| 释义 |
inversion|ɪnˈvɜːʃən|
[ad. L. inversiōn-em an inverting, n. of action from invertĕre to invert; cf. F. inversion (1570 in Hatz.-Darm.).]
The action of inverting, the condition of being inverted.
I.
1. a. A turning upside down.
1598Florio, Inuersione, an inuersion, a turning inside out, or upside downe, a misplacing. 1604R. Cawdrey Table Alph., Inuersion, turning vpside downe, turning contrariwise. 1663Power Exp. Philos. ii. 111 After inversion of the Tube into the vessel'd Quicksilver. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. iv. 36 They often mistook this aërial inversion for the reflection from a lake.
b. Geol. The folding back of stratified rocks upon each other, so that older strata overlie the newer.
1849Murchison Siluria iv. 72 A great fault was..supposed to intervene, to account for this apparent inversion. 1882Geikie Text Bk. Geol. iv. iv. 518 Individual mountains..present stupendous examples of inversion, great groups of strata being folded over and over each other.
2. a. A reversal of position, order, sequence, or relation.
1599H. Buttes Dyets drie Dinner M ij, We may now a dayes use Plinies wordes, with an inversion of the sense. 1639Fuller Holy War ii. xiv. (1647) 63 The inversion of order bringeth all to confusion. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. i. iii. 9 A reciprocation, or rather an Inversion of the creation, making God one way, as he made us another; that is, after our Image, as he made us after his owne. 1695Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth (1702) 61 Without Inversion or Variation of the ordinary Periods, Revolutions, and Successions of things. a1716South Serm. (1737) VI. x. 395 If, by an odd inversion of the command, all that we do is first to pray against a temptation, and afterwards to watch for it. 1855Bain Senses & Int. iii. i. §42 (1864) 397 When we dress by a mirror we perform a series of inversions, very difficult at first. 1876T. Hardy Ethelberta (1890) 133 'Tis an unnatural inversion of the manners of society.
†b. Rhet. The turning of an opponent's argument against himself; = antistrophe 3 b. Obs.
1551T. Wilson Logike (1567) 34 b, You maye confute the same by inuersion, that is to saie, tournyng his taile cleane contrary. 1657J. Smith Myst. Rhet. 125 Inversion is a figure, whereby the Orator or speaker reasons, or brings in a thing for himself, which was reported or alleadged against him.
c. Gram. Reversal of the order of words; = anastrophe.
1586A. Day Eng. Secretary ii. (1625) 82 Anastrophe, a preposterous inversion of words besides their common course, as..faults, no man liveth without. 1620T. Granger Div. Logike ii. 229 Inversion is when the Consequent, or bond, is placed before the Antecedent. 1791Boswell Johnson an. 1750, The structure of his sentences..often has somewhat of the inversion of Latin. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 279 Any arbitrary inversion of our ordinary modes of speech is disturbing to the mind.
d. Mus. The action of inverting an interval, chord, phrase, or subject (see invert v. 2 e); also, the interval, chord, etc. so produced (in relation to the original one).
first, second, etc. inversions (of a chord): the chords produced by taking the successive higher notes of the original chord respectively as the lowest note.
1806J. W. Callcott Mus. Gram. ii. i. 100 When any lower Note of an Interval is placed an Octave higher, or the higher Note an Octave lower, the change thereby produced is called Inversion. 1838,1875[see invert v. 2 e]. 1869Ouseley Counterp. xix. 159 Sometimes..the answer is made by contrary motion, constituting a ‘fugue by inversion’. 1880W. S. Rockstro in Grove Dict. Mus. II. 16 [In] Double Counterpoint in the Octave..the Inversion is produced by..transposing the upper part an octave lower, or [vice versa]. But the Inversion may take place in any other Interval. Ibid. 17 The Chord of the 6–3 is called the First Inversion of the Common Chord; and the Chord of the 6–4, the Second. 1889E. Prout Harmony vi. §150 A triad, which consists of three notes, has two inversions, because it contains two notes besides its root, and either of these notes can be placed in the bass.
e. Logic. A form of immediate inference in which a new proposition is formed whose subject is the negative of that of the original proposition.
