| 释义 |
▪ I. washer, n.1|ˈwɒʃə(r)|
Forms: 4 ? waschere, 5–6 wassher, (5 wasscher, 6 waysher), 6 Sc. weschear, veschiar, 7 Sc. wascher, 6– washer.
[f. wash v. + -er1.
An OE. wæscere is given by Sweet A.S. Dict., but no example has been found, though the existence of the word is probable: cf. washester.]
1. One who washes.
1450–1530Myrr. our Ladye iii. 306 Mediatrix, Menesse of men, and wassher of synnes. 1572Huloet (ed. Higins), Washer, lotor. 1706E. Baynard in Sir J. Floyer Hot & Cold Bath. ii. 263 No Men live so long and healthful, as the Washers and Dablers in Cold Water. 1760–72H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) IV. 55 The lowliness of a washer of feet. 1770G. White Selborne, To Barrington 8 Oct., Common house-sparrows..are great washers. 1886Daily News 16 Sept. 8/5 Good Laundrymaid Wanted in a private house. Must be a good washer and ironer. 1909Daily Chron. 24 Mar. 4/6 In these days when washing is made either a fad or a religion, according to the temperament of the washer.
†2. One who sweats coin. See wash v. 8. Obs.
[1414Rolls of Parlt. IV. 35/2 Les lavours, tonsours, & contrefaitours del monie de la Terre.] c1440Jacob's Well 19 And we denounce acursed alle makeres of fals monye, & clypperes, and wasscherys. 1534Act 26 Hen. VIII c. 6 §6 There to cause all suche counterfaytors, washers, clyppers of money..to be indyted. 1771Encycl. Brit. III. 256/1 Clippers and washers of coin.
3. a. One whose occupation or profession is the cleansing of materials, vessels, etc.
1515Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. V. 20 Ane fynour, weschear, and meltar of gold. [a1529–: see dish-washer 1.] 1621H. Elsing Lords' Deb. (Camden) 34 Shewes the washing by them [the silk-throwsters], who washed away the gum. Then the dyer was founde out to add that to the weight what the washers had taken away, which the washer coulde not doe. 1807E. S. Waring Tour Sheeraz 21 A Moordu-Sho (a washer of dead bodies). 1844M. T. Asmar Mem. Babyl. P'cess II. 176 ‘Wherefore,’ said the washer of skins, ‘thou seest, a marvellous change was wrought in me’.
†b. A person employed to wash and ‘get up’ household linen, a launderer or laundress. Obs.
1530Palsgr. 287/1 Wassher of gownes, relaueur. 1557Order of Hospitalls G ij, Yow shall geue diligent heede that the said Washers and Nurses of this Howse be alwaies well occupied. 1598Shakes. Merry W. i. ii. 5 One Mistris Quickly; which is in the manner of his Nurse;..or his Laundry; his Washer, and his Ringer. 1620Middleton Chaste Maid ii. ii, Two of my wife's foul smocks going to the washers. 1642St. Mary le Bow (Durham) Par. Reg., Margarett the washer bur. 15 May. 1732Fielding Covent Gard. Trag. i. ix, Thus burning from the fire, the washer lifts The red-hot iron to make smooth her shifts. 1775S. J. Pratt Liberal Opin. lxxii. (1783) III. 34 A girl in Hodge-lane, who owed some three or four pound to her washer.
c. One who washes sheep before shearing.
1520in Archæologia XXV. 437 Item pd to Barnaby Bryse..for castyng inne y⊇ shepe to y⊇ wayshers viij d. 1612Shuttleworths' Acc. (Chetham Soc.) 200 To the washers of the sheepe, vjd. 1641Best Farm. Bks. (Surtees) 18 One good washer will..wash sixe score or sixe score and tenne [sheep] in a day. 1827Hone Every-day Bk. II. 788 The rude grasp of the relentless washer.
d. One who washes (ore, alluvial soil, etc.) as a mining operation.
