| 释义 |
internal, a. and n.|ɪnˈtɜːnəl|
[ad. late med.L. internāl-is (f. intern-us: see -al1): cf. obs. F. internel (15–16th c. in Godef.), It. internale (Florio). Opposed in all senses to external.]
A. adj.
1. a. Situated or existing within or in the interior of something; of or pertaining to the inside (e.g. of the body); inward.
internal angle (Geom.) = interior angle: see interior A. 1. internal contact: see quot. 1867. internal object: in Psychoanalysis, the inward image formed of an object invested with the emotional energy which would normally have been expended on the object itself.
1590Spenser F.Q. iii. x. 59 That doth with curelesse care consume the hart,..Cros-cuts the liver with internall smart. 1607E. Grimstone tr. Goulart's Mem. Hist. 394, I did conjecture that this disease grewe from some internall cause. 1660Barrow Euclid i. Ax. xiii, If a right line BA falling on two right lines AD, CB, make the internal angles on the same side, BAD, ABC, less than two right angles. 1794S. Williams Vermont 103 When all naturalists shall have visited and examined the internal parts [of the country]. 1804W. Tennant Ind. Recreat. (ed. 2) I. 49 The internal navigation is conducted by the natives. 1821J. Q. Adams in C. Davies Metr. Syst. iii. (1871) 166 The capacity of a ship..is ascertained by its internal cubical dimensions. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xiv. III. 400 He was tormented by a cruel internal disease. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Internal contact..in a transit of Mercury or Venus..occurs when the planet is just within the sun's margin. 1940Internat. Jrnl. Psycho-Anal. XXI. 280 (title) Temper tantrums in early childhood in their relation to internal objects. 1949Brit. Jrnl. Med. Psychol. XXII. 13 Thus we see the internal object represents also the child himself. 1973H. Segal Introd. Work M. Klein (new ed.) ii. 12 These internal objects are not ‘objects’ situated in the body or the psyche: like Freud, Melanie Klein is describing unconscious phantasies which people have about what they contain.
b. Anat. Situated away from the surface of the body, or nearer the median line: in names of vessels, nerves, etc. correlated with others called external (see external A. 1 b).
1842E. Wilson Anat. Vade M. (ed. 2) 103 The Internal Lateral Ligament has no connection with the articulation of the lower jaw. Ibid. 348 The Internal iliac Vein is formed by vessels which correspond with the branches of the internal iliac artery. 1872Mivart Elem. Anat. 182 On its inner side is a projection called the internal tuberosity. 1881― Cat 213 The Internal Iliac, or hypogastric artery, dips down into the pelvis.
c. Of a remedy: To be taken internally.
1799Med. Jrnl. II. 300 He recommends external warmth..but not internal stimulants.
2. a. Pertaining to the inner nature or relations of anything, as distinguished from its relations to things external to itself; belonging to the thing or subject in itself; intrinsic. spec. in Philos., as internal property, internal relation: a property or relation which belongs essentially to an object or proposition.
internal evidence: evidence derived from what is contained in the thing itself (opp. to external evidence: see external A. 4).
1607E. Grimstone tr. Goulart's Mem. Hist. 393 This made mee to doubt, whether one by internall principles, and of their owne corruption, might not become madde. 1632Massinger & Field Fatal Dowry iv. i, All the internal quality and habiliment of the soul. 1651Baxter Inf. Bapt. 73 It is a two-fold respect of one and the same Church; one as to the internal Essence, the other as to the external manner of existing. 1657W. Rand tr. Gassendi's Life Peiresc I. 132 The internall goodnesse of the Solidus..decreasing. 1769Junius Lett. xxvii. 127 The conduct of this minister carries with it an internal and convincing evidence against him. 1818Hallam Mid. Ages (1855) I. i. i. 2 note, It is by no means deficient in internal probability. 1871Freeman Hist. Ess. Ser. i. i. 26 The internal evidence for some statements renders them highly probable. 1883F. H. Bradley Princ. Logic 432 As the material supplied is in each case different, so again the product is not the same. In one case the whole precedes and is followed by its internal relations. 1920G. E. Moore in Proc. Aristotelian Soc. XX. 40 (title) External and internal relations. Ibid. 41 And I shall maintain that, if we give to the assertion that a relation is ‘internal’ the meaning which this proposition would give to it, then..some relations are ‘internal’. 1922tr. Wittgenstein's Tractatus 4. 122 Instead of property of the structure I also say ‘internal property’; instead of relation of structures ‘internal relation’. 1937A. Smeaton tr. Carnap's Logical Syntax of Lang. v. §79. 304 The numerous discussions and controversies about external and internal properties and relations. 1959R. Wollheim F. H. Bradley iii. 92 The most important of them all, the doctrine of Internal Relations. 1966Amer. Philos. Q. III. 45/1 This forces one to acknowledge that a thing changes when what it is related to changes. In short one is involved with internal relations.