1896Welton Manual of Logic (ed. 2) iii. iii. §102 Inversion is the inferring, from a given proposition, another proposition whose subject is the contradictory of the subject of the original proposition. The given proposition is called the Invertend, that which is inferred from it is termed the Inverse... The rule for Inversion is: Convert either the Obverted Converse or the Obverted Contrapositive.
f. Meteorol. In full, temperature inversion. An increase of temperature with height in part of the atmosphere (the reverse of the usual situation); a layer of air having such a temperature gradient; also, more widely, an analogous deviation from the normal temperature gradient in bodies of water.
1902Sci. Abstr. V. 285 There are instances of temperature inversion, ascribed to insulation of the clouds. 1903Sci. Abstr. A. VI. 491 Temperature inversions were observed..mostly between altitudes 200 and 1,500 m. 1906W. Marriott Hints to Meteorol. Observers (ed. 6) 66/2 Inversion of temperature, a warmer stratum of air above a colder one. 1928D. Brunt Meteorol. vi. 59 An inversion is most readily produced during a clear night in winter. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. vii. 487 Slight temperature inversions of the order of 0·1° to 0·2°C often occurred in the temperature curves at the bottom of two Austrian lakes. 1969Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 16 Sept. 2/3 New York's skyscraper skyline is now badly clouded..only when the city is trapped under what is called an ‘inversion’. 1971Nature 26 Feb. 583/2 It is only a decade since old people in their hundreds were killed off in northern cities when sulphur dioxide and other noisome products were trapped beneath inversion layers.
g. Philol. inversion-compound, a compound place-name in which the second element is a personal name, or a word designating a person, in the genitive (or genitive-equivalent) case, as the property-name Kuikobba (in Kirkwall), f. ON. kví Kobba sheep-pen of Kobbì.
1918E. Ekwall Scandinavians & Celts in N.-W. Eng. i. 15 In inversion-compounds the second element is a necessary ingredient, which can be absent only owing to ellipsis. 1963C. Matras in Brown & Foote Early Eng. & Norse Stud. xii. 148 ‘Inversion-compounds’ can serve as a criterion for classifying a settlement as Norwegian (as distinct from Danish).
h. Biol. A reversal of the order of the genes in a chromosome segment as compared with the corresponding segment of a normal homologous chromosome; a chromosome segment exhibiting such a reversal.
1921A. H. Sturtevant in Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. VII. 236 The simple inversion of a section of a normal chromosome. 1939C. H. Waddington Introd. Mod. Genetics iv. 93 Pairing may be more nearly complete in flies heterozygous for very long inversions. 1964G. H. Haggis et al. Introd. Molecular Biol. x. 258 The term mutation embraces stable chromosomal variations..including..the turning of an interstitial segment back to front (inversion). 1969G. W. Burns Sci. Genetics xii. 221 Inversions act chiefly as so-called crossover suppressors. 1972W. V. Brown Textbk. Cytogenetics xiv. 204/2 In most interbreeding populations inversions are eliminated because of the numerous types of inviability they produce. Ibid. 205/1 Drosophila pseudoobscura is unusual for the number of different inversions within especially the third chromosome of the species.
i. Electr. The conversion of direct current into alternating current: the opposite of rectification.
1926L. B. W. Jolley A.C. Rectification (ed. 2) xix. 443 The problem of inversion, viz. the conversion from direct to alternating current. 1964New Scientist 2 Apr. 25/1 Thyristors can also be used to convert d.c. to a.c.—a process known as ‘inversion’. 1967F. G. Spreadbury Electr. Inverters i. 2 The choice of a current converter for inversion purposes will, of course, depend on the magnitude of the output voltage, current and frequency required.
j. Telecommunications. Reversal of the order of the component frequencies of a signal: cf. invert v. 2 g.
