| 释义 |
inoculate, v.|ɪˈnɒkjʊleɪt|
Also 5 en-.
[f. L. inoculāt-, ppl. stem of inoculāre to engraft, implant, f. in- (in-2) + oculus eye, bud.]
1. a. trans. (Hort.) To set or insert (an ‘eye’, bud, or scion) in a plant for propagation; to subject (a plant) to the operation of budding; to propagate by inoculation; to bud (one plant) into, on, or upon (another).
c1420Pallad. on Husb. v. 123 Peches han their seson At May Kalendes hem tenoculate. 1589Fleming Virg. Georg. ii. 21 To graft And to inoculat or set yoong imps into the stocke. 1668R. Steele Husbandm. Calling vi. (1672) 166 The crab-tree stock must be cut off, and then into it must the scion be ingraffed and inoculated, before it can be an apple in his orchard. 1707Curios. in Husb. & Gard. 269 A dextrous Hand inoculates a Rose-tree Bud upon an Apple-Stock. 1752Mrs. Delany Autobiog. & Corr. III. 133, I have just inoculated two orange-trees of my own raising. 1838Penny Cycl. XII. 483/1 It is therefore found most advantageous to bud or inoculate them in the summer, when both scion and stock are in the state of equal vegetation.
absol.1621–51Burton Anat. Mel. ii. ii. iv. 272 Cincinnatus, Cato, Tully..how have they been pleased..to prune, plant, inoculate and graft. 1669Worlidge Syst. Agric. (1681) 296 Now begin to Inoculate. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. ii. 103 Various are the ways to change the state Of Plants, to Bud, to Graff, t' Inoculate.
b. fig. To engraft.
1602Shakes. Ham. iii. i. 118 Vertue cannot so innocculate our old stocke, but we shall rellish of it. a1639Wotton in Reliq. (1651) 342 Pompey had one very ignoble custome, to insert, or (as I may term it) to inoculate himself into other mens merits and praises. 1752Chesterfield Lett. (1792) III. ccxciii. 348 You have yet very little experience and knowledge of the world; now I wish to inoculate mine upon you. a1797H. Walpole Mem. Geo. II (1847) I. vi. 188 The Pelhams..always inoculated private quarrels on affairs of state.
†2.
a. transf. To join or unite by insertion (as the scion is inserted into the stock so as to become one with it). Obs.
1647Trapp Comm. Mark xiii. 1 Huge stones and so cunningly cemented, as it were inoculated, the one into the other. 1658R. Franck North. Mem. (1821) 110 This is the rock and that which you see elevated in place and inoculated to it is an artificial fabrick developed..on the very breast of this prodigious mountain. 1668Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. i. xxxvii. 82 The smallest Twigs of the Branches [of the arteries] are inoculated into the greater.
b. intr. To become joined or united with continuity of substance.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. xv. 142 Their Eggs in chaines or links together (which sometime conjoyne and inoculate into each other). c1720W. Gibson Farrier's Guide (1738) i. iv. 42 The fifth pair inoculate with the sixth.
3. a. trans. (Path.) To engraft or implant (a disease, or the germ or virus) upon an individual, by a process of inoculation (q.v.); to introduce (cells or organisms to be cultured) into a culture medium or its container.
1722Lond. Gaz. No. 6040/11 The Experiment of inoculating the Small-Pox upon..Criminals. 1799Med. Jrnl. I. 323 Knowing that cow-pox has a temporary influence upon small-pox, we can suppress the progress of it by immediately inoculating cow-pox. 1801E. Darwin Zoon. (ed. 3) III. 370 Since the above was first published [1794] the cow-pox..has been successfully inoculated on the human subject. 1892Daily News 12 Sept. 2/6 A man with a scratch might inoculate the poisonous germ from contact with an infected animal. 1896Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 95 Virulent anthrax bacilli are inoculated subcutaneously into an ordinary rabbit and into one that has been rendered immune. 1928L. E. H. Whitby Med. Bacteriol. iii. 46 The loop or needle must be sterilized in the flame before being charged with the material to be inoculated. 1939K. L. Burdon Med. Microbiol. xx. 273 At this temperature it [sc. agar] is still liquid and yet cool enough so that the organisms to be inoculated will not be killed by its heat. 1964Wheeler & Volk Basic Microbiol. viii. 89/1 The pour-plate method consists of inoculating the mixed culture into a test tube containing melted agar. 1970Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. II. xviii. 50/1 When bacteria are inoculated into a fresh fluid medium there is little or no increase in their number for a period.