1531–2[see buddle n.2]. 1555Eden Decades (Arb.) 212 These wasshers [at the gold mines] for the moste parte, are the Indian women. 1609in Cochran-Patrick Early Rec. Mining Scot. (1878) 143 Waschers with the seiff. Ibid., Dressaris and wascheris with the buddill, wascheris with the canves. 1747Hooson Miner's Dict. N 3 b, And the washer always keeps a Lay of this over the Bottom of the Seive. 1849Lever Con Cregan xxii, Others rarely rise above the rank of mere ‘washers’—men employed to sift the..deposits of the rivers in which the chief product is gold-dust. 1870J. O. Tucker Mute 40 A thousand washers in their rude array Bend to a toil and none superior knew.
e. One who is employed in a stable-yard, cab or omnibus depôt, etc., to wash down the vehicles after use.
1868Daily News 8 Sept., Besides the yard money..we must give the horsekeeper at least 3d., the washer 2d. 1884Bath Jrnl. 26 July 7/3 On returning to the yard at night he has to stump up..a tip..of three pence to the washer.
f. with advs.
1859K. Cornwallis Panorama New World I. 323 Wanted, a Washer-up.—Victoria Dining-rooms. 1881M. Reynolds Engine Driving Life 132 Another gang of men known as washers-out, set to and clean the boiler out. 1906A. B. Todd Poet. Wks. etc., Remin. vii. 68 My duties were to be what is called a ‘washer-off’ to a tile-moulder.
4. a. A popular name of the Wagtail, Motacilla lugubris. Cf. wash-dish 1, dish-washer 3, and washerwoman 2.
c1325Gloss. W. de Bibbesw. in Wright Voc. 165 La vanele e le pounzot (glossed a wype and wasthere [? read waschere]). 1556Withals Dict. (1562) 5/1 A wagtaile, wassher..motacilla. [1575–: see dish-washer 3.] 1668Charleton Onomast. 90 Motacilla..the washer, or water-wagtail. 1797T. Bewick Brit. Birds I. 187 note, They are sometimes called Washers, from their peculiar motion. 1885Swainson Prov. Names Birds 44 Pied Wagtail..Moll washer.
b. A name of the Racoon. Cf. wash-bear, washing-bear (washing ppl. a. 3).
[1858Baird Cycl. Nat. Sci. (1860) 569/2 The racoon, Procyon lotor, is a native of America... Its specific name, lotor (washer), is derived from its habit of plunging its dry food into water before eating it.] 1891Century Dict.; and in other recent Dicts.
5. a. An apparatus for washing; a washing-machine used in various industries.
1808I. C. Curwen Econ. Feeding Stock 33 The washer being removed by the crane, to the place where the dirty potatoes are laid. 1860R. Hunt Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 5) III. 977 The small coal resulting from the washer..is delivered into a common pit placed under the washers. 1875Encycl. Brit. III. 816/2 (Bleaching) The continuous washer..patented in 1852, is deserving of notice as a simple and efficient washing-machine. 1877Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 389 The cement silver is washed in a washer invented by Professor Pearce.
b. A machine in which the rags used in paper-making are worked to wash and open their fibres.
1825J. Nicholson Oper. Mech. 366 The paper-mill consists of a water-wheel,..connected with..wheels, so arranged as to cause the cylinder in the washer, and the one in the beating engine,..to make from 120 to 150 revolutions per minute. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 926 There is another [engine],..called the washer, in which the rags are first worked coarsely with a stream of water.
c. An apparatus for cleansing coal-gas.
1853S. Hughes Gas-works 134 Of the washer and condenser for separating the tar and ammoniacal liquor. 1883Chamb. Jrnl. 267 The resulting gas is led off to a washer, and thence to a gasholder.
d. A machine for washing domestic linen.
1884Health Exhib. Catal. 116/2 Seven of Greenall's Steam Washers, different sizes, for domestic use. Clothes are washed by steam. 1894E. Banks Camp. Curiosity 190 She carefully measured the amount of soda that was put into the washers. 1908Daily Chron. 19 Feb. 9/6 Washer (40-shirt hand) by Whitaker.
e. An apparatus for washing photographic plates or prints.
1891Anthony's Photogr. Bull. IV. 97 The prints on being taken out of the washer are well sponged..before drying.
f. A machine for washing dishes; a dish-washer.