1930Engineering 14 Nov. 625/3 Though the simple inversion..is satisfactory on short waves, it is not so effective on long waves, since, as only one side band is present, it is immaterial whether the transmission is inverted or not, provided the oscillator at the receiving end injects a local carrier of the correct frequency. 1933K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. x. 273 To insure secrecy of transmission, frequency inversion or frequency scrambling methods are used. 1967D. H. Hamsher Communication Syst. Engin. Handbk. x. 23 A reduction in interfering energy of about 3 db is realized by frequency inversion.
k. Computers. The conversion of either of the two binary digits or signals into the other; negation.
1955R. K. Richards Arithmetic Operations in Digital Computers ii. 32 The ‘not’ operation, or inversion, is symbolized by a block labeled with the letter I. 1970O. Dopping Computers & Data Processing ii. 39 The number that is somewhat inappropriately called the 1-complement of x is obtained simply by inversion, i.e. by substituting zeroes for all ones and vice versa. 1972B. H. Vassos Analog & Digital Electronics for Scientists viii. 207 There are two other basic gates.., called NOR and NAND, respectively. They cannot be implemented by simple diode logic, because inversion is required, which can only be produced by an active device.
l. Physics. In full population inversion. A transposition of the relative numbers of atoms or molecules occupying certain energy levels.
1961Physical Rev. Lett. VI. 106/1 Population inversions are achieved between several Ne levels by means of excitation transfer. 1968E. L. Steele Optical Lasers in Electronics iv. 135 In the limit when total inversion occurs the ground state is entirely empty. 1973Sci. Amer. Feb. 92/3 The condition of having more atoms in the upper state is called a population inversion (because it goes against the normal processes of nature, which tend to keep more electrons at lower energies than at higher energies).
3. Math.
a. Arith. and Alg. The reversal of a ratio by interchanging the positions of the antecedent and consequent.
1660Barrow Euclid v. xx, Because E.F::B.C by inversion shall be F.E::C.B. 1695W. Alingham Geom. Epit. 102 The Alternations and Inversions of which, follow from what was before proved. 1827Hutton Course Math. I. 327 If four quantities be proportional; they will be in proportion by inversion, or inversely. 1837–8Sir W. Hamilton Logic xv. (1866) I. 272 These two quantities stand to each other..in a determinate ratio—the ratio of inversion.
b. Geom. A transformation in which for each point of a given figure is substituted another point in the same straight line from a fixed point (called the origin or centre of inversion), and so situated that the product of the distances of the two points from the centre of inversion is constant (cyclical or spherical inversion). Also extended to similar transformations involving a more complex relation of corresponding points or lines, as quadric inversion, tangential inversion.
1873B. Williamson Diff. Calc. (ed. 2) xii. §182 If the focus [of a conic] be the origin of inversion, the inverse is a curve called the Limaçon of Pascal. 1885Watson & Burbury Math. The. Electr. & Magn. I. 125 According as the centre of inversion is without or within the original sphere.
c. Math. The process of finding a function g(y) which either (a) yields a variable x when its argument is a given function y = f(x) of that variable, or else (b) yields a given function when transformed by a given transformation.
1880Encycl. Brit. XIII. 66/2 We have mentioned..the problem of inversion which leads to elliptic functions, viz., that if u = F (κ, ϕ), then ϕ = am u. 1934Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. XXXVI. 107 f(x) = ∫∞0 e-xtdα(t)... By the inversion of the integral we mean the determination of the function α(t) in terms of the function f(x). 1962D. R. Cox Renewal Theory i. 11 Suppose that we have calculated the Laplace transform k*(s) of an as yet unknown function k(x). The problem of finding k(x) from k*(s) is called the inversion problem. Ibid. 13 We shall commonly find that, although we can find a quite simple expression for the Laplace transform, k*(s), of the function k(x) in which we are interested, the inversion cannot be done explicitly in simple terms. 1968P. A. P. Moran Introd. Probability Theory vi. 250 ϕ(t) [ = ∫∞-∞ eitxdF(x) ] is uniquely determined by F(x). We shall show that the reverse is true by obtaining an explicit expression, the inversion formula, for F(x) in terms of ϕ(t).
