| 释义 |
▪ I. vessel, n.1|ˈvɛsəl|
Forms: α. 4, 6 vessele (4 wessele), 4–5 vesselle (5 wess-), vessale; 4 vescel, vessil, 4– vessel (4–5 wessel, uessel, 4, 6 fessel), 5–7 vessell (wessell, 5 fessell); 4 vesseal, 5 veseal, vessall. β. Sc. 5 vyscele, weschele, 5–6 wesch-, veschale, 5 wes(s)chael(le; 5 wischeall, 5–6 veschall (5 wesch-, vessche-), 6 weschail; 5–6 wesch-, 5–7 veschell (6 vessch-), 6 veshel, 7–8 veshell. γ. 4–5, 7 vessayle, 5 veassayle, vessaile. δ. 5 vayssel, vaissel.
[a. (1) AF. and OF. vessel, OF. vesseal, vaissel, vaisseau, etc. (mod.F. vaisseau) masc., = Pr. vaisel, Sp. vasillo, It. vascello:—L. vascellum small vase or urn, ship, etc., dim. of vās vas; (2) AF. and OF. vessele, veselle, OF. vasselle, wasselle, vaissele, etc. (mod.F. vaisselle) fem., repr. the L. pl. vascella and used in a collective sense.]
1.
†a. In collective singular: Vessels or utensils for the table or for use in the household, esp. those made of gold or silver; = plate n. 16. Obs.
Freq. from c 1300 to c 1600.
αa1300Cursor M. 6145 Fra þis folk..þe folk of israel to boru Asked silueren vessel [v.r. wessel] sere. 13..Coer de L. 1488 Now, styward, I warne the, Bye us vessel gret plente, Dysschys, cuppys, and sawsers, Bolles, treyes, and platers. c1400Mandeville (1839) xx. 220 Alle the Vesselle, that men ben served with, in the Halle or in Chambres, ben of precious Stones. 1420E.E. Wills (1882) 46 A dosen of peutre vessell. 1424Ibid. 56 All my seluere vessell. 1477Rolls of Parlt. VI. 184/2 That Sterlyng Halpeny nor Ferthyng, shuld not be molten for Vessell. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. xx. 29 All his Vessell was of golde and siluer, pottis, basons, ewers, dysshes, flagons, barels, cuppes, and all other thyngis. 1587Harrison England iii. xi. in Holinshed I. 237/2 Such furniture of houshold of this mettall [sc. pewter], as we commonlie call by the name of vessell, is sold vsuallie by the garnish. 1609Holland Amm. Marcell. 192 They shamed now to drinke out of earthen vessell. 1613–8Daniel Coll. Hist. Eng. (1826) 107 He..made restitution of much Church vessell, that had beene taken and sold for ransome. 1664Marvell Corr. Wks. (Grosart) II. 148 Have I..layd them in mine own beds, mine own hangings, and treated them continually in mine own vessel?
β1375Barbour Bruce xi. 117 All thai..that chargit war Of palȝeonys and veschall vith-all. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xviii. (Mary Egypt) 1094 Þan godis blud & his body put in to weschale, þare-to worthy. c1425Wyntoun Cron. ii. xii. 1073 Golde, siluir and wesschaelle, Cleynly made of gud metaille. 1490Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. I. 132 For the caryage of the siluer vesscheall to Lythgow again Payce. 1513Douglas æneid i. ix. 109 Siluer plait.. was brocht To set on buirdis; and weschail forgit of gold. 1549Compl. Scotl. xvii. 145 Coppir, bras, and yrn and vthir mettellis var meltit to mak vtensel veschel necessair to serue ane houshald. a1578Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 337 Costlie beding, weschell and naiperie according for ane king. 1627[see sense 7].
γ, δ1474Caxton Chesse ii. v. (1883) 69 He sayde that hit was better and more noble thynge to shyne in good maners than in vayssel. 1605Tryall Chevalr. iv. i, And so, sir, you that walk in pewter vessayle, like one of the worthyes, will you be rul'd by me? [1820Scott Monast. xvi, Every bit of vassail and silver work have we been spoiled of since Pinkie Cleuch.]
b. dial. (See quots.)