1958I. Asimov Whiff of Death xvii. 170 Just let me put the dishes in the washer and then we'll go to bed. 1976H. MacInnes Agent in Place xx. 215 She stacked dishes into the washer.
†6. An instrument or tool used for sprinkling or cleansing.
a. A smith's tool: see quots.b. ? A sponge for cleansing the bore of a gun. Obs.
a.1677Moxon Mech. Exerc. i. 10 With your Washer dipt in Water damp the outside of the Fire to keep the Heat in. 1688Holme Armoury iii. 321/1 Smiths Tools... The Washer, is a Bundle of Rushes..with an Iron Stail to it; with this Water is sprinkled out of the Trough into the Fire to make it burn the hotter.
b.1708[see scourer2 5].
7. a. A cock or outlet valve of a water-supplying pipe. b. The outlet valve of a basin, cistern, etc. to which the waste-pipe is attached.
1596Harington Anat. Metam. Ajax L iij b, To which pype you must haue a Cocke or a washer to yeeld water with some pretie strength, when you would let it in. 1712J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 199 If it be a Four-inch Pipe, you should give it a Washer and Opening of six Inches at the Bottom of the Reserver. Ibid. 211 To empty the Bason entirely.., which is done by means of a Washer, and a Waste-Pipe at the Bottom of it. 1716Lond. Gaz. No. 5493/3 Brass Cocks, Washers, &c. of all Sizes. 1859Gwilt Archit. (ed. 4) Add. to Gloss., Washer,..the perforated metal plate of a sink or drain, which can be removed for letting off the waste water. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. s.v., Washer 3. b. A street-washer or pavement-plug, where a hose may be attached to water the street, pavement, or urban garden.
†8. Some kind of cloth. Obs.
1613J. May Decl. Estate Clothing v. 32 There haue some merchants caused counterfeit Deuonshire kersies to bee made in Yorkshire out of washers or halfethicks. 1627Treasurer's Almanacke (ed. 2) B 8 b, [List of Woollen cloths.] Washers of Lancashire.
9. A face-flannel. Austral.
1951D. Cusack Say No to Death xxxi. 194 Doreen had given her a washer and a drop of warm water to wash the sleep out of her eyes. 1970P. White Vivisector iv. 236 He was reminded of an old face-washer, often grubby, one of the maids had crocheted for him, in wide mesh.
10. Comb., as (sense 3 b) washer-girl, washer-maiden; (sense 5) washer-cloth; washer-drier, a machine that both washes clothes and dries them; also washerman, washerwoman.
1876Henley Life & Death xxx. Bk. Verses (1888) 92 The pretty washer-maiden, She washes on always! 1887Manch. Exhib. Catal. 63 Cotton Manufacturers' Roller, Clearer, Washer, and Sizing Cloth. Ibid., Washer Cloth for Mill Furnishing. 1907J. Webster Jerry Junior ii. 22 The washer-girls wore dresses in the gayest of peasant clothes. 1968Listener 1 Aug. 130/1 The unappealing image of America as a country..whose highest aspirations were another car in the garage or a bigger washer-dryer. 1971Which? Mar. 72/2 Contracts for automatics cost about {pstlg}9, for a washer-drier (like a Bendix) about {pstlg}12. 1983The Mag. Dec. 59/4 Built-in kitchen equipment, including dishwashers and washer-dryers.
Add:[5.] g. = screen-washer s.v. screen n.1 9 a.
1962Which? Car Suppl. Oct. 131/2 The washers..would only operate properly when..the foot was taken off the accelerator. 1972Drive New Year 109/1 Make sure that the washers work efficiently and that wiper blades are renewed as soon as they start to wear. 1976[see steering column s.v. steering vbl. n. 3 b]. 1990Which? Guide to New & Used Cars June 21/2 Visibility awful in wet: very poor wipers and washers, demisting.
[10.] washer bottle: in a vehicle, a container which holds the reservoir of water for an automatic windscreen washer.
1972Motor 6 May 18/3 Electrifying your..wash/wipe system... Remove the rubber bulb and the pipe leading from it to the *washer bottle. 1989Truck Feb. 73/3 Reading daily check points like the washer bottle, can be a little awkward with the wheel in place.
