| 释义 |
indigo, n. (a.)|ˈɪndɪgəʊ|
Forms: α. 6–8 indico. β. (6 endego), 6– indigo.
[Occurs from 16th c., in the two forms indico, indigo, repr. two Romanic forms, from L. indicum (Pliny), a. Gr. ἰνδικόν (Dioscorides) the blue Indian dye, lit. ‘the Indian (substance)’, n. use of neuter of Ἰνδικός, Indicus, Indian. Indico, ? from Sp., was the usual form in 16–17th c., and continued into the 18th; endego occurs in R. Eden 1555 (from the It. of Ramusio Itinerario (Venice, 1550), transl. a Portuguese list of prices at Calicut and Malabar), and indigo in the 1598 transl. of Linschoten, from Dutch, app. also of Indo-Portuguese origin; but this form came into general use only after the middle of the 17th c.: cf. also F. indigo, 1658 in Hatz.-Darm.
The usual name in the Mediterranean countries, before the Portuguese went to India, was annil, anil, which came west, through Arabic and Persian, from Sanskrit: see anil. But indaco occurs in It. in 1390: see Voc. della Crusca, s.v.]
A. n.
1. a. A substance obtained in the form of a blue powder from plants of the genus Indigofera, N.O. Leguminosæ, and largely used as a blue dye.
It is produced by the decomposition of the glucoside indican, which exists not merely in the indigo-plant, but in woad and various other plants. Its essential constituent is indigo-blue; besides which, however, commercial indigo or crude indigo contains indigo-red, indigo-brown, and some earthy glutinous matters (indigo-gluten).
αa1599Hakluyt Voy. II. 218 There goeth out of Chaul..great quantity of Indico, Opium, Cotton, Silke. 1616Bullokar, Indico, a stone brought out of Turkie, wherewith dyers vse to die blew. 1680Morden Geog. Rect., Mogul (1685) 398 In the Suburbs they make Indico. 1686Lond. Gaz. No. 2186/1, 700 Chests of Indico of Guatimala. 1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 62 Workmen sometimes grind Indico and Sallad-oyl together. 1755Gentl. Mag. XXV. 201 Indico, or Indigo, is a dye extracted from a plant of the same name. 1788New Lond. Mag. 244 A ship..freighted with indico, cochineal, and rich stuffs.
β1555Eden Decades 239 Endego to dye silke, trewe and good, the farazuola, Fanan. xxx. [Ramusio Itinerario (1550) 348 Endego vero e buono val la farazuola, fanoes xxx.] 1598W. Phillips tr. Linschoten's Voy. i. (Hakluyt Soc.) II. 91 Annil or Indigo by the Gusurates is called Gali, by others Nil. [Linschoten Itinerarium (1596) lxix. 92/2 Van't Annil ofte Indigo. Het Annil, anders Indigo ghenaemt, ende in Gusaratte, Gali; van andere Nil.] 1665Pepys Diary 25 Sept., We did agree a bargain of {pstlg}5000..for silk, cinnamon, nutmegs, and indigo. 1690Child Disc. Trade (1694) 172 It employs the Nation for its Consumption, with Pepper, Indigo, Calicoes, and several useful Drugs. 1712tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 90. 1731–7 Miller Gard. Dict. (ed. 3) s.v. Anil, Every-body does, or should know, that Indigo is a Dye used to dye Wool, Silk, Cloaths and Stuffs blue. 1813Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. (1814) 92 Indigo may be procured from Woad..by digesting alchohol on it, and evaporating the solution. 1826Henry Elem. Chem. II. 277 Good indigo has a deep blue colour, inclining to purple, and is destitute both of taste and smell. 1865–72Watts Dict. Chem. III. 250 Its introduction into Europe as a dye is generally attributed to the Jews, who during the middle ages practised the art of dying with indigo in the Levant. 1889Morley & Muir Watts' Dict. Chem. II. 753/1 The Egyptian mummy cases were certainly dyed with indigo, and it has been employed in India for many thousands of years. 1889–96G. M'Gowan Bernthsen's Organ. Chem. (ed. 3) 469 In addition to indigo-blue (indigotin), commercial indigo contains indigo-gelatine, indigo-brown, and indigo-red, all of which can be extracted from it by solvents. Ibid., Indigo has been prepared synthetically by Baeyer..from isatin chloride [etc.].
b. pl. (In commercial use.) Sorts or samples of indigo. (But formerly a collective pl., like ashes, oats, grains, silks.)