4. Mil. An evolution by which ranks are converted into files.
1635W. Barriffe Mil. Discip. xxxi. (1661) 38 Inversion doth alwayes produce file or files; and Conversion, rank or ranks. 1650R. Elton Mil. Art (1668) 32 My subject in this Chapter shall be of Ranks filing, and Files filing, and Ranks ranking, and Files ranking, which are by some called Inversion and Conversion. 1832[see invert v. 3].
5. Chem.
a. A decomposition of certain carbohydrates into two different substances, as of cane-sugar into dextrose and lævulose, whereby the direction of the optical rotatory power is reversed. (Cf. inverted 6.)
1864–72Watts Dict. Chem. II. 863 A solution of cane-sugar left to itself, or warmed with dilute acids, loses its dextro-rotatory power, and acquires a lævo-rotatory power, which, when the transformation, or inversion, is complete, amounts to 38° for every 100° of the original rotation to the right.
b. In full, Walden inversion [tr. G. Walden'sche umkehrung (E. Fischer 1906, in Ber. d. Deut. Chem. Ges. XXXIX. 2895), named after P. von Walden (1863–1957), Latvian chemist]. Originally, the reversal of the direction of optical rotation observed in certain substitution reactions. Now interpreted as a change of configuration (from d to l or vice versa) occurring when a reactant enters along the axis of the bond between a central atom and the leaving group and causes the other substituents on the central atom to pass through a plane perpendicular to this axis; hence extended to other substitution reactions in which there is such a reversal of configuration, regardless of whether the molecule is optically active or the direction of activity reversed.
1899Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXVI. ii. 540 If..the sign of the rotatory power alone is considered, then optical inversion occurs in the action of phosphorus pentachloride and pentabromide..and the only ‘normal’ action in which no inversion occurs is the hydrolysis by means of silver oxide. 1911Ann. Rep. Progr. Chem. VIII. 64 Most cases of the Walden inversion have been observed in transformations of α-substituted acids and their derivatives. 1937F. C. Whitmore Org. Chem. xxi. 480 In the Walden inversion, the process takes place on a single carbon atom instead of with a system of several atoms. 1962E. L. Eliel Stereochem. Carbon Compds. xiii. 375 In most cases the covalent attachment occurs from the side opposite to the one from which X had departed..and the stereochemical course is therefore predominantly inversion. 1964D. A. Shirley Org. Chem. ix. 202 The molecule of methyl bromide is said to undergo inversion in its conversion to methyl alcohol. 1966Morrison & Boyd Org. Chem. (ed. 2) xiv. 473 Paul Walden..discovered the phenomenon of inversion in 1896 when he encountered one of the exceptional reactions in which inversion [of configuration] does not take place. 1968J. March Adv. Org. Chem. x. 254 The Walden inversion has been found at a primary carbon atom..and at a sulfur (in sulfoxides), a silicon, and a phosphorus atom.
†6. = metaphor. Obs.
1552Huloet, Inuersion of wordes, allegoria, est quædam figu. 1553T. Wilson Rhet. (1567) 88 a, An Allegorie, or inuersion of wordes. 1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. xvi[i]. (Arb.) 190 In these verses the inuersion or metaphore, lyeth in these words, saw, harbourd, run.
7. Physical Chem. A transformation of a substance, esp. an enantiotropic one, from one solid form to another; inversion temperature, the temperature at which the two forms can coexist in equilibrium.
1903M. H. Fischer tr. Cohen's Physical Chem. vii. 111 This temperature, above which the Glauber's salt is transformed into the anhydride, is designated the inversion temperature of the Glauber's salt. 1904A. Findlay Phase Rule iii. 34 If the vapour phase [of sulphur] is absent and the system maintained under a constant pressure..there will also be a definite temperature at which the two solid forms are in equilibrium... This temperature..is known as the transition temperature or inversion temperature. 1928Jrnl. Physical Chem. XXXII. 1205 When quartz is subjected to a uniform hydrostatic pressure..the temperature of its high–low inversion is raised. 1947R. H. Bogue Chem. Portland Cement vii. 125 The α–β inversion temperature of C2S was found to be 1456°. 1966W. A. Deer et al. Introd. Rockforming Min. 129 It [sc. pigeonite] then later inverts to an orthorhombic pyroxene and the inversion is accompanied by the exsolution of a second generation of augite lamellae.