▪ II. washer, n.2|ˈwɒʃə(r)|
Also 4 whasher, 6 wassher, 8 wisher.
[Of doubtful origin; usually assumed to be a use of prec., but the development of meaning has not been accounted for.]
A perforated annular disc or flattened ring of metal, leather, or other material placed between two surfaces subject to rotative friction, to relieve friction and prevent lateral motion and unsteadiness.
1346Acc. Exch. K.R. 470/17 m. 2 De..v Cheynes pro barr[a] continentibus L. Linches, v. paribus tenellarum, ij. Whashers [etc.]. 1544in Lett. & Papers Hen. VIII, XIX. i. 148 Spare wheles for small ordynaunce 12 pair, lynce⁓pynnes, wasshers, [etc.]. 1611Florio, Cérchio di ferro, an iron hoope, amongst gunners called a washer, which serues to keepe the iron pin at the end of the axeltree from wearing the naue. 1682[see linch-pin]. 1704–26Dict. Rust. s.v. Cart, The Washers, being the Rings on the ends of the Axle-tree. 1705tr. Guillet's Gentl. Dict. ii. s.v. Nave, It has likewise in each end of the hole, through which the end of the Axletree goes, a ring of iron called the wisher, which saves the hole of the nave from wearing too big. 1795Herschel in Phil. Trans. LXXXV. 371 It is keyed fast at C; with proper washers between the joints to allow of a very smooth motion. 1805R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. Plate xii, Every tooth screws through a double frame separated by iron washers for greater steadiness. 1847Brandon Anal. Goth. Archit. 102 The closing ring or door latch..[consists of] the flat plate or washer, fixed to the outer surface of the door; the handle or ring; and the spindle. 1872O. W. Holmes Poet i, A washer..makes a loose screw fit. 1876Blackmore Cripps xxvi, The vast diversity of wheels, as well as their many caprices of wagging, according to the state of their washers.
b. An annular disc of leather, rubber, or other material placed between the flanges of abutting water-pipes, beneath the plunger of a screw-down water-tap, etc. to prevent leakage.
1850Ogilvie s.v., Washers of leather or pasteboard are also used to render screw and other junctions air-tight or water-tight. 1908Cassell's Handyman's Enquire Within (ed. P. N. Hasluck) 492/2 In the case of ordinary household water taps..they should be taken to pieces and new leather washers..fitted and fixed on to the jumpers.
c. A bearing-plate of iron placed under the nut of a bolt or tie-rod.
1821R. Stevenson in Edin. Philos. Jrnl. V. 246 The under ends of these perpendicular rods..are attached..with screw⁓nuts, resting upon corresponding washers, or plates of iron. 1839[see tie-rod s.v.tie- 3]. 1859Gwilt Archit. (ed. 4) Add. to Gloss., Washer, a flat piece of iron, or other metal, pierced with a hole for the passage of a screw, between whose nut and the timber it is placed. 1875Knight Dict. Mech., Wall⁓washer, a large plate at the end of a tie-rod to extend the external bearing.
d. Comb.
1839Ure Dict. Arts etc. 1027 Its other face..receives the flat ring x..in four notches corresponding to the four projections of the washer-ring. 1849J. Glynn Constr. Cranes 108 The strong cast-iron cross..lays hold of the masonry by means of the holding-down bolts and washer-plates.
Hence ˈwasherless a., without a washer.
1908Cassell's Handyman's Enquire Within (ed. P. N. Hasluck) 493/1 Washerless Water-tap (Lord Kelvin's).
▪ III. ˈwasher, v.
[f. washer n.2]
trans. To furnish with a washer. Hence ˈwashered ppl. a.
1869Blackmore Lorna D. lxx, I had worked myself up,..growing hot like an ill-washered wheel revolving, though I start with a cool axle. 1873E. S. Phelps Trotty's Wedding Tour 215, I must have the buggy washered. 1886Sci. Amer. 11 Sept. 160/3 He washered the knobs of the doors that had a rattling play whenever handled. |