| 释义 |
▪ I. -ine, suffix1
forming adjs., repr. L. -īnus, -īna, -īnum, added to names of persons, animals, or material things, and to some other words, with the sense ‘of’ or ‘pertaining to’, ‘of the nature of’, represented in Fr. by -in masc., -ine fem., in Eng. now usually by -ine, formerly and still exceptionally by -in. Examples are L. adulterīnus adulterine, anserīnus anserine, asinīnus asinine, canīnus canine, dīvīnus divine, fēminīnus feminine, genuīnus genuine, lībertīnus libertine, marīnus marine, masculīnus masculine, supīnus supine; in some cases with blending of a previous suffix, as clandestīnus clandestine, intestīnus intestine, mātūtīnus matutine, vespertīnus vespertine. Also from proper names, as Alpīnus Alpine, Capitōlīnus Capitoline, Latīnus Latin (formerly Latine), Sāturnīnus Saturnine, Tarentīnus Tarentine. On the pattern of these, adjs. have continued to be freely formed in the Romanic langs. and in English, as in Algerine, Caroline, Florentine, Socotrine; and the termination is now greatly used in Natural History, in forming adjs., with or without L. type, on the names of genera, as acarine, accipitrine, bovine, caprine, equine, feline, hystricine, murine, passerine. In these Natural History adjs. the pronunciation is |-aɪn|, usually unstressed; but in other words it is very various, depending upon the length of time the word has been in English, the channel through which it came, the place of the stress, and other circumstances: cf. divine, supine |ˈ-aɪn|, marine |-ˈiːn|, feminine, genuine (-in), aquiline, bovine, leonine, alkaline |-aɪn|, and see the history of the individual words.
▪ II. -ine, suffix2
forming adjs., repr. L. -ĭnus, a. Gr. -ινος, from names of minerals, plants, etc., or (in a few words) of L. origin, having, in Romanic and Eng., the same sense and the same forms, as -ine1; as adamantin-us adamantine, amethystinus amethystine, corallinus coralline, crystallinus crystalline, hyacinthinus hyacinthine, pristinus pristine. The etymological and historical pronunciation was |-ɪn|, e.g. |ˈprɪstɪn|, |ædəˈmæntɪn|; but, from the spelling -ine, and the attraction of words in -ine1, there is now a strong tendency to lengthen the i in crystalline |-aɪn|, etc.
▪ III. -ine, suffix3
forming ns., repr. F. -ine, L. -īna, Gr. -ῑνη, forming feminine titles, as in Gr. ἡρωίνη, L. hērōīna, F. héroine heroine. With this the Ger. landgräfin, markgräfin, Du. landgravin, markgravin (the suffix of which is orig. the same as -en2 1), have fallen together in French and in Eng., as landgravine, margravine.
▪ IV. -ine, suffix4
forming ns., repr. F. -ine (-in), L. -īna (-īnus), in origin identical with -ine1. In L., -īna formed feminine abstracts from verbs, as rapīna rapine, ruīna ruin, and from agent-nouns, as disciplīna discipline, doctrīna doctrine, medicīna medicine; also ns. from other sources, as fascīna fascine, resīna resin, ūrīna urine. The adjs. in -īnus, -īna were also used subst., as in concubīnus, -īna concubine, lupīnus lupine, and esp. in proper names, as Antōnīnus Antonine, Augustīnus Augustine, Constāntīnus Constantine, Crispīnus Crispin, Justīnus Justin, Agrippīna, Constāntīna, etc. The English form of those in -īna (through Fr., or on the Fr. type) is -ine, occasionally in early words reduced to -in; those in -īnus give F. and Eng. -in, but in Eng. often -ine.
Formations of this type were multiplied in late L. and Romanic, e.g. famīna famine, F. routine; in Romanic this suffix (It., Sp. -ino, -ina, F. -in, -ine) is greatly used in forming names of derived substances, similative appellations, diminutives, etc. Many of these have come into English, in the F. form -ine |-ˈiːn|, which has consequently become a formative element, freely used in forming the names of derivative products, and of things supposed to be derived from, resemble, imitate, or commemorate those from which they are named, and thus in the trade-names of new varieties of fabrics, cosmetics, patent medicines, and proprietary articles generally, e.g. dentine, osseine, nectarine, brilliantine, grenadine, albertine, victorine, etc. Feminine personal names of Romanic origin in -ina sometimes retain that form, but often take -ine |-ɪn or -ˈiːn| after Fr., as Caroline (now -aɪn), Catherine, Ernestine, Josephine.
▪ V. -ine, suffix5
Chem., in origin an offshoot of -ine4, as occurring in the names of some derived substances: see gelatin, -ine. At first used unsystematically in forming names of extractive principles and chemical derivatives of various kinds; also, in the English names given early in the 19th century to the four elements chlorine, fluorine, iodine, bromine (in F. chlore, fluor, iode, brome). In all these, but especially in the names of extractive principles, the ending -ine was by some reduced to -in, thus gelatine or gelatin, aconitine or aconitin, chlorine or chlorin. In recent systematic nomenclature the two forms have been differentiated, -ine being now used (1) in forming names of alkaloids and basic substances, as aconitine, cocaïne, nicotine, strychnine, etc., which are thus distinguished from names of neutral substances, proteids, etc., in -in (see -in1); and (2) in Hofmann's systematic names of hydrocarbons of the form CnH2n—2, as ethine or acetylene, C2H2, propine or allylene, C3H4, etc. These latter are not much used. In the names of the elements, and some other substances, not belonging to any of the classes named, -ine is retained (though chlorin, fluorin, etc., appear in some American books). In popular and commercial use, the ending -ine is still current in the names of some substances for which systematic nomenclature requires -in: see -in1.
-ine has been used by some authors to form the names of minerals; but in later systematic use, esp. by Dana, this is changed, in names of species, into -ite: thus chalcosine, erythrine, in Dana chalcocite, erythrite. -ine is also used systematically to form the names of certain six-membered monocyclic compounds having a nitrogen atom in the ring, as azine. Cf. -in1.
1928Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. L. 3078 In the field of six-membered [heterocyclic] rings are found names corresponding to the above systematic names for five-membered [heterocyclic] rings, but with the suffix -ine or -in replacing -ole (or -ol), as: triazine, oxazine, thiodiazine, dioxin (the latter being non-nitrogenous). Thus the ending -ine (or -in), although regarded as properly the ending for bases, has a specific sense in which it indicates a six-membered ring. 1940in Patterson & Capell Ring Index 21. 1957 [see -in1]. |