1854A. E. Baker Northampt. Gloss. 375 Vessel,..all the plates, dishes, and culinary utensils which are put into requisition during a meal. ‘Wash the vessel up.’ Never applied to a tea-service or to glasses. 1893Wilts. Gloss. 176 To wash up the vessel is to wash up plates, dishes, &c.
2. a. Any article designed to serve as a receptacle for a liquid or other substance, usually one of circular section and made of some durable material; esp. a utensil of this nature in domestic use, employed in connexion with the preparation or serving of food or drink, and usually of a size suitable for carrying by hand.
Often with defining term preceding (sometimes hyphened), indicating its special use, as dairy, drinking, kitchen, milk-, wine-vessel. See also air-, steam-vessel 1.
αa1300Cursor M. 13395 Iesus badd þam þan o-nan Fil þair gret wessels [Fairf. vessels] o stan O water clere. 1340Ayenb. 235 Þe þinges þet byeþ y-halȝed, ase þe uesseles y⁓blissed, þe chalis, þe copereaus. c1386Chaucer Monk's T. 204 Goth, bringeth forth the vessealx..The which my fader in his prosperite Out of the temple of Jerusalem byraft. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xi. 43 A vessell of gold full of manna. c1450MS. Douce 55 fol. 11 Steep hem with sugre water..in to a feyre fessell. c1471Fortescue Wks. (1869) 458 Oftyntyms his Highnesse must and will bye..Wessels, Westments, and other Ornaments for his Chapel. 1526Tindale Luke v. 37 Also no man poureth newe wyne into olde vessels. 1550N.C. Wills (Surtees, 1908) 208 Such vessels, barkes, and other thinges as belonges to the tanners craft. 1577Harrison England in Holinshed I. 110/1 Afterward putting it [sc. brawn] into close vessels, they poure..good small ale..thereto tyll it be couered. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. 650 An earthen vessel in which was hourded a mighty deale of Romaine coine. 1658J. Harrington Prerog. Pop. Govt. ii. ii. 11 His Enemies breaking down his Statues,..made homely Vessels of them. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. 121 To my great Misfortune, I had no Vessel to boil or stew any Thing. 1791Cowper Odyss. ii. 381 Join thou the suitors, and provide, In separate vessels stow'd, all needful stores. 1831Brewster Optics iii. 23 Let the board with its pedestal be placed..in a glass vessel of water. 1855Dickens Dorrit ii. ix, Bending over a steaming vessel of tea. 1907Verney Mem. I. 8 Queer tin vessels of many shapes.
Prov. phr.1599Shakes. Hen. V, iv. iv. 71 But the saying is true, The empty vessel makes the greatest sound.
transf.1645Ussher Body Div. (1647) 100 The third night (as it seemeth) God caused the Waters to retire into their Vessels.
βc1425Wyntoun Cron. v. 1458 Þat..his blude In til a weschael tycht and gude Sulde be put. a1500Ratis Raving, etc. 101 As lekand weschell haldis no thinge, Sa opin tung has na traistinge. 1561Winȝet Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 94 The weschelis and ornamentis appropriat to the seruice of God. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. II. 120 In dischis of daintie, in veschelis of al sortis. 1756M. Calderwood Jrnl. (1884) 84 They immediatly put those veshells into cold water.
γ13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 1713 Þou..has hofen þy hert agaynes þe hyȝe dryȝtyn,..& now his vessayles [are] avyled in vanyte vnclene. c1420Liber Cocorum (1862) Lay pigges in a vessayle, with bothe hande.
b. In various fig. applications. (Cf. 3.)
