I see one or two things change round this joint... I mean the village. 1959‘A. Gilbert’ Death takes Wife xv. 198 Put down money for a joint you didn't frisk in advance. 1959‘M. M. Kaye’ House of Shade iii. 31 He turns the joint upside down until he finds it. 1974Listener 13 June 766/2 A rather pokey, smokey little jazz joint in San Francisco.
b. Fairground slang. A stall, tent, etc., in a circus or fair; a concession stand. orig. U.S.
1927Amer. Speech June 414 A carnival concession is known as a joint or store. 1931Amer. Mercury Nov. 353/1 Joint, any concession stand, or novelty spindle. 1934P. Allingham Cheapjack ii. 16 ‘You can build up yonder... Where's your joint?’..It took some time to discover that by a ‘joint’ he meant my tent. 1968D. Braithwaite Fairground Archit. 22 The tober is a composite of many elements—roundabouts, booths, joints, and transport vehicles. Ibid. 68 Joints fall into roughly three categories—round ones, generically termed hoop⁓las, side-stuff,..and casual stalls for vending.
c. A marijuana cigarette; also, hypodermic equipment used by drug addicts.
1935A. J. Pollock Underworld Speaks 65/1 Joint, a complete hypodermic outfit consisting of syringe and needles (ointjay). 1938Amer. Speech XIII. 186/1 Joint. The hollow needle, or a substitute... The hypodermic outfit including all accessories... The opium smoker's outfit complete. 1952G. Mandel Flee Angry Strangers 171 You got a couple of joints to take along?.. I know I'll want to get on. Take some pod, Dinch. 1967M. M. Glatt et al. Drug Scene i. 5 In Britain, cannabis is..almost always smoked in the form of a cigarette which is referred to as a smoke, joint or reefer. 1970Times 28 Apr. 10/8 (caption) Please fasten your seat belts and extinguish your joints. 1971Black Scholar Sept. 33/1 When the shower stopped he lit two joints and went to the bathroom. 1972Daily Tel. 3 Apr. 8 The making of the joint seemed to be as much a part of the ritual as smoking it.
d. Prison. U.S. slang.
1953W. Burroughs Junkie (1972) xii. 124 He said even the best thieves spend most of their time in the joint. 1969C. F. Burke God is Beautiful, Man (1970) 27 She made things so rotten for him that the king threw him in the joint. 1972J. Wambaugh Blue Knight (1973) i. 28 He was a no-good asshole and belonged in the joint.
V.
15. attrib. and Comb., as (in sense 1) joint-adhesion, joint-disease, joint-pain, joint-stiffening; joint-like, joint-racking adjs.; (in sense 4) joint-collar, joint-end, joint-maker, joint-making, joint-pin, joint-splice, joint-strip, joint-test; (sense 5) joint-face, joint-filling, joint-surface; joint-bedded a. (Masonry), of a stone: placed so that its natural bed (or horizontal surface) forms a vertical joint of the work; distinguished from face-bedded, in which the horizontal surface is made to form the face of the work; joint bolt, a bolt for holding together the two parts of a joint; spec. (see quots. a 1884, 1964); joint box, a junction-box, esp. one designed to be filled with an insulating material; joint-chair (Railways), a chair (see chair n. 12) supporting the rails at a joint; joint-coupling, ‘a form of universal joint for coupling sections of shafting’ (Knight); joint-evil, a name of Elephantiasis nodosa; joint-file, a small file of circular section, used for dressing the holes in hinge-joints; joint-fir, a name for plants of the family Gnetaceæ; joint-hinge, the same as a strap-hinge; joint-ill (see quot.); joint mouse Med. [tr. G. gelenkmaus (see quot. 1886)], a loose fragment (as of cartilage or bone) floating in the cavity of a joint; usu. pl.; joint-oil, the secretion which lubricates the joints between the bones, synovia; joint-pipe, a small section of gas- or steam-pipe, forming a connexion between two lengths of pipe; joint-plane Geol., a plane in rock in which a joint exists or is liable to form; also, an exposed surface that was once such a plane; joint-pliers, a small kind of pliers used by watchmakers and mathematical instrument makers; joint-rule, a rule made of pieces jointed or hinged together so as to fold up; joint-saw, a saw with a curved working face, used in making the joints of compasses and the like; joint set Geol., a group of parallel joints; † joint-sick, a., diseased in the joints; so† joint-sickness, disease of the joints; gout; joint-snake = glass-snake (see glass n.1 16); † joint-sponge, a morbid spongy concretion in the joints (obs.); joint system Geol., a group of two or more intersecting joint sets; joint-vetch, a leguminous plant of the genus æschynomene, so called from its jointed seed pods; joint-water, synovia (= joint-oil); esp. a flux of this in diseases of the joints; joint-wire, tubular wire, used for hinge-joints in watches, etc., a solid wire being passed through it to form the joint; joint-wood = jointer2 3 q.v. See also joint-ache, -grass, etc.
