| 释义 |
-ize
(also written -ise),
suffix forming vbs. = F. -ise-r, It. -izare, Sp. -izar, ad. late L. -izāre, -īzāre, f. Gr. -ίζειν, formative derivative of vbs.
The Greek verbs were partly intrans., as βαρβαρίζειν to play the barbarian, act or speak as a barbarian, side with the barbarians, τυραννίζειν to side with the tyrants, partly trans. as καθαρίζειν to purify, clean, θήσαυρίζειν to treasure up. Those formed on national, sectarian, or personal names were primarily intransitive, as ἀττικίζειν to Atticize in manners, to speak Attic, ϕιλιππίζειν to act or speak for Philip, to philippize, Ἑλληνίζειν to ‘do’ the Greek, act as a Greek, speak Greek, Hellenize; also, to make Greek. A few words of this form connected with or used in early Christianity, were latinized already in the 3rd or 4th c. by Christian writers: such were βαπτίζειν baptizāre, εὐαγγελίζειν euangelizāre, κατηχίζειν catechizāre, σκανδαλίζειν scandalizāre, ἀναθηµατίζειν anathēmatizāre, χριστιανίζειν christiānizāre, ἰουδαίζειν iūdaizāre. Others continued to be formed both in ecclesiastical and philosophical use, e.g. canōnizāre, dæmonizāre, syllogizāre (Boethius Aristot. Anal.); and this became established as the normal form for the latinizing of Greek verbs, or the formation of verbs upon Greek analogies. In med.L. and the mod. langs. these have been formed also on L. or modern national names, and the use has been extended to the formation of verbs from L. adjs. or ns. This practice prob. began first in French; in mod.F. the suffix has become -iser, alike in words from Greek, as baptiser, évangéliser, organiser, and those formed after them from L., as civiliser, cicatriser, humaniser. Hence, some have used the spelling -ise in Eng., as in French, for all these words, and some prefer -ise in words formed in French or Eng. from L. elements, retaining -ize for those of Gr. composition. But the suffix itself, whatever the element to which it is added, is in its origin the Gr. -ιζειν, L. -izāre; and, as the pronunciation is also with z, there is no reason why in English the special French spelling should be followed, in opposition to that which is at once etymological and phonetic. In this Dictionary the termination is uniformly written -ize. (In the Gr. -ιζ-, the i was short, so originally in L., but the double consonant z (= dz, ts) made the syllable long; when the z became a simple consonant, |-idz| became īz, whence Eng. |-aɪz|.)
In current English the following groups may be noted:
1. Words that have come down from Greek, or have been at some time adopted from Greek, or formed on Greek elements;
a. with the trans. sense of ‘make or conform to, or treat in the way of, the thing expressed by the derivation’, as baptize (prob. the earliest -ize word in Eng.), anathematize, anatomize, apostrophize, canonize, catechize, cauterize, characterize, christianize, crystallize, diphthongize, harmonize, idolize, monopolize, organize, phlebotomize, stigmatize, symbolize, systematize, tantalize;
b. with the intrans. sense ‘to act some person or character, do or follow some practice’, as agonize, apologize, apostatize, botanize, dogmatize, geologize, philosophize, syllogize, sympathize, theorize.
2. Words formed (in Fr. or Eng.) on Latin adjs. and ns. (esp. on derivative adjs. in -al, -ar, -an, etc.), mostly with the trans. sense ‘to make (that which is expressed by the derivation)’, as actualize, authorize, brutalize, civilize, colonize, consonantize, devocalize, eternize, etherealize, familiarize, fertilize, formalize, fossilize, humanize, immortalize, legalize, memorize, nationalize, naturalize, neutralize, patronize, pulverize, realize, satirize, scrutinize, secularize, signalize, solemnize, spiritualize, sterilize, terrorize, vocalize; trans. or intrans., as cicatrize, extemporize, moralize, particularize; less frequently only intrans., as temporize.
3. Words from later sources, as bastardize, foreignize, jeopardize, villanize, womanize trans., gormandize, and such nonce-words as cricketize, pedestrianize, tandemize, intr.