1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 7859 Þe Iew þey called ‘a voyde vessel’, And forsoþe, so hyt fel. c1315Shoreham i. 1548 Þer-fore ech man..wessche and greydy hys fessel, And do trewlyche hys charge. 1587Holinshed Chron. (ed. 2) III. 832/1 The vessell of amitie betweene the king of Enggland & the French being first broched by this popes letters. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, iv. Chorus 3 Of a time, When creeping Murmure..Fills the wide Vessell of the Vniuerse. 1605― Macb. iii. i. 67 For them, the gracious Duncan haue I murther'd; Put Rancours in the Vessell of my Peace Onely for them. a1650May Old Couple v, Gently, my joys distil Lest you do break the vessel you should fill. 1667Milton P.L. xii. 559, Greatly instructed I shall hence depart..and have my fill Of knowledge, what this vessel can containe. 1883H. Drummond Nat. Law in Spir. W. (1884) 270 Who will not willingly exchange his shallow vessel for Christ's well of living water?
c. The contents of a vessel; a vesselful. rare.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 25 b, The vyntenar gyueth frely..a taste of his wyne though he gyue not the hole vessell at ones. 1609Skene Reg. Maj., Stat. K. William 3 Ane free man..sall gif for multure at the milne the sextene veshell.
†d. Arch. (See quot. and vase 1 b.) Obs.—0
1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Vessels, in Architecture, are certain Ornaments, usually set over the Cornices, and so named, because they represent divers sorts of Vessels, which were in use among the Ancients.
†e. slang. The nose. Obs.
1813Sporting Mag. XLI. 170 There d―n your eyes, I've tapped your vessel.
3. fig. (chiefly in or after Biblical use).
a. Said of a person regarded as having the containing capacity or function of a vessel. Freq. const. of (a condition, quality, etc.). Now arch.
For the phr. the weaker vessel, see weak a.
a1300Cursor M. 19674 Þou ga til him [sc. Paul], he es me lele, And o mi chesing he es wessele. 1382Wyclif 2 Tim ii. 21 He schal be a vessel halwid into honour, and profytable to the Lord. 1388― Gen. xlix. 5 Symeon and Leuy,..fiȝtynge vessils of wickidnesse. a1400N.T. (Paues) Acts ix. 15 For he es maked vnto me a vessel of choos forto bere my name bifore kenges ande folke. 1451J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert xxxvii. 115 [They] came on-to þe graue wher..Gilbertes body was hid, and..þei lifte up þat holy uessel of God. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 19 Therfore let vs apply our wylles at all tymes to be vesselles of grace. 1552Lyndesay Dreme 254 The cursit Empriour Nero, Off euerilk vice the horrabyll weschell. 1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. xlix. §1 We know there are vessels of wrath. a1629Hinde J. Bruen ii. (1641) 6 If he [God] had a purpose to reserve him as a vessell of honor, and for his own house. 1667Milton P.L. ix. 89 Him after long debate..his final sentence chose Fit Vessel, fittest Imp of fraud, in whom To enter. 1738Wesley Psalms lvi. v, And cast into the burning Lake The Vessels of thine Ire. 1773Mrs. Chapone Improv. Mind (1774) I. 93 We know not whether..they might not prove..chosen vessels to promote the honour of God. 1819Scott Ivanhoe xxxviii, Nature..grieves that so goodly a form should be a vessel of perdition. 1837Dickens Pickw. lii, It makes a vessel's heart bleed! 1905A. I. Shand Days of Past vii. 129 As for the archbishop, he was a seasoned vessel.
†b. Said of the body, esp. as the receptacle of the soul. Obs.
c1360Know Thyself 4 in E.E.P. (1862) 130 Vche cristen creature knowen hym self ouht His oune vessel. 1382Wyclif 1 Thess. iv. 4 That ech of ȝou kunne welde his vessel in..hoolynesse and honour. ― 1 Pet. iii. 7 Ȝeuynge honour to the wommans vessel, or body. 1532G. Du Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 1061 The body..is the vessell of the soule. 1535Coverdale 2 Esdras iv. 11 How shulde thy vessel then be able to comprehende the waye of the Hyest? 1610Healey St. Aug. Citie of God 526 The seede of generation should have been sowne in the vessell, as corne is now in the fielde. a1629Hinde J. Bruen vii. (1641) 28 They possessed their vessels in holinesse, and in honour. 1704Swift Mech. Operat. Spirit (1711) 299 The Saint felt his Vessel full extended in every Part.