1896Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 381 The forcible breaking up of *joint-adhesions.
1883Stonemason Jan., A great advantage is gained by working all string courses, cornices, and copings ‘*joint-bedded’ with the exception of quoins which should be placed on their natural bed.
1844H. Stephens Bk. Farm II. 75 The top bar..swells out in the middle, where it is perforated for the *joint-bolt of the lever. a1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 514/2 Joint bolt, a bolt used for fastening two timbers, one endwise to the other... Used commonly as a fastening for a bed-rail to the bed-post. 1964J. S. Scott Dict. Building 159 Handrail bolt or joint bolt, a bolt threaded at both ends.
1901Chambers's Jrnl. Dec. 845/2 A new form of *joint-box for forming connections. 1907J. F. C. Snell Distrib. Electr. Energy v. 269 Joint boxes must be used to connect lengths of cables or conductors equivalent to, or larger than 7–16 S.W.G. 1929G. W. Stubbings Underground Cable Systems v. 50 A cast-iron joint box must provide a compound-tight chamber for the filling compound. 1966J. F. Whitfield Electr. Installations & Regulations vi. 120 There is some saving in cable but extra man-hours are needed for joint-box connections.
1856S. C. Brees Gloss. Terms 100 The chairs for receiving the ends of two rails are termed *joint, or double chairs. 1889G. Findlay Eng. Railway 44 Up to the year 1847 the ends of the rails rested on joint chairs.
1680Moxon Mech. Exerc. xi. §7 (1683) I. 201 The *Joynt-Coller is made of two Iron Cheeks..moving upon a Joint.
1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 73 Neural arthritis comprises all *joint diseases which are the sequel of central or peripheral nerve-lesions.
1677Moxon Mech. Exerc. ii. (1683) I. 19 Put the *Joint-end of the Hinge into the Fire.
1669B. Wellis (title) Treatise on the *Joint Evil. 1683Tryon Way to Health xix. (1697) 419 Leprous Scabby Diseases, Joint-evils, and that which they call the Kings Evil. 1744Mitchell in Phil. Trans. XLIII. 144 Lepra Arabum, two Species of which are called, the Yaws, and the Joint-Evil.
1912Jrnl. Geol. XX. 76 The cliff face is in many parts composed of projecting and re-entrant angles formed by the *joint faces of large area meeting in obtuse angles. 1931Times Lit. Suppl. 11 June 466/2 A block of which the bounding joint-faces slope downwards and towards each other will be squeezed upwards. 1961Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CCLIX. 502 The convergence of plumose and radial structures toward the center of the joint face strongly suggests that joints are fractures initiated at a point.
1916F. H. Lahee Field Geol. viii. 223 By their shape and relations to the surface of unconformity, these *joint fillings may indicate something of the original character and arrangement of the fractures in which they were formed. 1965G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. xiv. 230/1 Soft white veinlets and joint-fillings of crystalline laumontite are abundant in greywackes throughout New Zealand.
1866Treas. Bot. 538/1 Gnetaceæ. (*Joint Firs.)..Small trees or creeping shrubs..with jointed stems and branches.
1892H. Dalziel Dis. Dogs (ed. 3) 14 Anthrax..a disease of cattle, known in the vernacular as..‘*joint ill’.
a1661Fuller Worthies, Wiltsh. 145 The *joint-like knots..will fat swine.