1609Sir H. Middleton in Beveridge Hist. India (1862) I. ii. i. 251 Their indicoes and other goods of theirs. 1624Capt. Smith Virginia v. 171 There are great abundance of..Tobacco, Sugarcanes, Indicos, Parsnips. 1821Lamb Elia Ser. i. Imperf. Symp., Hast thee heard how indigos go at the India House? 1875Ure's Dict. Arts II. 903 The Manilla indigos present the marks of the rushes upon which they have been dried.
†c. Used in extended sense for ‘dye’. Obs.
1703W. Dampier Voy. (1729) III. i. 438 They make a saffron⁓coloured Indico of the Seed, called Arnatto.
2. a. A plant from which indigo is obtained, indigo-plant, including several species of Indigofera.
Among these are common or East Indian i., Indigofera tinctoria, W. Indian i., I. Anil, Australian i., I. Australis, purple-flowered i., I. floribunda.
1600J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa ii. 268 In this prouince groweth great store of Indico, being an herbe like vnto wilde woad. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 507 Annil or Indigo growes in Cambaia: the herb is like Rosemary. 1657R. Ligon Barbadoes 24 We found Indico planted, and so well ordered, as it is sold in London at very good rates. 1703W. Dampier Voy. (1729) III. i. 438 White Indico has a white Flower, and the Roots yield a blue Juice. 1813Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. iii. (1814) 93 The indigo of commerce is principally brought from America. It is procured from the Indigofera Argentea or Wild Indigo, the Indigofera disperma or Guatimala Indigo, and the Indigofera tinctoria or French Indigo. 1876Harley Mat. Med. (ed. 6) 657 Indigo..is a small shrubby plant indigenous to the tropical parts of the East and West Indies, and Africa. 1881Mrs. C. Praed Policy & P. I. vi. 110 Overgrown with rank grass and creeping indigo.
b. Also, with prefixed word, applied to other plants yielding a blue dye: as bastard indigo, an American shrub of the genus Amorpha; Chinese or Japanese indigo, Polygonum tinctorium; Egyptian indigo, Tephrosia Apollinea (Treas. Bot. 1866); false or wild indigo (of U.S.), (a) the genus Baptisia (Treas. Bot. 1866); (b) = Bastard Indigo; Pegu indigo, Marsdenia tinctoria.
1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. App. (1765) 316/1 Indigo, Bastard, Amorpha. 1819Pantologia, Amorpha, Bastard indigo. There are two species, both natives of Carolina: A. fruticosa and A. pubescens. 1841J. W. Loudon Ladies' Comp. Flower-Gard. (1846) 159–60 The false Indigo, Amorpha, also belongs to Leguminosæ.
3. The colour yielded by indigo, reckoned by Newton as one of the seven prismatic or primary colours, lying in the spectrum between blue and violet, and now often called blue-violet or violet-blue.
1622Peacham Compl. Gent. xiii. (1634) 136 For a deepe and sad Greene, as in the inmost leaves of Trees, mingle Indico and Pinke. 1658W. Sanderson Graphice 72 Darkest shadows, you may well set off with sap-green and Indico. 1704Newton Opticks 87–8 The Spectrum pt formed by the separated rays, did..appear tinged with this series of colours, violet, indico, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, together with all their intermediate degrees, in a continual succession perpetually varying. Ibid. 49 It is scarce to be discovered and perceived by sense, except perhaps in the Indigo and Violet. 1831Brewster Optics vii. 67 There will be formed upon the screen..an oblong Image..of the Sun, containing seven colours, viz. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. 1873Holland A. Bonnic. i. 27, I fancy the family blood has been growing blue for several generations, and perhaps there's a little indigo in me. 1874Symonds Sk. Italy & Greece (1898) I. i. 21 The pine-forests on the mountain-sides are of darkest indigo.