†c. In other Biblical uses (see quots.). Obs.
1340Hampole Psalter vii. 14 And þare in he has redid vessels of ded [L. vasa mortis]; his aruys till brennand he made. [So in Wyclif (1382).] 1382Wyclif 1 Macc. xiv. 10 The citees he..ordeynyde..that thei weren vessels of strengthing. 1545R. Ascham Toxoph. i. (Arb.) 71 Dauid in the Psalmes calleth bowes the vessels of death. 1609Bible (Douay) 1 Macc. xiv. 10 He gave victuals to the citie, and he appointed them that they should be vessels of munition.
4. a. Any structure designed to float upon and traverse the water for the carriage of persons or goods; a craft or ship of any kind, now usually one larger than a rowing-boat and often restricted to sea-going craft or those plying upon the larger rivers or lakes.
Freq. with distinguishing terms, as bomb-, fishing, gun-, machine-, sailing-, steam-, trading-, transport-, war-vessel, etc.
αa1300Cursor M. 1662 Bot ar i wil mi wengeaunce tak I wil þat þou a wessel mak... A schippe be-houes þe to dight. 1390Gower Conf. I. 197 Hire Schip goth in among hem alle,..And hath the vessell undergete, Which Maister was of al the Flete. 1452Wars Eng. in France (Rolls) II. 477 Ordeyne as meny shippes and vessels of thoo that bylonge to oure port of A. as ye shal mowe. a1489Caxton Blanchardyn xxxv. 131 Blanchardyn drew hymsylf aside wyth-in his vessell. a1533Ld. Berners Huon xxxv. 110 Sum maner of shyppe or wessell to passe ouer y⊇ see. 1590Sir J. Smyth Disc. Weapons 12 All the long boates and vessells of oares for the landing of men. 1625Bp. Hall Wks. 59 A little saile to a large vessell, rids no way. 1683Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 69 All Ships and Vessells vnder 10 Tunns..to pay no fees. 1736Gray Statius ii. 21 Where..parting surges round the vessel roar. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine, Vessel, a general name given to the different sorts of ships... It is, however, more particularly applied to those of the smaller kind, furnished with one or two masts. 1836Marryat Midsh. Easy xix. 67 All the varieties of vessels which float upon the wave. 1844Kinglake Eöthen vi, I knew enough of Greek navigation to be sure that our vessel would cling to earth. 1889Welch Naval Archit. 13 For ships of ordinary form (including probably the great majority of vessels).
fig.1611Shakes. Cymb. iv. ii. 319 Damn'd Pisanio Hath with his forged Letters..From this most brauest vessell of the world Strooke the maine top! Oh Posthumus, alas, Where is thy head? 1781Cowper Hope 168 Hope, as an anchor.., holds fast The Christian vessel, and defies the blast. 1876Trevelyan Macaulay I. v. 250 In 1832 the vessel of Reform was still labouring heavily.
transf.1882F. M. Crawford Mr. Isaacs i. 6 And every variety of horseflesh may be seen,..from Lord Stephen Kildare's thoroughbreds to the broad-sterned equestrian vessel of Mr. Currie Ghyrkins.
βc1375Sc. Leg. Saints xvii. (Martha) 106 Bot for na vyscele wes þane nere, he enterit in riuere faste, & swemand ay. c1470Henry Wallace xi. 326 He A weschell gat, and maid him to the se. a1568Sempill in Satir. Poems Reform. xlvi. 25 A fair vesschell abone þe watter. 1609Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 71/1 The dewtie of coqueitis, entres of shipis, barkis, crearis and wtheris veshellis.
γc1460Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. vi. (1885) 123 To borde with carrikkes and oþer grete vessailes. 1470–85Malory Arthur viii. vi. 282 He commaunded his seruaunt Gouernayle to goo to his vessaile ageyne. 1497Naval Acc. Hen. VII (1896) 250 The seid veassayle fyrst freight at London with cordage.