1725Lond. Gaz. No. 6380/12 James Low,..*Jointmaker.
1900Daily News 25 Aug. 5/1 The old system of *joint-making by ‘junction pieces’ or splicing and soldering, has also been abandoned.
1886H. Marsh Dis. Joints xv. 185 On account of the manner in which these bodies change their site, and slip out of reach, the Germans have suggestively called them ‘*joint-mice’ (gelenk-mäuse). 1920R. Stockman Rheumatism & Arthritis ix. 115 ‘Joint-mice’, if present, can be felt, and slip from under the fingers in a very characteristic fashion. 1952E. F. Traut Rheumatic Dis. ix. 194 A detached portion of the internal meniscus constitutes a loose body or joint mouse. 1961R. D. Baker Essent. Path. xxi. 560 (caption) Aching, weakness and locking, inability to extend left knee, began 11 years previously, following which joint mice were removed on two occasions.
1887Mivart in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 111/1 An albuminous fluid called ‘synovia’, and commonly known as ‘*joint-oil’.
1653R. Sanders Physiogn. b j, Foot-gout, knee-gout, and all *joint-pains whatsoever. 1710T. Fuller Pharm. Extemp. 433 Water of Millepedes..is useful..in scorbutic Joint-pains.
1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 74 The *joint-pins must either have nuts and screws, or other proper fastenings, to keep them in their several places. Ibid., To drill both the arm frames..and the circle..together, that the joint pin-holes in all three may correspond exactly with each other, and particularly from the centre of each.
1855J. Phillips Man. Geol. ii. 44 The cleavage and *joint planes in these beds are not parallel to the general cleavage. 1905J. Geikie Struct. & Field Geol. x. 144 Common household coal..is divided by three sets of planes disposed at right angles to each other: namely (a) planes of bedding..and (b) and (c) joint-planes. 1944A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. vi. 76 The joint pattern may also control the course of rivers, the joint planes themselves commonly forming the walls of steep-sided gorges and canyons. 1970R. J. Small Study of Landforms iv. 122 The spectacular cliffs on the east side of the A'Chir ridge coincide with near-vertical joint-planes.
1667Milton P.L. xi. 488 Dropsies, and Asthma's, and *Joint-racking Rheums. 1708J. Philips Cyder ii. 77 Joint-racking Gout..and pining Atrophy.
1680Moxon Mech. Exerc. xi. §7 (1683) I. 201 Moving upon a Joint..as the two insides of the *Joynt-Rule Carpenters use. 1692Capt. Smith's Seaman's Gram. ii. 160, I have no other Instrument but my Two Foot Joynt Rule.
1931C. M. Nevin Princ. Struct. Geol. v. 144 That it [sc. tension] is the effective stress which caused the actual break has not been proven for dip and strike *joint sets. 1942Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. LIII. 392 The relationships of the joint sets to other structures indicates their age. 1965P. C. Badgley Struct. & Tectonic Princ. iv. 117/1 A close relationship exists between these lineament patterns and regional joint sets.
a1618J. Davies Wit's Pilgr. (1878) 41/1 How, from this *Ioynt-sick Age to bite the Gowt?
1545Elyot Biblioth., Arthetica passio,..the *ioynte syckenesse: the goute. 1684T. Ghyles (title) Treatise of the Joint Sickness, or Gout.
1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 221 The *joint snake..is a great curiosity, [breaking into pieces when struck, without bleeding].
1658A. Fox Wurtz' Surg. i. vi. 26 A *Joint-sponge is nothing else but a moisture of the sinew-water, which groweth on and turneth hard, and settleth there.
1943Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. LIII. 396 On most of the more planar *joint surfaces featherlike or flamelike markings..are found. 1961Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CCLIX. 493 Freshly exposed joint surfaces commonly are marked with faint ridges that form plume-like or radial patterns. 1973E. E. Wahlstrom Tunneling in Rock v. 102 Joint surfaces that are smooth..commonly display slickensides and contain crushed materials.
