| 释义 |
institution|ɪnstɪˈtjuːʃən|
[ME. a. OF. institucion, -tion (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm), ad. L. institūtiōn-em, n. of action f. instituĕre to institute.]
1. a. The action of instituting or establishing; setting on foot or in operation; foundation; ordainment; the fact of being instituted.
c1460Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. ii. (1885) 113 That oþer [kingdom] beganne bi the desire and institucion of the peple of the same prince. 1591Spenser M. Hubberd 144 There is no right in this partition, Ne was it so by institution Ordained first. a1631Donne Serm. viii. 80 Ceremonies..may be good in their Institution, and grow ill in their Practice. 1776Adam Smith W.N. i. iv. (1869) I. 26 Before the institution of coined money..people must always have been liable to the grossest frauds and impositions. 1785Reid Intell. Powers ii. ix. 276 He was one of the most active members of the Royal Society of London at its first institution. 1839J. Yeowell Anc. Brit. Ch. viii. (1847) 77 Societies, whether monastic or secular, are of human, while episcopacy is of divine, institution.
b. spec. The establishment or ordination of a sacrament of the Christian Church, esp. of the Eucharist, by Christ. Hence, that part of the office of Baptism, and of the prayer of consecration in the Eucharist, which consists in reciting the words used in institution (more fully words, commemoration, or recital of institution).
c1538Barnes Sacrament under both Kinds Wks. (1573) 304/2 Christes ordinaunce is not to receaue the bloud in the body onely, but to receaue the bloud after his institution. 1548Gest Pr. Masse in H. G. Dugdale Life App. i. (1840) 122 He reporteth all thee wordes apperteyning to the ryght and ful institution of the sayd supper. 1607E. Grimstone tr. Goulart's Mem. Hist. 433 Hee began then to rehearse the ten commandements..the Lords Prayer, the institution of Baptisme, and of the holy Supper. 1635E. Pagitt Christianogr. i. iii. (1636) 121 Reciting the words of the Institution: In the night in which he gave himselfe for the life of the world. 1850Neale East. Ch. I. iii. v. 485 The true Eastern doctrine seems to be that there must be co-operation of the words of institution and of the invocation of the Holy Ghost, before the bread and wine become the Body and Blood of Christ.
†2.
a. The giving of form or order to a thing; orderly arrangement; regulation.
b. The established order by which anything is regulated; system; constitution. Obs.
a1500Mankind (Brandl 1896) 45/157 A best doth after hys naturall Instytucyone. 1555W. Watreman Fardle Facions App. 314 The lawes then perteinyng to the institucion of our citie. 1560Becon New Catech Wks. (Parker Soc.) 7 This book I commend unto you..as..necessary for the right institution of your life. 1638Rawley tr. Bacon's Life & Death (1651) 19 Concerning his Manners, Institution of his Life..there is a general Silence. 1676tr. Guillatiere's Voy. Athens 30 Calogers, which are Monks of the Institution of St. Basil. 1708Swift Sentim. Ch. Eng. Man Wks. 1755 II. i. 68 Few states are ruined by any defect in their institution, but generally by the corruption of manners. 1821Shelley Hellas Pref., But for Greece..we.. might have arrived at such a stagnant and miserable state of social institution as China and Japan possess.
3. Establishment in a charge or position.
a. Eccl. In Episcopal churches, the establishment of a clergyman in the office of the cure of souls, by the bishop or his commissary.
In the Church of England, the investment of the presentee to a living with the spiritual part of his benefice, which is followed by induction, admitting to the possession of the temporalities of the benefice.
c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 248 For institucion & induccion he schal ȝeue moche of þis god..to bischopis officers, archdekenes & officialis. 1549Latimer 2nd Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 67 There is in thys realme..a greate syghte of laye men wel learned in the scriptures, and of vertuouse and Godly conuersation..let them haue institution, and gyue them the name of ye cleargye. 1687W. Sherwin in Magd. Coll. & Jas. II (O.H.S.) 225 [They] have had institutions to small Livings. 1708Termes de la Ley, Institution, is a Faculty made by the Ordinary, by which a Vicar or Rector is approved to be Inducted to a Rectory or Vicarage. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. xi. 390 The clerk so admitted is next to be instituted..which is a kind of investiture of the spiritual part of the benefice; for by institution the care of the souls of the parish is committed to the charge of the clerk. 1804–86Bk. Com. Prayer Episc. Ch. U.S., Instit. Ministers, On the day designated for the new Incumbent's Institution, at the usual hour of Morning Prayer, the Bishop, or the Institutor appointed by him, attended by the new Incumbent, and by all the other Clergy present, shall enter the chancel. 1845Polson Eng. Law in Encycl. Metrop II. 806/1 The institution by the bishop enables the clerk..to enter into his parsonage-house and take his tithes or ecclesiastical dues; but previous to induction he cannot lease them.
b. Roman Law. The appointment of an heir.
1880Muirhead Ulpian xxiv. 15 A man cannot legate until he has instituted an heir; for the force and power of the testament begins at the institution.
†4. Training, instruction, education, teaching.
1531Elyot Gov. i. xi, The lytell boke of the most excellent doctour Erasmus Roterodamus..intituled the Institution of a christen prince. 1539Taverner Gard. Wysed. i. 8 a, Nature is a thynge of great myghte and efficacye, but surely institution or bringynge up, is moche myghtier. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 245 The Rider must first look to the institution and first instruction of his Horse. 1741Middleton Cicero I. i. 10 As soon as he was capable of a more enlarged and liberal institution, his father brought him to Rome. 1790H. More Relig. Fash. World (1791) 72 To suppose that piety must be the natural and inevitable consequence of early institution.
†5. Usually in pl.
a. Elements of instruction; first principles of a science or art.b. A book of first principles, an elementary treatise; = institute n. 3. Obs.