δc1477Caxton Jason 76 And the sayd vaissels and ships were blowen unto the perrillous yle of Colchos.
†b. In collective singular. Obs.
c1400Destr. Troy 13996 Whan Eneas was exiled, euyn were his shippes Two hundreth full hole, all of hede vessell. 1436Libel Eng. Policy in Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 160 The haven of Sluse,..Where many wessell and fayre arne abydynge. c1470Henry Wallace ix. 749 Sum fled to Tay, and in small weschell ȝeid.
c. An airship or hovercraft.
1915Sphere 3 Apr. 22/1 The long covering of the balloon seemed to have been broken. Some people were running beside the vessel. 1916Ibid. 18 Mar. 293/1 As an airship rises it encounters air which has less supporting power, and ultimately..the vessel floats in equilibrium. 1957I. Asimov Naked Sun ix. 93 Baley was in an air-borne vessel again, as he had been on that trip from New York to Washington. 1972Daily Tel. 25 Apr. 1/4 British Rail's hovercraft Princess Anne made an emergency landing on a sandbank yesterday... The vessel was beached at Andressells, eight miles north of Boulogne.
5. a. Anat. and Zool. One of the membranous canals, ducts, or tubes in which the fluids of the body are contained and by means of which they are circulated; freq., a blood-vessel.
Often with distinguishing term, as blood-, iliac, lymphatic, pulmonary, etc.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. iv. vii. (1495) 90 Veynes ben the vessels of blode. 1548–77Vicary Anat. (1888) 21 There is no more difference betweene these two vessels of blood, but that the Artere is a vessel of blood spiritual or vytal. 1615Crooke Body of Man 113 The double membrane of this mesenterie doth inclose and sustaine the vessels which runne through it. 1635–56Cowley Davideis iv. Poems (1905) 380 A nimble thrust his active En'emy made,..And opened wide those secret vessels where Life's Light goes out, when first they let in aire. 1691Ray Creation ii. (1692) 65 All the Bones, and all the Muscles, and all the Vessels of the Body. 1732Arbuthnot Rules of Diet 279 In short whatever relaxeth the too strict vessels, or straitens the too lax,..is a Cordial. 1793Holcroft Lavater's Physiog. xii. 65 Vessels everywhere penetrate the bones, supplying them with juices and marrow. 1831R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 5 The Vessels..are canals which divide and subdivide into branches, are more or less elastic, and are formed by the superposition of different membranes. They are distinguished according to their uses and general disposition into Arteries, Veins, and Lymphatic Vessels. 1871T. H. Green Introd. Pathol. 286 Portions of new growths,..which having perforated the vessels, have been carried away by the current. 1893W. R. Gowers Man. Dis. Nerv. Syst. (ed. 2) II. 422 If a cist forms in an artery it may be detached..and may obstruct the vessel further on.
b. Bot. One of the cellular or tubular structures composing the vascular system of plants and having the function of containing or carrying sap or other secretion; a duct.
1671Grew Anat. Plants i. iii. §30 Of the Lignous Body it is so apparent by its Pores, or rather by its Vessels, that we need no farther Evidence. For to what end are Vessels, but for the conveyance of Liquor? 1731Miller Gard. Dict. s.v. Vegetable, Bulk for Bulk, the Plant imbibes into its Vessels 17 times more Fluid than the Quantity of the Chyle which enters into a Man's Vessels. 1787Winter Syst. Husb. 93 Air..passes..into the absorbent vessels of the root. 1796Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 368 The leaf has no rib, but seems composed of vessels equally dispersed. 1842Loudon Suburban Hort. 40 Whenever the sap in the vessels of a plant freezes, they become ruptured and the plant dies. 1875Darwin Insectiv. Pl. xii. 285 Some of the vessels are barred and punctured instead of being spiral.
6. Bot. = pericarp. rare.
Common in the comb. seed-vessel: see seed n. 9.