1929C. R. Longwell Pirsson's Textbk. Geol. (ed. 3) I. xii. 315 In many places there are two prominent sets of joints, approximately at right angles to each other and each set nearly vertical. Such a combination of two or more intersecting sets constitutes a *joint system. 1952Von Engeln & Caster Geology xiv. 191 Joint systems are commonly much more distinctively and conspicuously developed in sedimentary than in other classes of rocks. 1973E. E. Wahlstrom Tunneling in Rock v. 99 Regional geological studies often reveal a systematic geometrical relationship between joint systems and faults and folds.
1829J. C. Loudon Encycl. Plants 1284 Arthrolobium... *Joint-Vetch. 1884W. Miller Dict. Eng. Names Plants 156/1 æschynomene..hispida. Sensitive Joint-Vetch.
1599A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 324/2 How we shoulde restrayne the fluxion of the Synnue, or *Ioyntewater. 1658A. Fox Wurtz' Surg. ii. xiv. 102 The joynt water, that is, the humidity of joynts and sinews. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., Joint Water, a term used by our farriers, for..a running of a clear ichor from the Joints, when they are either wounded or ulcerated.
▸ Music slang (orig. U.S.). A song, a recording; an album.
Perh. influenced by the earlier use of the word in the phrase a Spike Lee joint, used by the American film director Spike Lee (b. 1957) as a subtitle for his films: see quot. 1986.
[1986Los Angeles Times 21 Aug. vi. 7/2 Lee calls his film a ‘Spike Lee joint’, but that's not a marijuana reference... Joint is ‘New York street talk for a cool place to be’.] 1991H. Nelson & M. A. Gonzales Bring Noise 145 Pairing ‘joints that haven't been sampled yet’ with recorded breaks. 1995Represent Apr. 33/2, I would be more than proud if any track on my joint was being..listened to 5–10 years from now. 2002Knowledge Aug. 75/1 Featuring..rarities and brand new joints, this is a must for Punk-Rock fans.
▪ II. joint, n.2 Obs. rare.
[Aphetic f. enjoint.]
That which is enjoined, injunction, charge.
c1475Partenay 5019 In that doubte ye noght, in no maner point, Sin ye me commaunde, gree to such a ioynt.
▪ III. joint, a.|dʒɔɪnt|
Forms: 4–7 ioynt, 5–7 ioint, (5 yont, 6 iont, ioncte), 7–8 joynt, 7– joint. See also junct.
[a. F. joint (:—L. junctum), pa. pple. of joindre:—L. jungĕre to join. In sense 2 often, in other senses occasionally, hyphened to the following n.]
1. Put together, joined, combined, united.
†a. Const. as pa. pple. or in predicate. Obs.
c1340Cursor M. 10625 (Trin.) Þe witt þe vertu of hir ioynt [Laud to hir ioynt] May no mon write wiþ penne poynt. 1390Gower Conf. I. 253 Whan Pride is with Envie joint. c1400Rom. Rose 2037, I..knelide doun with hondis joynt. c1590Greene Fr. Bacon ix. 185 Next to him, And joint with him Castile and Saxony are welcome. 1727Wodrow Corr. (1843) III. 280 The Presbytery of Glasgow..are joint and unanimous for what I know.
b. as adj. in attributive relation. Rarely of material things; usually of the actions or attributes of two or more persons, etc. spec. Of the lives of two or more persons: Continuing together in time until one lapses, contemporaneous, concurrent.
1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. ii. ii. 193 For 'tis a cause that hath no meane dependance, Vpon our ioynt and seuerall dignities. 1641J. Jackson True Evang. T. ii. 120 By their joynt endeavours. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. iii. 214 They therefore settled the crown, first on king William and queen Mary..for their joint lives. 1853J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) II. i. ii. 59 Civilized by the joint influences of religion and of chivalry. 1883Sir E. Kay in Law Times Rep. XLIX. 261/1 During the joint lives of the trustees.
2. a. Of a person or persons: United or sharing with another, or among themselves, in some possession, action, liability, etc.; having or doing (what is expressed by the noun) together or in common.
Often hyphened to the following n., esp. in words of legal or technical use.
