| 释义 |
instruction|ɪnˈstrʌkʃən|
[a. OF. in-, enstruction, -cion (1348 in Hatz.-Darm.), mod.F. instruction, ad. L. instructiōn-em, n. of action f. instruĕre to instruct.]
1. The action of instructing or teaching; the imparting of knowledge or skill; education; † information.
1506Sir R. Guylforde Pilgr. (Camden) 30 There was no processyon, nor shewynge, nor instruccion of the holy places. 1548Hall Chron., Hen. V 80 b, Bryng up my lytle infant..that.. by your instruction, he may prove pollitike. 1589Puttenham Eng. Posie i. x. (Arb.) 39 The instruction of morall doctrines. 1662Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. ii. iv. §4 We see what care God took for the instruction of his people in a time of so generall an Apostacy. 1781Gibbon Decl. & F. xxvii. III. 12 The faith of a soldier is commonly the fruit of instruction, rather than of inquiry. 1861Times 29 Aug., The old antithesis between ‘instruction’ and ‘education’ still continues to perplex scrupulous minds.
2. The knowledge or teaching imparted. With an and pl. An item of knowledge imparted; an instructive rule, a precept, a lesson.
1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy i. vi. (MS. Cott. Aug. A. iv), Whan sche hadde þus..ȝoue instruccion Pleyn doctrine and informacion How he schal skape þe dangeris by and by. c1449Pecock Repr. Prol. 1 He ȝeueth instruccioun of correpcioun and of correpting. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 5 Moralytees and instruccyons of good maner and pollicy. 1662Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. i. iv. §1 All the Philosophy and instruction they had, was from their Poets, and was all couched in verse. 1796F. Burney Camilla I. 67 She gave her various instructions how to set off her person to most advantage. 1873L. Ferguson Disc. 41 It is good..to profit by the instructions of the pulpit.
†3. Knowledge imparted concerning a particular fact or circumstance; information. With an and pl., An item of information imparted or acquired, an account, a narrative. Obs.
1425W. Paston in P. Lett. No. 5. I. 19, I sende yow copies and a trewe instruccion of the seyd matier. 1513More Rich. III Wks. 69/2 The messenger sent back wt thanks, & some secret instruccion of y⊇ protectors mind. 1548Hall Chron., Hen. V 77 b, Or thei from thence departed, thei had knowledge and true instruccion that the Dolphyn..was reculed. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. ii. §21 May they..(if having the conveniences of leisure, and instructions) be pleased to perfect this my Catalogue.
4. a. A making known to a person what he is required to do; a direction, an order, a mandate (oral or written). Now usu. pl.: Directions, orders.
1433Lydg. Leg. S. Edmund iii. 993 (Horstm.) Affter the fourme off his Instruccioun He folwed theffect off his auysioun. 1494Fabyan Chron. vi. clx. 152 Whan Lewys had gyuen answere..and geuen vnto theym other instruccions, he sent them forthe agayn. 1513More in Grafton Chron. (1568) II. 771 Some of the company had..secret instruction..to take hym. 1640–4in Rushw. Hist. Coll. iii. (1692) I. 620 We read the fourth Article of our Instructions to the whole Company. a1715Burnet Own Time ii. (1725) I. 242 He had an instruction to pass an act of indemnity. 1725N. Robinson Th. Physick 287 If these Instructions..be but punctually attended to, he need not fear any Returns of his Cholic Pains. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xxvii. 215 My voice could be heard, and my instructions understood.
b. Direction given to a solicitor or counsel.
a1734North Life Ld. Guilford (1808) I. 196 An attorney..said that he had given the serjeant his fee, and instructions over night, to move for him. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. iii. (1809) 29 A counsel is not answerable for any matter by him spoken, relative to the cause in hand, and suggested in his client's instructions. 1837Dickens Pickw. xxxiv, Attorneys..from that spot can whisper in the ear of the leading counsel in the case, any instructions that may be necessary during the progress of the trial.
c. Computers. An expression in a program or routine, or a sequence of characters in a machine language, which specifies an operation (esp. a basic operation) and freq. also one or more operands, and results in its performance by the computer.
1947Goldstine & von Neumann in J. von Neumann Coll. Wks. (1963) V. 82 The control scans the coded instruction in the selectron memory as a rule linearly. 1948Math. Tables & Other Aids to Computation III. 121 The terms defined in the following short glossary are used in their technical sense in this discussion... 2. Word: A group of digits..stored in coded form in a single memory position... 5. Instruction: A word directing the machine to perform a particular operation. 1949D. R. Hartree Calculating Instruments & Machines (1950) 67 A single instruction of this type specifies two locations, one in the store and one in the arithmetical unit, and an operation. 1951[see command n. 1 d]. 1958M. Phister Logical Design Digital Computers xi. 342 An instruction (also called a command or an order) is a computer word which identifies which of a limited number of operations the computer is to carry out, and the computer functions by executing a sequence of these instructions, one at a time. 1959E. M. McCormick Digital Computer Primer x. 139 The number of instructions which can be executed by a computer represents a compromise between the designer's and user's requirements. The fewer the instructions, the easier it is to design and build the machine, but the more difficult (at least time-consuming) it is to code for it. Ibid. 141 Some computers have two separate instructions in one word... However, most computers, binary or decimal, use one instruction per word. 1962B. A. Galler Lang. Computers xii. 193 In the IBM 650 computer, for example, a typical [machine] instruction might be 1512150123 in which the first two digits (15) indicate that the contents of the location specified by the next four digits (1215) are to be added to the lower half of the accumulator register. The next four digits (0123) give the address of the location in storage in which the next instruction to be executed is stored. 1967[see command n. 1 d]. 1969P. B. Jordain Condensed Computer Encycl. 253 The word instruction is preferable to the words command and order, sometimes used synonymously. Command should be reserved for electrical signals. 1970O. Dopping Computers & Data Processing vi. 98 When local control units have their own instructions, these instructions can be called commands to distinguish them from the instructions to the central control unit.
5. attrib., as instruction book.
1895Montgomery Ward Catal. 123/2 Tissue Paper Flower Outfits... Containing..12 half sheets assorted tissues,..and instruction book. 1926–7T. Eaton & Co. Catal. Fall & Winter 300/3 Easy Method Instruction Books for Various Instruments. 1970Which? Aug. 237/1 The instruction books generally gave good information for setting up and using the machines. |