b. To impregnate (a person or animal) with the virus or germs of a disease; spec. for the purpose of inducing a milder form of the disease and rendering the subject immune from its ordinary attacks. First used in connexion with small-pox; then with vaccine inoculation; now with contagious or bacterial diseases generally: see inoculation 2. Also, to introduce infective material into (a plant) or cells or organisms for culture into (a culture medium or a vessel containing one).
1722Lond. Gaz. No. 6045/8 A Child has been inoculated with the Matter. Five..Children have been inoculated of the Small Pox. 1775Johnson Journ. West. Isl., Dunvegan, He has disarmed it [small-pox] of its terror at Muack, by inoculating eighty of his people. 1799Med. Jrnl. I. 319 With the cow-pox matter were inoculated Mr. Darke's servant,..[and] Mr. Colborne's three children..all by a puncture in the left arm. 1871Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) I. v. 145 He proved that the worms inoculate each other. 1886H. M. Biggs tr. Hueppe's Methods Bacteriol. Investigation iv. 171 It [sc. the nutrient solution] is then inoculated with a few drops of the mixture of bacteria to be tested. 1920E. F. Smith Introd. Bacterial Dis. Plants ii. 112 In studying a particular disease, the student will..seek to inoculate those parts of the plant which naturally develop the disease. 1925[see inoculum]. 1933K. M. Smith Rec. Adv. Study Plant Viruses viii. 196 The plant tissue is macerated..and then rubbed over the foliage to be inoculated by means of the swab. 1956Nature 18 Feb. 302/2 When White Burley tobacco seedlings in a glass⁓house are inoculated with the virus from cowpea..they become systemically infected. 1962F. J. Baker Handbk. Bacteriol. Technique v. 56 When inoculating broth tubes, care must be taken not to spill the contents.
c. absol. or intr. To perform inoculation.
1765Gale in Phil. Trans. LV. 203 Then inoculate, and repeat the powders. 1789W. Buchan Dom. Med. (1790) 239 Many approve of inoculating on the breast. 1799Dr. Sims in Med. Jrnl. I. 231 Dr. Jenner..ventured to inoculate with the matter of a putrid sore, with a view of determining if this also had the power of preserving from the contagion of the small-pox. 1891Greenough White Philos. Amer. Lit. iii. 22 (Funk) Zabdiel Boylston..inoculated for the small-pox with distinguished success.
d. fig. trans. To imbue (a person, community, etc.) with a feeling, opinion, habit, etc.
1824W. Irving T. Trav. I. 102 My parents had tried in vain to inoculate me with wisdom. 1826Disraeli Viv. Grey ii. vi, I must not inoculate you with my bad spirits. 1868M. Pattison Academ. Org. v. 123 Fox and Wolsey sought..to inoculate Oxford from within with that classical spirit which could not be forced upon it from without.
4. Metallurgy. To add a small quantity of some substance to (metal, esp. iron, about to be poured) in order to produce a smaller grain size or otherwise to modify the microstructure of the cast metal.
1931Proc. Inst. Brit. Foundrymen XXIII. 96 Small grain-size and high density can be..achieved by ‘dosing’ or inoculating the alloy so that prior to the main solidification taking place the alloy contains numerous evenly and finely-dispersed nuclei to form centres of crystallisation. 1933Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. CXXXVIII. 640 A bath of iron which would normally cast white is prepared and is ‘inoculated’, by the addition of suitable proportions of nickel and silicon, to cause graphitisation. 1963C. H. Samans Metallic Materials Engin. vi. 316 When it is desired to improve the structure of the cast iron and, consequently, its mechanical properties, the metal often is inoculated just before pouring. 1971Daily Tel. 4 Nov. 5 (Advt.), Semi-continuous casting is standard practice in the [aluminium] industry and, unless the melt is inoculated or grain-refined to produce a fine-grained equiaxed structure, the process has an inherent tendency to grow massive columnar crystals. |