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industry|ˈɪndəstrɪ|
[a. F. industrie (14th c.), or ad. L. industria diligence, ‘a vertue comprehendynge bothe study and diligence’ (Elyot Dict. 1538).]
†1. Intelligent or clever working; skill, ingenuity, dexterity, or cleverness in doing anything.
1494Fabyan Chron. i. xiii. (1533) 7 b, Saynge that the foresayd hote bathes were made by the industrye, or made of the industry of Iulius cesar. 1531Elyot Gov. i. xxiii, Industrie hath nat ben so longe tyme used in the englisshe tonge as Prouidence; wherfore it is the more straunge, and requireth the more plaine exposition. It is a qualitie procedyng of witte and experience, by the whiche a man perceyueth quickly, inuenteth fresshly, and counsayleth spedily. c1566J. Alday tr. Boaystuau's Theat. World C viij, With what industrie do they [ants] make theyr little holes, of the which the comming in is not straight, for feare that other beasts come not in. Ibid. D ij b, The Cuckowe..[has] the industrie to espie where other Birdes make their nestes, and there layth hir egges. 1597A. M. tr. Guillemeau's Fr. Chirurg. 12 b/1 There is a certayne industrye in the depressione of the trepane. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 521 [They] have no..weapons, but certaine swords: and are without all industry for fishing and navigation.
†2. An application of skill, cleverness, or craft; a device, contrivance; a crafty expedient. Obs.
c1477Caxton Jason 93 b, I shal deliuere to him the industrie and teche him how he shal wynne the flees of golde. 1555Eden Decades 84 Nature was not sollicitate to brynge furthe suche greate fluds by this so smaule industry. 1560Whitehorne Arte Warre (1588) 94 The first industrie is, to make the walles crooked, and full of tourninges, and of receiptes. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. vii. 33 Sche, as was reported, suddenlie thairefter dies, be industrie of the gouernour. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 885 To make the Computation of their yeere certaine, they used this industrie. 1621Burton Anat. Mel. ii. i. ii. (1651) 222 All the physick we can use, art, excellent industry, is to no purpose without calling upon God.
3. Diligence or assiduity in the performance of any task, or in any effort; close and steady application to the business in hand; exertion, effort.
1531Elyot Gov. iii. xxiii, That slouthe and dulnesse beynge plucked from them by Industrie, they be induced unto the continuall acte. 1576Gascoigne Steele Gl. Ded. (Arb.) 44 These examples are sufficient to proue that by industrie and diligence any perfection may be attained. 1681Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 62 It consumed but one house, being quenched by the great industry of the people. 1741Middleton Cicero II. x. 416 A story, kept up for some days with great industry. 1792Anecd. W. Pitt I. i. 3 The present publication is the effect of industry, not of ability. 1863Froude Hist. Eng. VIII. 91 In a few well chosen sentences she complimented the students on their industry.
4. a. Systematic work or labour; habitual employment in some useful work, now esp. in the productive arts or manufactures. (This, with 5, is the prevalent sense.)
1611Shakes. Cymb. iii. vi. 31 The sweat of industry would dry, and dye But for the end it workes too. 1699W. Dampier Voy. II. i. 141 Those who can turn their hands to any thing besides drudgery, live well enough by their industry. 1764Burn Poor Laws 151 A man that has been bred up in the trade of begging, will never, unless compelled, fall to industry. 1776Adam Smith W.N. ii. iii. (1869) II. 338 The funds destined for the maintenance of industry are much greater in proportion..than they were two or three centuries ago. 1843Carlyle Past & Pr. iv. iv, The Leaders of Industry..are virtually the Captains of the World. 1863Fawcett Pol. Econ. ii. v. 198 When industry is conducted by other combinations than those of employers and employed.
b. house of industry, a workhouse. school († college) of industry, a school in which various industrial occupations are taught; an industrial school.
1696J. Bellers (title) Proposals for raising a College of Industry for all useful Trades and Husbandry. 1773R. Potter (title) Observations on the Poor Laws, on the Present State of the Poor, and on Houses of Industry. 1782Phil. Trans. LXXII. 366 In the month of June, 1777, several years after the House of Industry has been built. 1789(title) Plan of the Sunday Schools and School of Industry established in the City of Bath. 1882Mrs. Pitman Mission L. Greece & Pal. 68 She said that she was most of all pleased with the school of industry, because it was confined to the poor.
5. a. A particular form or branch of productive labour; a trade or manufacture.
c1566J. Alday tr. Boaystuau's Theat. World C iv b, Spinners or Spiders..have a much better grace..in their industries, for there is no knots in their workings, nor wast. 1621G. Sandys tr. Ovid's Met. ii. (1626) 32 The Thunderer then..finding nothing there by fire decay'd; He Earth, and humane industries suruay'd. 1741Johnson Debates Parl. (1787) I. 278 To maintain themselves by a more honest and useful industry. 1844Disraeli Coningsby ii. i, The rights and properties of our national industries. 1883Athenæum 8 Sept. 309/2 An industry that has lately sprung up in the United States concerned in the production of galvanised iron cornices for architectural purposes. 1883C. J. Wills Mod. Persia 360 They knit socks as long as daylight lasts; some widows even maintain a family by this industry.
b. Archæol. A collection of prehistoric implements of the same age found at an archæological site and used as evidence of the original technique of working; also, the technique so revealed.
1911Jrnl. R. Anthrop. Inst. 458 (title) On the classification of British Stone-Age industries. 1952[see Gravettian a. and n.]. 1959J. D. Clark Prehist. S. Afr. ii. 39 A single living or workshop site where a number of specimens all of the same age are associated is called an ‘industry’, while the term ‘culture’ is usually employed to describe a number of ‘industries’ all of the same type, and of which the distribution is more than purely local.
c. Preceded by a personal name or the like: scholarly or diligent work devoted to the study of a particular author or subject; also, the practice of a profitable occupation.
1965New Statesman 9 Apr. 575/1 The Pindar industry began fairly early in antiquity, as we can still see in the surviving scholia. 1966Listener 10 Nov. 685/1 The Shakespeare industry..is a very old one; I have an eighteenth-century snuffbox made from Shakespeare's mulberry tree. 1969Daily Tel. 24 Apr. 22/3 The way to tackle ‘Ulysses’ is to plunge into it headfirst,..which is what we all had to do before the Joyce industry began. Ibid. 5 Aug. 14/2 The brisk pick-up of business in the abortion industry has greatly alarmed many people.
†6. of industry, on purpose, intentionally (after L. de or ex industria). Obs. rare.
1613Chapman Revenge Bussy D'Ambois ii. D ij a, Romes Brutus is reuiu'd in him, Whom hee of industry doth imitate. Ibid. iii. F ij b, When Homer made Achilles passionate,..He did compose it all of industrie, To let men see, that [etc.]. 1648Milton Tenure Kings 4 A dissembl'd piety fain'd of industry to begett new discord.
7. Comb. industry-wide adj.
1946Nature 30 Nov. 797/1 Research should mainly be on an industry-wide basis, and for the benefit of the industry as a whole. 1958Listener 24 July 116/2 It is possible to preserve industry-wide bargaining. 1971Publishers' Weekly 2 Aug. 43/3 The American National Standards, Inc., the official agency for certifying industry-wide standards in the United States.
Hence ˈindustrying [-ing1], practice of an industry. nonce-wd.
1865Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xviii. v. (1872) VII. 182 An eye-sorrow, they, with their commerce, their weavings and industryings, to Austrian Papists, who cannot weave or trade. |