b. Of or pertaining to the domestic affairs of a country, as distinguished from its relations with foreign countries. internal revenue (U.S.): revenue derived from duties and taxes imposed on domestic trade and commerce; inland revenue.
1795–8Wellington in Gurw. Desp. (1837) I. 3 Internal tranquillity prevailed throughout the Company's possessions. 1796Deb. Congress U.S. 26 Feb. 379 Mr. W. Smith moved the order of the day on the report of the Committee of Ways and Means on the Internal Revenue. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. i. I. 132 The colony had its own internal disputes, both national and religious. 1860Motley Netherl. (1868) II. ix. 60 To glance at the internal politics of the Republic. 1873Newton Kansan 2 Jan. 2/1 The most important bills..are those reducing the internal revenue force. 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. III. xviii. 243 In the task of defence against foreign foes and in the maintenance of internal peace. 1959Chambers's Encycl. VII. 417/1 In the United States collection is made by the Bureau of Internal Revenue. 1972Lebende Sprachen XVII. 34/1 US internal revenue—BE inland revenue.
c. Of a student: That has studied in one of the colleges of a university, as distinguished from an external student who is examined by the university but has studied elsewhere.
1898Daily News 20 July 6/3 Sir A. Rollit also tried to get rid of the words ‘Each certificate and diploma shall state whether the candidate has passed as an internal or as an external student’.
3. Of or belonging to the inner nature or life of man; pertaining to the mind or soul; mental or spiritual; inward; subjective.
1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xxiv. (title), Of the five internall wittes. 1608D. T. Ess. Pol. & Mor. 15 b, Passions are certaine internall acts, and operations of our soule. a1631Drayton Q. Margaret to De La Poole 11 No object greets my soules internall eies, But divinations of sad Tragedies. 1671Milton Samson 1334 Off. Regard thyself; this will offend them highly. Sams. Myself! my conscience, and internal peace. 1764Goldsm. Trav. 270 Praise too dearly lov'd or warmly sought, Enfeebles all internal strength of thought. 1869J. Martineau Ess. II. 110 Sensations and ideas are both internal.
†4. Intimate. Obs. rare—0.
1616Bullokar, Internall, inward: verie deerely esteemed, or familiar with one.
5. Special collocations: internal clock, a person's innate sense of time; = biological clock; internal-combustion, used attrib. to designate any engine in which combustion of the fuel takes place inside it in the chamber where the force is developed (or a part continuous with it); also fig.; internal conversion Physics, (a) the process whereby the whole energy of a gamma-ray photon emitted by a nucleus is given up to an orbital electron, causing its emission from the atom; (b) (see quot. 19722); internal energy, the energy possessed by a physical system in consequence of the positions and relative motions and interactions of its component parts: a function of its state (usu. of undefined absolute magnitude) such that any change in the function is equal to the sum of the heat absorbed by the system and the work done on it; internal friction, resistance to the deformation or flow of a substance that occurs inside it with the production of heat, and arises from the relative motion of adjacent parts; internal medicine = medicine n.1 1 (in the ‘more restricted sense’); internal phloem (see quot. 1933); internal pressure, the pressure which exists within a fluid arising from intermolecular attraction; internal secretion Physiol. [tr. F. sécrétion interne (C. Bernard Leçons sur les Propriétés physiol. des Liquides de l'Organisme (1859) II. xvii. 408)], any secretion that is delivered into the internal environment of the body, esp. into the blood stream; spec. a hormone; also, the process of secreting in this manner; internal stress, stress that arises inside a substance (e.g. as a result of differential heating of different parts) and is not imposed from without; internal wave, any transverse wave occurring within a fluid either along the interface between layers of different density or within a layer having a vertical density gradient.