1537Cranmer (title) The Institution of a Christen man. 1544(title) Instytutions or principall Groundes of the Lawes and Statutes of England. 1561T. Norton (title) The Institution of Christian Religion, translated into Englysh according to the Authors last Edition. 1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 923 To compile certaine Institutions of Rhetoricke. 1610J. Gawen tr. Trelcatius (title) Brief Institution of the Common Places of Sacred Divinitie. 1662[see institutionist]. 1675Art Contentm. Close §1. 209 This short institution of the Art of Contentment. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., Physical or medicinal institutions, are such as teach the necessary præcognita to the practice of medicine, or the cure of diseases. 1800W. C. Brown (title) Institutions of the Practice of Medicine. Translated from the Latin of Burserius.
6. a. An established law, custom, usage, practice, organization, or other element in the political or social life of a people; a regulative principle or convention subservient to the needs of an organized community or the general ends of civilization.
1551Robinson tr. More's Utop. ii. i. (1895) 119 Agreyng all together in one tonge, in lyke maners, institucions and lawes. 1594R. Ashley tr. le Roy's Interchangeable variety Things 13 b, From them are come many good institutions, Lawes, maners, the art of gouernment. 1691Hartcliffe Virtues 410 All Positive Institutions must give way to Moral Duties. 1736Butler Anal. ii. i. Wks. 1874 I. 156 A society, distinguished..from the rest of the world, by peculiar religious institutions. 1860Thackeray Round. Papers xvii, I am not going into the slavery question, I am not an advocate for ‘the institution’. 1871R. W. Dale Commandm. viii. 196 The institution of property is recognised and sanctioned by the authority of God. 1899Sayce Early Israel vii. 269 The year of Jubilee was a Babylonian institution.
b. colloq. Something having the fixity or importance of a social institution; a well-established or familiar practice or object.
1839Times 18 Feb. in Spirit Metrop. Conserv. Press (1840) I. 53 Murder [in Ireland] has become an institution. 1851Thackeray Eng. Hum. iv. (1858) 226 The pillory was a flourishing institution in those days. 1861Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. i. (1889) 8 A great institution of the college..is the buttery-hatch. 1870M. Bridgman R. Lynne I. xviii. 307 The postman was almost as much an institution at Hampton as the tower-clock. 1899Westm. Gaz. 3 Jan. 3/1 He is..one of the ‘institutions’ of the place.
7. a. An establishment, organization, or association, instituted for the promotion of some object, esp. one of public or general utility, religious, charitable, educational, etc., e.g. a church, school, college, hospital, asylum, reformatory, mission, or the like; as a literary and philosophical institution, a deaf and dumb institution, the Royal National Life-boat Institution, the Royal Masonic Benevolent Institution (instituted 1798), the Railway Benevolent Institution, etc. The name is often popularly applied to the building appropriated to the work of a benevolent or educational institution.
1707Atterbury Spittal Serm. 17 Apr. 14 'Tis not necessary to plead very earnestly in behalf of these Charities..These, of which you have had an account, are such Wise, such Rational, such Beneficial Institutions. 1764S. Cooper (title) Definitions and Axioms relative to Charity, Charitable Institutions, and the Poor Laws. 1775J. Adams in Fam. Lett. (1876) 120 The institutions in New England for the support of religion, morals, and decency exceed any other. 1792J. Latham (title) A Plan of a Charitable Institution intended to be established upon the Sea Coast, for the accommodation of Persons afflicted with such Diseases as are usually relieved by Sea Bathing. 1804(title) The Manchester Guide; a brief Historical Description of the Towns of Manchester and Salford..the Charitable and Literary Institutions. 1817Canning in Parl. Deb. 323 We owed it to our system of public schools and universities. From these institutions was derived..‘a due supply of men, fitted to serve their country, both in church and state’. 1864Times 24 Dec., The individual Institutions..endowed and voluntary, for every imaginable condition of want or distress. 1878Jevons Prim. Pol. Econ. i. 9 He may establish useful public institutions, such as free public libraries, museums, public parks, etc. Mod. Newspr., The testator leaves {pstlg}10,000 in charitable legacies to various institutions.
b. Often occurring, like institute, in the designations of societies or associations for the advancement of literature, science, or art, of technical knowledge, or of special education.
Such are the Royal Institution of Great Britain (incorporated 1800), the British Institution (1805), the London Institution (1806), the Plymouth Institution (1812), the Edinburgh Watt Institution and School of Arts (1821), the Liverpool Institution (1825); the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, U.S. (1830); the Institution of Civil Engineers (1818), Institution of Mechanical Engineers, of Gas Engineers, of Electrical Engineers, etc. Cf. institute n. 4.
8. attrib. and Comb.
1828Sir D. le Marchant Rep. Barony Gardner 167, I had registered her on an institution-book which I superintended at the time. 1892Daily News 19 July 3/5 Epileptics so far advanced in their affliction as to require institution care invariably suffer from varying grades of mental aberration. 1899A. Clark Wood's Oxford III. 103 In the institution-rolls of the bishops of Lincoln. 1902Daily Chron. 7 May 3/7 Institution life year after year is like pushing a stone uphill. 1905Ibid. 27 Sept. 4/5 To any high-spirited woman, the tyranny of institution life must be almost unbearable. 1930J. B. Priestley Angel Pavement v. 210 That institution atmosphere..was rather depressing. 1956[see approved ppl. a. 5]. 1960I. Bennett Delinquent & Neurotic Children iv. 129 Failures in the socialization process..will occur more frequently among institution children. 1963F. F. Laidler Gloss. Home Econ. Educ. 48 Institution administration, carrying out the management of, or the executive duties concerned with institutions, e.g. Colleges, Hospitals, etc. |