B. adj. (attrib. use of A. 3.) Of a deep violet-blue colour. Also in comb. to express blended shades, as indigo-black.
1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. xxiv. 245 We see its deep indigo horizon. 1878H. S. Wilson Alp. Ascents i. 18 A sky of..a streaky indigo hue. 1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 550 Sometimes it is wreathed with indigo-black tornado clouds.
C. attrib. and Comb.
1. Simple attrib. and general Comb., as indigo factory, indigo plantation, indigo vat; indigo-planter; indigo-bearing, indigo-dyed, indigo-producing, indigo-yielding adjs.
1887C. A. Moloney Forestry W. Afr. 151 *Indigo-bearing plants.
Ibid. 144 *Indigo-dyed cotton.
1838Penny Cycl. XII. 460/2 In the *indigo factories of Bengal it is the custom for the European factors to provide the seed.
1888J. Inglis Tent Life Tigerland 106 The general tendency on all *indigo plantations is to bring..ryot and landlord into a much more harmonious state.
1772J. Habersham Let. 12 Aug. in Coll. Georgia Hist. Soc. (1904) VI. 202 We have had a great Quantity of Rain fall, which must hurt the *Indigoe Planters. 1849Thackeray Pendennis xxiv, Amory..set up as indigo-planter and failed.
1876Harley Mat. Med. (ed. 6) 657 It appears that the *indigo-producing constituent is indican.
1765Croker, etc. Dict. Arts & Sc. s.v., Mr. Hellot describes two *indigo vats with urine. 1865–72Watts Dict. Chem. III. 250 Woad..is now used only as an addition to the indigo-vat. 1874Schorlemmer Org. Chem. 426 An ‘indigo-vat’ is prepared by mixing one part of powdered indigo with two parts of ferrous sulphate, three parts of slaked lime and 200 parts of water.
1887C. A. Moloney Forestry W. Afr. 155 In *indigo⁓yielding plants our knowledge is indeed very contracted.
2. Special Comb.: indigo-berry, a name given to: (a) the fruit of Randia latifolia and R. aculeata, from which a blue dye is obtained; (b) that of the South American Passiflora tuberosa (Cent. Dict. 1890); indigo-broom, an American name of Wild or False Indigo; indigo-brown, a brown resinous substance, a mixture of indihumin and indiretin, existing in all kinds of commercial indigo; indigo-carmine, indigo-disulphonate (sulphindigotate) of sodium or potassium, used for dyeing silk, and as a water-colour; indigo-copper, the mineral covelline; indigo-extract: see quots.; indigo-finch = indigo-bird; indigo-gelatine, indigo-gluten, the glutinous matter found in commercial indigo; indigo-green, a green substance obtained from indigo by adding potash to an alcoholic solution of an alkaline hyposulphindigotate (Ure's Dict. Arts 1875); indigo-mill, a name for the cistern in which indigo is triturated to a fine paste (Knight Dict. Mech. 1875); indigo-purple, purple obtained from indigo by the action of fused sodium sulphate; indigo-purpurin, indigo-red, synonyms of indirubin; indigo-snake (U.S.), the gopher-snake, Spilotes Couperi; indigo-sulphate, sulphate of indigo: see quots.; indigo-sulphonic (popularly -sulphuric) acids, i.e. indigo monosulphonic and indigo disulphonic acids, products of the action of sulphuric acid on indigo-blue; indigo weed = indigo broom; indigo-yellow, ‘a substance produced by heating hyposulphindigotate of calcium with lime-water in contact with air; it is a transparent yellow mass’ (Watts Dict. Chem. 1865–72).