1424–5E.E. Wills (1882) 60 Now I declare here my laste wille, als wel to my saide feffez as to my ioint feffes. 1568Bible (Bishops') Rom. viii. 17 Heyres of God and ioyntheyres [1611 ioynt heires] with Christe. 1586T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. i. 106 Joint-laborers with him for honor and glorie. 1607Shakes. Cor. v. vi. 32, I..Made him ioynt-seruant with me. 1698F. B. Free but Modest Censure 4 Joint-partners in the same Principles. 1708Hearne Collect. 13 Nov. (O.H.S.) II. 151 Having Two Churches, and Two Joint-Rectors. 1817W. Selwyn Law Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 920 Joint owners of property insured for their joint use and on their own account. 1828P. Bingham Rep. Court Common Pleas IV. 70 (Adamson v. Jarvis 1827), The Plaintiff and Defendant..must..be both considered as joint tort feasers, and the present action is nothing else but an attempt by one tort feaser to recover contribution from another. 1878F. S. Williams Midl. Railw. 201 The directors..agreed with the G.N. and Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire lines in becoming joint-owners of the Stockport and Woodley Junction. 1886[see tortfeasor]. 1908J. C. Miles in E. Jenks Digest Eng. Civil Law ii. i. 337 Persons are joint tort-feasors when one aids, counsels, or joins the other in the commission of a tort. 1920H. Crane Let. 28 Jan. (1965) 32, I am enraged at Mencken and Nathan..the joint authors. 1925J. A. Holden Bookman's Gloss. 63 Joint author, a person who writes a book in collaboration with one or more associates. 1935Act 25 & 26 Geo. V c. 30 §6 Any tort-feasor liable in respect of..damage may recover contribution from any other tort-feasor who is..liable in respect of the same damage, whether as a joint tort-feasor or otherwise. 1957J. G. Fleming Law of Torts xxviii. 744 The common law..does attach some significance to the distinction between ‘joint’ and ‘several’ tortfeasors. 1967Anglo-Amer. Catal. Rules: Brit. Text 267 Joint author, a person who collaborates with one or more associates to produce a work in which the contribution of each is not separable from that of the others. 1971Mod. Law Rev. XXXIV. vi. 674 The accessory after the fact has become, perhaps more appropriately, something more like the joint-tortfeasor.
b. joint family, a type of extended family in which married children share the family home, living under the authority of the head of the family. Also attrib.
1876W. K. Sullivan in Encycl. Brit. V. 799/2 Beside the ‘joint and undivided family’ there was another kind of family which we might call the ‘joint family’. This was a partnership composed of three or four members of a sept whose individual wealth was not sufficient to qualify each of them to be an aire, but whose joint wealth qualified one of the co-partners as head of the joint family to be one. 1889C. N. Starcke Primitive Family ii. ii. 139 Polyandry belongs to the category of facts which have to do with the ordinary family communism, and especially with the joint family group. 1937Jrnl. R. Anthrop. Inst. LXVII. 137 Members of the owner's joint-family and lineage. 1953J. H. Weakland in Mead & Métraux Study of Culture at Distance x. v. 423 Dissent among the brothers of a Chinese joint family is concealed from the public. 1957Encycl. Brit. XII. 235/2 The striking feature of Hindu society and Hindu law is the joint family. It is the form, no doubt, in which the Aryan patriarchal family has survived. 1968G. D. Mitchell Dict. Sociol. 77 Extended family is sometimes used not merely to include but as a synonym for joint family. It is more useful to restrict this last term to a form of family which has a number of distinctive characteristics: co-residence, commensality and often some common family cult. 1971Illustr. Weekly India 11 Apr. 23/2 (caption) The house was full of Tagore relatives who all lived together as a traditional Bengali joint-family.
3. a. Of a thing, action, etc. (in sing.): Held, done, made, etc. by two or more persons, parties, or things, in conjunction; of or belonging to more than one at once; common to two or more.
