| 释义 |
institutional, a.|ɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənəl|
[f. prec. + -al1.]
1. a. Of, pertaining to, or originated by institution; having the character or function of an institution; furnished with institutions, organized.
1617Collins Def. Bp. Ely ii. ix. 350 The vnion is very different of the two couples, this hypostaticall, that but institutionall, and arbitrarie, and Sacramentall. 1862S. Lucas Secularia 346 A departure from the institutional forms which were once common to Western Europe. 1869Tulloch in Contemp. Rev. X. 245 Such rules..are moral, and not institutional or ritual.
b. Eccl. Relating to sacramental institution.
c. Of religion: organized into or finding expression through institutions (a church, ordained ministers, ritual). Cf. institutionalism (a).
1908F. von Hügel Mystical Element of Relig. p. vi, The Infinite can still find room for the Historical and Institutional elements in Religion. 1924A. E. J. Rawlinson Authority & Freedom vi. 136 The Christianity of history is a sacramental and institutional religion. 1941A. C. Bouquet Compar. Relig. vii. 99 But if the world is unreal, and Deity unknowable, ordinary institutional religion, with its sacrifices and celestial bargaining, becomes a mere fraud.
d. Linguistics. (See quots.)
1958T. Hill in Orbis VII. 454 A new branch of systemic linguistics dealing with the types of relation that arise in use between tongues, and between them and their users... As its aim is to confront tongues and communities as social institutions, it might be called Institutional Linguistics. 1964M. A. K. Halliday et al. Ling. Sci. i. 16 There is one aspect [of the study of how language works]..which does not strictly fall within ‘descriptive linguistics’: the study of language in relation to those who use it. This, since it is really the study of language as an institution, is recognized as a separate branch of the linguistic sciences and has come to be known as ‘institutional linguistics’. Ibid., Whereas in a descriptive statement we may note..that a speaker has used a transitive and not an intransitive clause.., in an institutional statement we may note that he has spoken English and not French.., that he spoke conversationally and not formally.
2. Dealing with or pertaining to legal institutes or the elements of a subject. Said of writers and works. See institution 5, institute n. 3.
1765Blackstone Comm. I. Introd. iii. 73 Four volumes of institutes, as he is pleased to call them, though they have little of the institutional method to warrant such a title. 1816Bentham Chrestom. 210 How narrow the conception is, which, by the word rhetoric has been presented to the authors of the small institutional books above alluded to,―may be seen [etc.]. 1832Austin Jurispr. (1879) I. xv. 392 That leading..distinction which has been assumed by the Roman Institutional Writers. 1885Law Times LXXVIII. 402/2 The law of Scotland was illustrated by decisions and institutional writers.
3. a. Of or pertaining to an organized society, or the building in which its work is carried on.
1882Century Mag. July 458 With the growth of institutional charity comes the creation of a class known as the institutional official. 1892Pall Mall G. 21 Mar. 2/3 No denominational college, as such, is entitled to institutional representation upon the governing body of the University to which it belongs. 1896Daily News 3 Apr. 5/6 The dull monotony of institutional life..has much to answer for in the evil habits contracted by these girls. 1942Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Mar. 127/1 Born in a new country at a time when the desire for freedom from old institutional ways of living..was burning like a flame in many lands. 1960I. Bennett Delinquent & Neurotic Children vii. 290 Personality was in some ways similar to that of a deprived institutional child. 1963F. F. Laidler Gloss. Home Econ. Educ. 50 Institutional management, the study of all branches of the administration of large residential or non-residential establishments, including all branches of food service, menu planning, food purchase, preparation and service, equipment and personnel administration. 1966R. Barton (title) Institutional neurosis. 1972Jrnl. Social Psychol. LXXXVI. 64 The Christian Conservative has a parallel in the ‘Institutional Restraint’ type in Gordon's analysis. 1972Times 16 Oct. 12/5 In most cases they no longer require medical or nursing care and suffer mainly from ‘institutional neurosis’ due to their long stay in the protective environment of the hospital ward.
b. Of advertising, etc.: that lays stress on the business firm or institution rather than on the product itself.
1919T. Russell Commercial Advertising 258 Some manufacturers and commercial firms have used what is called ‘institutional advertising’: instead of advertising their wares they advertised their firm. 1930Harvard Advertising Awards, 1924–28 (Harvard Univ. Grad. School of Business Admin.) 75 In 1923, General Motors..accepted institutional advertising as a business tool. 1957Clark & Gottfried University Dict. Business & Finance (1967) 10/1 Institutional..Advertising..is aimed at keeping the name of a company or group before the public. 1967Economist 4 Feb. 448/2 A..dignified ‘institutional’ sales approach.
Hence instiˈtutionally adv., as an institution.
1857Hodgson Let. to Smith in Mem. xv. 214 Long may you flourish institutionally and personally. 1893Chicago Advance 26 Oct., When institutionally abandoned, it [religion] keeps up its constitutional clamor in the human soul.
▸ institutional racism n. racial discrimination occurring habitually or customarily within a society or organization; cf. institutionalized adj. 1.
1967S. Carmichael & C. V. Hamilton Black Power 4 When..thousands more [black children] are destroyed and maimed physically, emotionally, and intellectually because of conditions of poverty and discrimination in the black community, that is a function of *institutional racism... It is institutional racism that keeps black people locked in dilapidated slum tenements. 1984Toronto Star 28 Mar. a3/1 The report..underscores the common complaint made by several groups about institutional racism. 2004Muslim Weekly 11 June 1/2 The report also said that institutional racism prevented local authorities from approving Muslim state schools. |