1960I. Jefferies Dignity & Purity vi. 123, I suppose he works according to his own internal clock. 1974Guardian 28 Jan. 8/3 If a programme is on too late for our internal clocks, we would almost rather it were not shown at all.
1884H. C. F. Jenkin in Heat in its Mech. Applications (Inst. Civil Engin.) (1885) 105 The internal combustion engine..is really the fore-runner of the gas-engine. 1921W. H. Berry Mod. Motor Car Pract. i. 14 In effect liquid fuel made the internal combustion motor practicable for locomotive purposes, its essential qualities being that it can be easily stored and carried, and be readily converted into an explosive gas ignitable within the cylinder. 1949D. G. Shepherd Introd. Gas Turbine i. 1 The gas turbine, in common with other forms of internal combustion engines, converts heat into work by a cycle using a gas as the working medium, the processes being compression, addition of heat and expansion, and requiring continuous flow of the gas during these changes of state. 1951M. McLuhan Mech. Bride 113/2 What Kipling was to the aggressive British imperialists, these ads are to our domestic economy. They act as a sort of firing spark in the internal combustion engine. 1967E. L. Delmar-Morgan Maintenance Inboard Engines i. 19 Within the broad category of the internal-combustion engine there are the spark-ignition engine (petrol and paraffin) and the compression ignition (diesel).
1927Proc. R. Soc. A. CXVI. 491 (heading) The internal conversion of γ-rays. 1927Proc. Cambr. Philos. Soc. 718 The homogeneous groups in the β-ray spectra are due to the conversion of the γ-rays, and the intensities of these groups depend not only on the intensities of these γ-rays but also on the extent to which they are converted, that is the magnitude of the internal conversion coefficient. 1949P. Pringsheim Fluorescence & Phosphorescence iii. 272 Since no light emission accompanies the transition from the higher electronic state to the emitting state, the transition must correspond to a process of internal conversion. 1955R. D. Evans Atomic Nucleus i. 23 The second general class of nuclear transitions which invariably result in X-ray-emission spectra is the internal-conversion transitions... Internal conversion..often predominates over γ-ray emission if the nuclear excitation energy is small and the angular-momentum change is large. 1959Q. Rev. XIII. 5 The strong fluorescence indicates that internal conversion does not take place as often as would be expected. 1972H. A. Enge et al. Introd. Atomic Physics xii. 386 Internal conversion competes with gamma emission, and the ratio of the probabilities of the two processes depends strongly upon the multipolarity. 1972C. H. J. Wells Introd. Molecular Photochem. iii. 34 Internal conversion (ic) is the term given to the radiationless process whereby a molecule transfers from one electronic state to another electronic state of the same multiplicity.
1887Encycl. Brit. XXII. 480/1 Since the gas had neither gained nor lost heat, and had done no work, its internal energy was the same at the end as at the beginning of the experiment. 1921A. W. Judge Automobile & Aircraft Engines ii. 60 The internal energy of a given quantity of gas depends only upon its temperature. 1927H. S. Taylor Elem. Physical Chem. ii. 64 The internal energies of the gas in the two states may include the energy resultant from such factors as motion and position of the molecules, molecular attraction, intra⁓molecular forces, intra-atomic vibrations, chemical and other unknown forces. We therefore note that the absolute magnitudes..are not ascertainable. The change of internal energy, ΔU, is definite and measurable. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. VII. 209/1 The change in internal energy is fixed by the initial and final states, and is independent of the path by which the change in state is accomplished. 1972A. L. Ruoff Introd. Materials Sci. iv. 159 The change in internal energy associated with stress, electric and magnetic fields is due to the work done on the material.