1424–5E.E. Wills (1882) 60 Diuers men haf ioint astate whit me in diuerce of my purchace be wey of truste. 1503–4Act 19 Hen. VII, c. 25 Preamble, As if the seid persones..had a iont astate..wt the seid suruiuours. 1587Golding De Mornay v. 56–7 By the iointworking of the vnderstanding and will together. 1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, v. ii. 55 A ioynt burthen, laid vpon vs all. 1634W. Tirwhyt tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. I) 69 You remember..what our ioynt opinion hath beene. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 345 The joint Advantage both of the Emperor and his Subjects. 1762–71H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) II. 117 In one corner Henry VII. and Ferdinand are conferring amicably on a joint throne. 1767Blackstone Comm. II. 183 The remaining grand incident of joint-estates, viz. the doctrine of survivorship. 1778N.Y. Laws 27 Mar., The joint Committee..[shall] canvas and estimate the votes. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xxi. IV. 553 It was determined that a joint committee of the two Houses should be appointed. 1869Bradshaw's Railway Manual XXI. 80 The companies should enter into a joint purse agreement with the Irish North Western. 1871Freeman Norm. Conq. IV. xviii. 250 All hopes of joint action were at an end. 1884in N.E.D. s.v. account sb. 2, Joint account. 1886G. C. Brodrick Hist. Univ. Oxf. xviii. 213 A vote of censure on Dr. Hampden..was defeated in Convocation by the Proctors' joint-veto. 1909Webster, Joint sitting. 1936T. S. Eliot Coll. Poems 1909–1935 138 The fletchers and javelin-makers and smiths Have appointed a joint committee to protest against the reduction of orders. 1937Discovery May 139/1 The formal invitation of the Indian Science Congress Association for the British Association to send a party to hold a joint session in India. 1942N. Balchin Darkness falls from Air x. 184 You'll want some money... Use the joint account. 1952H. Nicolson King George V ix. 132 It was agreed..that if..an irreconcilable conflict arose between the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the matter should be settled by a Joint Sitting of both Houses. 1964W. Duff Indian Hist. Brit. Columbia I. 73 Of great and growing importance in recent years has been the development of ‘joint’ or ‘integrated’ schools. 1965H. I. Ansoff Corporate Strategy ii. 16 Joint-venture opportunities. 1966Rep. Comm. Inquiry Univ. Oxf. I. 83 A statutory ‘joint’ committee of Council, the General Board, and the Council of the Colleges. 1966T. Lupton Managem. & Social Sci. iii. 63 The term Joint Consultation is usually used to describe the formal machinery through which the managers and the workers in a firm..discuss their common problems. 1972Wodehouse Pearls, Girls, & Monty Bodkin iv. 50 He and his wife have a joint account, and he can't draw a cheque without her approval. 1973Oxf. Univ. Gaz. 16 May 866/1 A universal system of joint appointments is in my view unnecessary.
b. joint denial: the negation of each of two or more stated propositions; ‘neither..nor..’.
1940W. V. Quine Math. Logic i. 45 A joint denial, e.g. ‘Neither is Jones away nor is Smith ill’,..is true just in case its components are both false. Ibid. 49 The definability of denial, conjunction, and alternation in terms of joint denial was first pointed out by Sheffer in 1913. 1954I. M. Copi Symbolic Logic viii. 256 The other operator which suffices for a functionally complete logic is that of ‘joint denial’. 1960S. Körner Philos. of Math. ii. 40 All truth functions..can be introduced by definition if we start either (a) with the single notion of alternative denial.., or else (b) with the single notion of joint denial.
†4. Made up of parts joined, fastened together, or combined (see also joint-stool); continuous, uninterrupted (quot. 13..); fig. with reference to an unopened rose (quot. c 1450). Obs.
13..E.E. Allit. P. C. 355 On to þrenge þer-þurȝe [Niniue] watz þre dayes dede. Þat on Iournay ful Ioynt Ionas hym ȝede Er euer he warpped any worde. c1429in Willis & Clark Cambridge (1886) II. 445 It' pro lj ped' de joyntable vjs iiijd ob. c1450Lonelich Grail xliii. 480 Al Ioint & Clos In Al manere tyme as was the Rose. a1711Ken Edmund Poet. Wks. 1721 II. 301 O're the Stone Bridge, cross the Joint-Current laid.
†5. = jointed a. 1. Obs.
1685Lond. Gaz. No. 2054/4 Lost..a Joynt Cane, wrought with a Gold Head on it.
†6. Used advb. = jointly. Obs.