1866Treas. Bot. 621/1 *Indigo-berry, Randia latifolia.
1838Penny Cycl. XII. 460/1 According to Berzelius the indigo of commerce..consists of indigo-blue, indigo-red, *indigo-brown, and a glutinous matter.
1855Mayne Expos. Lex., Indigocarmina, a term used by some chemists for the purple of indigo, a modification of soluble blue..*indigocarmine. 1865–72Watts Dict. Chem. III. 261 Sulphindigotate of potassium occurs in commerce as paste or dry powder, known as precipitated indigo, indigo-carmine, soluble indigo or solid blue..Sulphindigotate of sodium, also called indigo⁓carmine, resembles the potassium salt, and is used for similar purposes, but is more soluble in saline solutions.
1868Dana Min. (ed. 5) 83 Covellite,..*Indigo-Copper. 1875Ure's Dict. Arts III. 914 Indigo-copper, the native proto⁓sulphide of copper.
1874Schorlemmer Org. Chem. 427 They [pot. & sod. indigotindisulphonates] are found in commerce under the name of ‘indigo-carmine’ or ‘*indigo-extract’. 1889Morley & Muir Watts' Dict. Chem. II. 757/2 By dyeing from a bath of indigo-di-sulphonic acid (‘sulphindigotic acid’, ‘indigo-carmine’, or ‘indigo-extract’).
1865–72Watts Dict. Chem. III. 257 To obtain it [indigo-brown], the *indigo-gluten is first removed by treating the indigo with dilute sulphuric..acid.
1838Penny Cycl. XII. 460/2 This solution of indigotin..has been called sulphate of indigo. According to Berzelius, it contains *indigo-purple, sulphate of indigo, and hyposulphate of indigo. 1865–72Watts Dict. Chem. III. 257 Indigo-purple{ddd}probably consists of sulphindigotate or sulphophœnicate of sodium. Ibid. 261 Sulphophœnicic acid, 2C8H5NO.SO3, Indigo-purple, Phœnicin, Sulphopurpuric acid. This acid is formed when sulphuric acid is allowed to act upon indigo for a short time, or not in excess.
1838*Indigo-red [see Indigo-brown above]. 1881Watts Dict. Chem. 3rd Supp. 1086 When an aqueous solution of indican is boiled..and..then decomposed by acids, [it] yields, no longer indigo blue, but indigo-red, and other products.
1884–5Riverside Nat. Hist. (1888) III. 367 Spilotes couperi..is known by the negroes as *indigo or gopher-snake.
1875Ure's Dict. Arts II. 906 The compounds [of indigo-sulphuric or sulphindigotic acid] are called *indigo-sulphates, and are, like the acid, of a dark blue colour... The indigo-sulphates of the alkalis may..be prepared by steeping wool, previously well cleaned, into the solution in sulphuric acid.
1881Watts Dict. Chem. 3rd Supp. 1088 A peculiar modification of commercial *indigosulphonic acid (commonly called indigosulphuric acid). 1889Morley & Muir Watts' Dict. Chem. II. 758/1 Indigo-mono-sulphonic acid, C16H9N2O2(SO3H), Phœnicine sulphuric acid: a blue powder formed by allowing to stand some time a mixture of indigo with ordinary sulphuric acid. Ibid., Indigo-di-sulphonic acid, C16H8N2O2(SO3H)2, Sulphindigotic acid, Cæruline-sulphuric-acid, Indigo-extract.
1785Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. I. 473 Indigofera... *Indigoweed... A durable pale blue may be obtained from the leaves and small branches. 1852Trans. Mich. Agric. Soc. III. 197 My timber is generally oak, with some hickory, indigo weed, tea weed. 1884Miller Plant-n., Indigo-weed, Baptisia tinctoria. |