| 释义 |
▪ I. impression, n.|ɪmˈprɛʃən|
Also 4–5 en-, 5 in-.
[a. F. impression (13th c.), ad. L. impressiōn-em (in classical L. common only in the sense of ‘irruption, onset, attack’, but used by Cicero for ‘emphasis’ and ‘mental impression’, and in later L. for ‘action of impressing or stamping’), n. of action from imprimĕre (ppl. stem impress-): see impress v.1]
1. The action or process of impressing, in various senses: esp.
a. The action involved in the pressure of one thing upon or into the surface of another; also, the effect of this.
1444Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 218 Stable in the eyr is noon inpressioun. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 34 a/2 We ought to bere the crosse of Jhesu cryst..in the mouth by confession..and in the vysage by contynuel impression. 1590Spenser F.Q. iii. vi. 8 The fruitfull seades Of all things liuing, through impression Of the sunbeames..Doe life conceiue. 1592Shakes. Ven. & Ad. 566 What wax so frozen but dissolves with tempering, And yields at last to every light impression? 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 505 Signatures of Natures owne impression. 1793Beddoes Calculus 175 The heart does not contract itself immediately upon the first impression of the blood. 1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. 63 In any given perception there is a something which has been communicated to it [the mind] by an impact, or an impression ab extra. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 596 The creation of the world is the impression of order on a previously existing chaos.
†b. A charge, onset, attack, assault. Obs.
1402Hoccleve Let. Cupid 233 Suche is the force of myn impressyon That sodenly I felle can hir bost. 1577–87Holinshed Chron. I. 25/1 They were not able to susteine the violent impression of the armed men, and so fled. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 630 The Duke of Avero, with his Portugals, made a great impression into the Mores host. 1750Johnson Rambler No. 21 ⁋5 Elephants..by the violence of their impression..often threw the enemy into disorder. 1799Ld. Keith 9 July in Nicolas Disp. Nelson (1845) III. 414 note, The Enemy have no intention of attempting an impression on the Island of Sicily.
†c. Oppression (so OF. impression). Obs. rare.
c1470Harding Chron. cxxviii. iv, Euery lorde..spoyled other..By greate impression and cruell sore raunson.
d. The impact or shock of any atmospheric or physical force. ? Obs.
1694Acc. Sev. Late Voy. Introd. (1711) 22 To line them with the skins of Beasts, thereby to keep out the sharp impressions of the air. 1722Wollaston Relig. Nat. ix. 168 He is in danger from falls, and all impressions of violence. 1799Kirwan Geol. Ess. 69 The traces of a violent shock or impression from the south are as yet perceptible in many countries. 1820Scoresby Acc. Arctic Reg. I. 330 [When a cold wind rises] the most hardy cannot conceal their uneasiness under its first impressions.
†e. In elocution or metre: A stress, emphasis.
1643Milton Divorce ii. viii, To you he wrote this precept..which (to you) must be read with an impression. 1824L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 383 The intermixture of Pyrrhics and Spondees; in which, two impressions in the one foot make up for the want of one in the other.
2. a. A mark produced upon any surface by pressure, esp. by the application of a stamp, seal, etc. Hence, any depression, indentation, etc. such as would result from pressure; also, the figure produced by stamping or sealing; a cast, mould, copy.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvi. lxxiv. (Bodl. MS.), He findeþ mater more able and obedient to his worchinge þe more noble impression he prenteþ þerein. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 51 Of crosse nor pile there is no recluse, Prynte nor impressioun in all thy seynt-warye. 1592Davies Immort. Soul xiii. ii, When a Seal in Wax Impression makes. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 95 The horns like a rams..with beaten notches or impressions. 1699W. Dampier Voy. II. ii. 103 The Impression in the Sand, seemed much like the Track of a Cow. 1713Berkeley Hylas & Phil. iii. Wks. 1871 I. 346 As..a seal [is said] to make an impression upon wax. 1756C. Lucas Ess. Waters III. 236 Impressions of fishes, and sometimes of fern..are often found. 1851–6Woodward Mollusca 276 Shell..with a long and prominent ligament, and two adductor impressions. 1883C. J. Wills Mod. Persia 184 [He] breathes on his seal, and presses it firmly against the paper..A very clear impression is thus produced.
fig.1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 372 Ignoraunce..maketh him unmeete metall for the impressions of vertue. c1600Shakes. Sonn. cxii, Your loue and pittie doth th' impression fill, Which vulgar scandall stampt upon my brow. 1784Cowper Task vi. 983 If it bear The stamp and clear impression of good sense. 1847Prescott Peru (1850) II. 357 In his young and tender age he was to take the impression of those into whose society he was thrown.
†b. (See quot. and cf. sense 1, quot. 1483.) Obs.
1613Purchas Pilgr. (1614) 300 The impression or signe of peace, which is done with bringing both hands over the face.
†c. A mark, trace, indication. Obs.
1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 671 For the Ethiopian names or crosses..slaves..might leave such impressions. 1615G. Sandys Trav. 81 Time hath left now no impressions of his barbarous labour. 1658Sir T. Browne Hydriot. i. (1736) 8 Bones..with fresh Impressions of their Combustion.