1424–5E.E. Wills (1882) 61 Als wel þo þat stande enfeffed by me, as þo þat ben ioint feffed with me. a1691Boyle Hist. Air xiii. (1692) 67 Our so much joint-esteemed friend Mr. Mercator.
7. Comb., as joint-awned, having a jointed awn.
1787Fam. Plants I. 348 Seeds numerous..joint-awn'd with a long style.
▪ IV. joint, v.|dʒɔɪnt|
[f. joint n.]
1. trans. To connect by a joint or joints; to fasten, fit together, unite.
a. lit. material things.
1611Shakes. Cymb. v. iv. 142 Branches, which being dead many yeares, shall after reuiue, bee ioynted to the old Stocke, and freshly grow. 1691Ray Creation ii. (1692) 53 The fingers are strengthened with several Bones, jointed together for motion. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. 193 The manner of jointing the five courses of stone. 1889R. S. S. Baden-Powell Pigsticking 94 Those which are jointed and soldered together.
b. fig. (usually with direct allusion to the literal sense).
1547Homilies i. Contention ⁋2 We cannot be ioynted to Christ our Head, except we be glued with concord and charitie one to another. a1634Randolph Muse's Looking-glass iii. ii, He, with the pegs of amity and concord,..Joints 'em together. 1673Temple Obs. United Prov. Wks. 1731 I. 58 They seem to be a sound Piece of the State, and fast jointed in with the rest.
c. To fill up the joints of stone, brickwork, etc. with mortar or the like; to point; to represent with (imitation) joints (quot. 1823).
1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 247 They joint the long Joints, and also the Cross Joints. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. §209 They joint the paving with mortar. 1823Rutter Fonthill 9 The walls and ceiling have been jointed to represent stone. 1897Daily News 4 Sept. 6/1 They threw us a lot of red-lead, and each man carried a large piece..ready to joint into any leak or crack he came across.
d. Carpentry, etc. To prepare (a board, stave, etc.) for being joined to another, by planing its edge with a jointer (see jointer2 1).
1815Niles' Reg. IX. 36/1 The power is given by one or two horses, which with a man and a boy can dress and joint..the staves necessary for one hundred barrels. 1864Webster, Joint, 1..To prepare so as to fit closely; to fit together;..as to joint boards. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. s.v., To joint is to plane straight the edges of boards. Ibid. s.v., Jointer-plane (Coopering), The inclined sole being presented upward for the staves, which are jointed thereon.
2. intr. for refl. To fit exactly into each other as in the joints of masonry, etc.
1695Temple Introd. Hist. Eng. 38 A small round Tower built of Stone..so exactly Cut, as every one to Joynt into another. 1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 55/1 Bricks lying sideways, with their heads joynting into each other..as a Man locks his right hand fingers into his left.
3. a. trans. To divide (a body or member) at a joint or into joints; to dismember, disjoint.
1530Palsgr. 592/2, I joynte, I cut meate by the joyntes to make it meter for the potte or spytte. 1591Percivall Sp. Dict., Acodar vides, to ioynt vines, to prune vines, Ceniculare. 1596Spenser F.Q. v. xi. 29 Her huge taile..He with his sword it strooke, that without faile He ioynted it. 1697Dryden æneid ix. 1040 He joints the Neck: And with a stroke so strong The Helm flies off; and bears the Head along. 1709Brit. Apollo II. No. 59. 2/1 A Person is Joynting a piece of Meat,..he finds it difficult to Joynt. 1898R. Kearton Wild Life at Home 78 ‘Jointing’ two large worms, [she] flew off at once to her chicks with them.
†b. fig. To ‘cut off’ from or deprive of something. Obs.
1573G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 30, I shal be contentid to be bard of mi mastership and iointid of my fellowship too. 1642Rogers Naaman 290 Threaten their poore children to joynt them of this or that land or portion.
4. intr. To form joints.
1772Carroll Papers in Maryland Hist. Mag. (1919) XIV. 287, I am apprehensive it will be too thick and Joint if the weather proves warme. 1904Topeka (Kansas) Daily Capital 1 June 8 Wheat has not done well, though it is jointing now. |