1849Trans. Cambr. Philos. Soc. VIII. 297 The internal friction of the water. 1860Phil. Mag. XIX. 20 The internal friction of gases. 1875Encycl. Brit. III. 39/2 The compressed gas expanded to twice its volume, and the work of expansion..was soon converted into heat by the internal friction of the gas. 1922Glazebrook Dict. Appl. Physics I. 351/1 The characteristics of the internal friction of fluids when the general motion is eddying or turbulent. 1931[see internal wave below]. 1958Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CXC. 93/2 Stress relaxation across grain boundaries and phase interfaces, an important source of internal friction, is considered.
[1894Gould Dict. Med. 735/1 On the European continent it is customary to divide medicine into internal and external, the former implying the restricted sense of the term, or the study of diseases of internal organs.] 1904Stedman Dunglison's Dict. Med. Sci. (ed. 23) 583/2 I[nternal] medicine, that branch of medicine which has to do with diseases of the body not amenable to operative treatment; medicine as contrasted with surgery. 1968Talso & Remenchik (title) Internal medicine, based on mechanisms of disease.
1933Tropical Woods XXXVI. 3 Internal Phloem.—Primary phloem internal to the primary xylem. (To replace Intraxylary Phloem.) 1953K. Esau Plant Anat. xii. 268 In angiosperms the internal phloem is initiated somewhat later than the external. 1967S. Broido-Altman tr. Fahn's Plant Anat. xi. 167 The internal phloem may be present as separate strands on the border of the pith.
1911Trans. Faraday Soc. VII. 94 It is therefore immaterial..whether we fix our attention on the internal pressure or on the thermal pressure, which acts in the opposite sense. 1940Glasstone Text-bk. Physical Chem. vii. 472 The internal pressure of naphthalene is about 3600 atm., so that the forces of cohesion in liquids are evidently very large. 1973A. W. Adamson Textbk. Physical Chem. iv. 151 The internal pressure is zero for an ideal gas and for most real gases it is small compared to P [sc. the measured pressure].
1895Brit. Med. Jrnl. 10 Aug. 341/1 On the other hand, some secreted materials are not poured out upon an external surface at all, but are returned to the blood. These may be termed internal secretions. 1921I. G. Cobb Organs Internal Secretion (ed. 3) i. 19 The term hormone is in more or less general use to denote an internal secretion. 1924A. Lipschütz Internal Secretions Sex Glands p. vi, Prof. Starling suggested the term ‘hormone’ for the active principles of those internal secretions which act as chemical messengers. 1926J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. 203 Claude Bernard introduced physiology to the general idea of internal secretion. 1941R. G. Hoskins Endocrinol. i. 20 Usually, however, formal credit for first demonstrating the process of internal secretion is given to Claude Bernard, who in 1848 reported the discovery that sugar stored in the liver in the form of glycogen is discharged as dextrose directly into the blood rather than through the ducts of the organ after the fashion of an ordinary secreting gland. The term ‘internal secretion’ is no longer applied to substances like sugar, but is restricted to those having a more specific regulatory function. 1966W. S. Hoar Gen. & Compar. Physiol. ii. 34 As a matter of fact, the first internal secretion conclusively demonstrated was the hormone secretion produced by the wall of the gut.
1904Goodchild & Tweney Technol. & Sci. Dict. 313/1 Internal stress. 1906Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. LXXII. 608 (heading) Internal stresses and strains in iron and steel. 1923Glazebrook Dict. Appl. Physics V. 344/1 Carpenter and Edwards argue that in quenching steel these internal stresses cause internal straining of the metal. 1950Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CLXIV. 166/2 In a partially transformed steel, the volume changes accompanying transformation presumably set up a system of internal stresses.
1931Rapports et Proc.-Verb. des Réunions Conseil Perm. Internat. Explor. Mer LXXVI. 5 (heading) On internal waves. Ibid. 10 Free internal waves must abate owing to internal friction and eddy-viscosity. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XIV. 417/2 Internal waves have been found in the atmosphere as lee waves (waves in the wind stream down-wind from a mountain) and as waves propagated along an inversion layer. 1966R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Oceanogr. 402 Internal waves are sub⁓surface waves found between layers of different density or within layers where vertical density gradients are present. They can exist in any stratified fluid and can be caused by flow over an irregular bottom, atmospheric disturbances, tidal forces, and shear flow.
B. n.
1. pl. The inward parts or organs; ‘inwards’, entrails.