1691Ray Creation i. (1692) 100 Such Mosses as grow upon Walls,..and other high Places, have Seeds so excessively small, that when shaken out of their Vessels they appear like Vapor. [1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Vasculiferous Plants, are..such as have besides the common Calyx or Flower Cup, a peculiar Vessel or Case to contain their Seed.]
7. attrib. and Comb.
a. In senses 1 and 2, as vessel ambry, vessel-cleaner, vessel cloth, vessel house, vessel maker, vessel-man, vessel stuff. Chiefly Sc.
vessel-bearing, defining vasiferous (q.v.), is given by Coles (1676) and Bailey (1721).
c1450Bk. Curtasye 367 in Babees Bk., For wesselle clothes,..Þe porter hase þat warde in holde. 1488Acta Dom. Conc. (1839) 98/2 A weschale almery, a cop almery. 1532Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scotl. VI. 39 To the court weschellmen. 1590–1Exch. Rolls Scotl. XXII. 121 To..William Murra, aid in the vessel hous. 1598Florio, Vascellaro, a potter, or vessell maker. 1627Reg. Decreets Sc. Admiralty Ct. I. 93 Clapeburde, pype stalves, veschell and veschell stuff, pitche, tar, rosin, etc. 1886Cheshire Gloss. 377 Vessel-cleaner, an under dairymaid, whose business it is to clean the cheese tub, cans, and dairy apparatus.
b. In sense 5, as vessel-dilator, vessel-sheath, vessel-wall.
1879St. George's Hosp. Rep. IX. 428 In the right lateral sinus, where the clot was adherent to the vessel-wall. 1896Allbutt's Syst. Med. I. 234 Vessel dilators are of special use. 1899Ibid. VIII. 609 A proliferative inflammation of the vessel-sheaths.
c. In sense 4, as vessel-load, vessel man, etc.
1894Pop. Sci. Monthly XLIV. 483 The first Russian crew which ‘rescued’ a vessel-load of Circassians on their way to Turkey. 1898Daily Tel. 6 Jan. 10/7 Other couriers were despatched to see the railroads and the vessel men.
▪ II. ˈvessel, n.2
[Of uncertain origin: connexion with prec. is not clear.]
vessel of paper (see quots.).
1790Grose Prov. Gloss., Vessel of paper, half a quarter of a sheet. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia. 1840Spurdens Suppl. Forby, Vessel,..was used for theme-papers formerly at Bury School, and perhaps at others. 1860Guide to Eton Gloss., Vessel, the eighth of a sheet of foolscap, on which derivations are written. 1891Wrench Winchester Word-Bk. 51 Vessel, a half quarter of Long-paper. 1910Sat. Rev. 10 Dec. 751/1 Acton..made copious extracts,..written on vessels of paper specially made for him.
▪ III. ˈvessel, v. Now rare or Obs.
[f. vessel n.1]
1. trans. To put or enclose (a liquid, etc.) in a vessel. Also with up.
1577Harrison England iii. vi. (1878) ii. 37 Our honie..is harder, better wrought, and clenlier vesselled up, than that which commeth from beyond the sea. 1626Bacon Sylva §529 The Fourth Rule shall be, to mark what Herbs some Earths doe put forth of themselves; And to take that Earth, and to Pot it, or to Vessell it. 1640Harvey Synagogue (1647) C vij b, I would have this bread, This wine, Vessel'd in what the Sun might blush to shed His shine, When he should see. 1670W. Simpson Hydrol. Ess. 129 In vesselling up and stopping in the Tunbridg-waters.
transf.1650T. Vaughan Anthroposophia 2 Man had at the First, and so have all Souls before their Entrance to the Body, an explicit methodicall Knowledge, but they are noe sooner Vessel'd but that Liberty is lost.
2. To take or lift out by means of a vessel.
1673Phil. Trans. VIII. 6022 When they pour this solution into the Vessel, they use a stick,..whereby they agitate and beat the Wine in the Vessel, and then they vessel it out into other vessels. |