II.
8. Her. See inverted 7.
1638J. Guillim Heraldry iii. xv. (ed. 3) 202, I say that the Eversion of the taile of the Lyon is an expresse token of his placabilitie or tractablenesse, as contrariwise the Inversion of his taile is a note of his wrath and fury, especially if he doe beate the backe therewith.
9. a. A turning outside in, introversion; a turning inside out. spec. in Path.
[1598: see 1.] a1784Med. Observ. & Inq. IV. (heading) History of a Fatal Inversion of the Uterus and Rupture of the Bladder. 1851–6Woodward Mollusca iv. 25 The snail..draws in its eye-stalks, by a process like the inversion of a glove-finger. 1856–8W. Clark Van der Hoeven's Zool. I. 92 The anterior part..retractile within the posterior by inversion. 1887Syd. Soc. Lex., Inversion of bladder, the condition in which the bladder is prolapsed through the urethra, either partially or completely.
b. A turning out of the contents.
1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) II. 558 The dose [of an emetic] should have its power limited, as nearly as may be, to a single inversion of the stomack.
c. Anat. (See quots.)
1869G. V. Ellis Demonstrations Anat. (ed. 6) ix. 762 In inversion the great toe is adducted, the inner border of the foot is shortened, and is raised from the ground so that the sole looks inwards, whilst the outer border is depressed. 1902D. Hepburn in D. J. Cunningham Text-bk. Anat. 304 By inversion we mean the raising of the inner border of the foot so that the sole looks inwards, while the toes are depressed towards the ground. 1971D. L. Kelley Kinesiology vi. 75 Inversion lifts the medial border of the foot to turn the sole inward.
III. †10. Diversion to an improper purpose; perversion. Obs.
1711Light to Blind ii. iii. §33 in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 115 Who..would object unto the King an inversion of the lawes of the land? For he left the courts of judicature to run their usual course. 1755Young Centaur vi. Wks. 1757 IV. 276 What a terrible inversion is this of the high favours of heaven!
11. In full, sexual inversion. Homosexuality (see also quot. 1958).
1895A. Beardsley Let. 15 May (1971) 85 [To André Raffalovitch] Your study of inversion is I think quite brilliant. 1897H. Ellis Stud. Psychol. Sex I. ii. 27 In Italy, also, Ritti, Tamassia, Lombroso, and others began to study these phenomena, and it seems to have been in Italy that the convenient term ‘sexual inversion’ was first used. When the matter was taken up in France, the same term was used. 1901J. A. Godfrey Sci. Sex v. 206 Sexual inversion—that is, the turning-in of the sex instinct towards individuals of the same sex—is an abnormal phenomenon. 1927Scots Observer 1 Oct. 15/3 It will help to approach the problems of inversion with knowledge and charity. 1958Amer. Jrnl. Orthopsychiatry XXVIII. 424 Many workers fail to distinguish between homosexuality and sexual inversion, or more accurately, sex-role inversion. Freud..himself..equated the two terms. Ibid., The following distinction is offered: homosexuality refers to sexual activity or the desire for such activity between two members of the same sex, while the criterion of inversion is a personality in which a person's thinking, feeling, and acting are typical of the opposite sex. 1965J. Marmor (title) Sexual inversion.
IV.
12. Special Comb.: inversion temperature, (a) Physics, the temperature (for any particular gas) at which the Joule–Thomson effect changes sign, so that the gas is neither heated nor cooled when allowed to expand without doing any work; (b) (see sense 7 above).
1902Phil. Mag. III. 536 It had been deduced by Wilkowski..by assuming the thermodynamic coincidence of the inversion temperatures for hydrogen and for air. 1940S. Glasstone Text-bk. Physical Chem. iv. 285 The inversion temperature, as derived from the van der Waals equation, should be twice the Boyle point... The observed inversion temperature for hydrogen is about 190°k. 1971Nature 20 Aug. 519/1 For every gas, however, there is at a given pressure an inversion temperature above which throttled expansion results in a temperature increase. (The inversion temperature decreases with increasing pressure.) |