1834J. Wilson Let. in Mem. v. (1859) 177 We..counted his teeth and compared his internals with those of the common species.
†2. Med. (usually in pl.) A medicine or remedy to be taken internally. Obs.
1694Salmon Bate's Dispens. (1713) 361/1 It is mostly used as an Internal in the Venereal Disease and all its Retinue. 1704F. Fuller Med. Gymn. Pref. (1711) 2 Internals do indeed make up the far greatest part of the Means of Cure. Ibid. (1718) 4 Without the Use of Internals.
3. Something belonging to the thing in itself; an intrinsic or essential attribute, quality, etc. (Usually, now always, in pl.)
1652Gaule Magastrom. 80 Why should the planets have such influences upon externalls and accidentalls, that had none upon the internalls and essentialls? 1697tr. Burgersdicius his Logic i. xviii. 71 The Internal of Oratory is to speak Ornately, and Accommodately to persuade; the External to persuade. 1709Sacheverell Serm. 5 Nov. 10 The Exterior Fences to Guard the Internals of Religion. 1884Chr. Commw. 20 Mar. 536/2 The real sweets of life..belong to the internals and subjectives of existence.
†4. (Usually in pl.) The inner nature, soul, spirit. Obs.
a1635Naunton Fragm. Reg. (Arb.) 15 As for externals she was full blown, so was she for her internals grown ripe, and seasoned with adversity. 1651tr. Life Father Sarpi (1676) 102 The Father Fulgentio that understood the internals of the Father by a long practise. 17..tr. Swedenborg's New Jerus. §223 Man is so created, that as to his internal he cannot die.
Hence inˈternalness, inwardness (Bailey vol. II, 1727).
Add:[A.] [5.] internal market Econ., commercial operations within a given area or group; spec. (a) = single (European) market s.v. *single a. III. 17 a; (b) in the U.K., a system of decentralized funding within the National Health Service whereby each hospital department is allocated a budget with which to provide patient care or support and to purchase specialist or ancillary services contractually from other health authority departments or private companies.
1960U.S. Treaties & Other Internat. Agreements (U.S. Dept. State) XI. ii. 1546 Stabilizing the internal markets for this commodity in India. 1963Times 29 May 15/2 Most of these countries have tiny internal markets—‘mini-markets’ Mr. Gates calls them. 1975Economist 1 Feb. 54/1 The EEC commissioner for the internal market, Mr Finn Olav Gundelach, advised his fellow-commissioners this week against intervention. 1986McGowan & Trengrove European Aviation (Inst. Fiscal Stud.) i. 18 Its proposals..effectively contradict..the Community's broader objectives, in particular that of reaching a free internal market by the early 1990s. 1989Brit. Med. Jrnl. 22 July 263/1 For resources to follow patients across NHS boundaries..hospitals had to be adequately funded in proportion to the work they did. It did not require an administrative nightmare of contracts and an internal market. 1991Pulse 6 Apr. 11/1, Only days before he was expected to compete in the NHS's new so-called internal market, north-east Thames region accepted..Dr David Keene's claim for a budget of {pstlg}50 per patient to cover hospital referrals.
▸ internal exile n. (the state of) banishment or removal to a (remote) part of one's own country, typically imposed as a punitive measure, esp. as a sanction against political dissidence; (also occas.) a person subject to this.
1928R. N. Baldwin Liberty under Soviets xvi. 233 Very few bourgeois opponents of the Soviet regime have been exiled abroad. None in recent years has been able to get an order of *internal exile changed to abroad, as some did earlier. 1969N.Y. Times 25 Dec. 1/6 In Czechoslovakia the trend points toward renewed tension,..and in Hungary toward normalization despite the continued ‘internal exile’ of the primate, Jozsef Cardinal Mindszenty. 1994H. Bloom Western Canon ii. v. 133 The Don, like the Jews and the Moors, is an exile, but in the mode of the conversos and moriscos, an internal exile. 2005S. Rushdie Shalimar the Clown 153 Members of the faculty..had refused to return to the ‘Motherland’,..and had remained in internal exile in Clermont-Ferrand, in spite of the risk of being declared deserters by the Germans. |