4. Words formed on ethnic adjs., and the like, chiefly trans. but sometimes intrans., as Americanize, Anglicize, Gallicize, Germanize, Latinize, Romanize, Russianize.
5. Words formed on names of persons, sometimes with the intrans. Greek sense of ‘to act like, or in accordance with’, as in Calvinize, Coryatize, but usually in the trans. sense of ‘to treat like, or after the method of, or according to the (chemical or other) process of’; as in Boucherize, Bowdlerize, Burnettize, galvanize, Grangerize, macadamize, mesmerize, Rumfordize; with many technical and commercial terms, and nonce-words such as Gladstonize, Irvingize, Joe Millerize, Merry-Andrewize, without limit.
6. From names of substances, chemical and other; in the trans. sense of ‘to charge, impregnate, treat, affect, or influence with’; as alcoholize, alkalize, carbonize, de-oxidize, hydrogenize, oxidize, ozonize, silverize, etc.; so in nonce-words, as Londonize to make like London, etc.
Verbs in -ize have the usual derivative adjs. and ns., as ppl. adj. in -ed (often more used than the vb.) as ‘sensitized paper’; ppl. adj. in -ing, chiefly from the intrans. use, as ‘Judaizing Christians’, ‘a philosophizing writer’; vbl. n. in -ing, as ‘the Bowdlerizing of Shakespeare’; agent-noun in -izer (sometimes coexistent with a formation on the Greek type in -ist), as colonizer (colonist); noun of action in -ization (sometimes coexistent with one from Gr. in -ism), as civilization, organization (organism).
The following are illustrations of some of the recent uses of the suffix:
1591Nashe Introd. Sidney's Astr. & Stella in P. Penilesse (Shaks. Soc.) p. xxx, Reprehenders, that complain of my boystrous compound wordes, and ending my Italionate coyned verbes all in ize. 1611Florio, Inpetrarcato, Petrarchized. 1618J. Taylor (Water P.) Journ. Scotl., I haue a smacke of Coriatizing. 1682D'Urfey Butler's Ghost II. 177 Ralpho..takes the Tongs..and snaps him by the Nose..surpriz'd, To be thus rudely dunstaniz'd. 1796Coleridge Lett. I. 209 We might Rumfordize one of the chimneys. 1833Blackw. Mag. XXXIV. 533 It is a taste that, to coin a word, insignificantizes everything—unpoetizes nature. 1840New Monthly Mag. LIX. 492 Tandemizing, cricketizing, boatizing, et omne quod exit in izing, is not to be carried on without a considerable expenditure. 1858Sat. Rev. V. 264/2 He has no fear of Tower-Hamletizing the land. Ibid. VI. 203/2 To Perkin-Warbeckize a pretender is the best, because not the most spirited, policy. 1861T. L. Peacock Gryll Gr. viii, Arch-quacks have taken to merry⁓andrewizing in a new arena. 1866Sat. Rev. 10 Nov. (L.), If a man..is funny, and succeeds in Joe-Millerizing history, he pleases somebody or other. 1876Preece & Sivewright Telegraphy 164 Of the first class [Preservation of Timber] the three best known processes are: (a) Burnetising, (b) Kyanising, and (c) Boucherising. 1881Mahaffy in Academy 23 Apr. 295 She does not Irvingise Shylock. 1885J. C. Jeaffreson Real Shelley II. 192 The troop of nakedized children rushed downstairs. 1894Westm. Gaz. 21 Mar. 7/3 These instruments, before they are used, should always be strictly anti-septicized. 1897A. Lang in Blackw. Mag. Feb. 187 To do this is not to Celticise but to Macphersonise. 1897Westm. Gaz. 28 July 6/1 The word ‘Klondykised’ has been coined to express the conditions of persons who have caught the mania [for seeking gold at Klondyke]... The effect has been to ‘Klondykise’ nearly all the people of the town. 1898L. A. Tollemache Talks w. Gladstone 114 note, It [the passage] is, as it were, Canning Gladstonized. |