†d. fig. Stamp; creation; hence, rank. Obs.
A French usage; with quot. 1639 cf. D'Aubigné un marquis de la nouvelle impression (Littré).
1639Du Verger tr. Camus' Admir. Events 50 A gentleman of the new impression. 1677Govt. Venice 23 'Tis every day to be seen in Venice, Noblemen of the last impression do marry Ladies of the first.
e. Dentistry. A negative copy of the teeth or oral cavity (from which a positive cast or model may be made) formed by bringing them into intimate contact with some substance that will take their shape.
1839C. A. Harris Dental Art xxi. 350 Models of this kind are obtained by taking a wax impression of both jaws at the same time. 1878C. Hunter Mech. Dentistry i. 7 When the composition has become sufficiently hard, the impression is withdrawn from the mouth, and cold water should be allowed to flow over it. 1940J. Osborne Dental Mech. i. 1 The introduction..to the subject is the technique necessary for the accurate construction of a model, or positive likeness of the patient's mouth, from an impression or negative likeness.
3. a. The process of printing. Now rare.
1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xlv. (Percy Soc.) 220 Go, little boke! I praye God the save From misse metryng by wrong impression. 1577–87Harrison England i. x. in Holinshed 44 At such time as I first attempted to commit this booke to the impression. 1602T. Fitzherbert Apol. Pref. 1 b, This Apology being written..and made ready for the print..it seemed good..to stay the impression of it, vntil [etc.]. a1794Gibbon Mem. Misc. Wks. 1814 I. 260 The impression of the fourth volume had consumed three months. 1837–9Hallam Hist. Lit. I. i. iii. §73. 193 The number of scholars was still not sufficient to repay the expenses of impression.
b. The result of printing; a print taken from type or from an engraving or the like; a printed copy.
1559Primer in Priv. Prayers (1851) 114 Neither to sel nor bye of any other impressions than suche as shal be Printed by the sayde Richard. 1589Nashe Ded. Greene's Menaphon (Arb.) 10 Euerie priuate Scholler..beganne to vaunt their smattering of Latine, in English Impressions. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 438 They print..the letters not being therein set backeward, that in the impression they may appeare forward. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 20 Bundles of Characters tied together to Ape Printing. What they make their Impression on, I cannot inform you. 1821Craig Lect. Drawing vii. 381 He rubs the plate over with printing ink, as if an impression were about to be taken. 1832Babbage Econ. Manuf. xi. (ed. 3) 72 Coloured impressions of leaves upon paper may be made by a kind of surface printing. 1869Mrs. Heaton A. Dürer ii. iii. (1881) 215 Very early impressions of Dürer's engravings are seldom now to be met with.
c. The printing of that number of copies (of a book, etc.) which forms one issue of it; ‘one course of printing’ (J.); hence, the aggregate of copies thus printed: see edition n. 3 b.
Sometimes distinguished from ‘edition’, as an unaltered reprint from standing type or plates; but often used as a more general term including both ‘edition’ and ‘reprint’: cf. quot. 1891.
1570–87Foxe A. & M. (1684) III. 594 The Copy of which Dispensation..is exemplified in our first Impression. 1592Nashe P. Penilesse (ed. 2) 2 You write to mee my booke is hasting to the second impression. 1652J. Collinges Caveat for Prof. (1653) A iij b, 6000 of his books being sold, if 1500 be allowed to an Impression. 1774Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry xix. II. 19 Of this translation there were six impressions before the year 1601. 1891Bibliog. Cat. Macmillan's Publications Pref. 5 After careful consideration the Publishers decided to describe as an Edition an impression from type set up afresh either with or without alteration and read for press by a proof-reader. An impression from standing type or from Stereotype or Electrotype plates is described as a Reprint.
d. Bibliogr. In bibliographical classification and description, a subdivision of an edition, denoting all the copies printed at one time; chiefly applicable to books of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
1927R. B. McKerrow Introd. Bibliogr. ii. iii. 175 When dealing with early books, ‘edition’ and ‘impression’ as a rule are the same thing, for the early printer normally distributed his type immediately it had been printed from, though there were..exceptions to this. 1949F. Bowers Princ. Bibliogr. Descr. xi. 379 In its purest sense an edition of a book consists of all copies printed at any time or times from one setting of type, or its equivalent in the form of plates or monotype rolls; i.e., it is the sum of all impressions from one setting... All the copies of any single edition are not necessarily printed at any one time but may accumulate from a series of separate impressions removed from each other in date... Copies of each impression compose a part of an edition. 1972P. Gaskell New Introd. Bibliogr. 315 It was not unusual in the nineteenth century for stereos to be used for ten successive impressions, and for electros to be used for as many as thirty; while, if a set of plates was kept as a ‘mother’ from which further sets could be made, the number of successive impressions of an edition that could be printed from plates was virtually unlimited.
4. The effective action of one thing upon another; influence; the effect of such action; a change produced in some passive subject by the operation of an external cause.
1390Gower Conf. III. 94 After thilke interstition, In which they take impression. 1471Ripley Comp. Alch. ix. xi. in Ashm. (1652) 176 The Body of the Spryte takyth impression. 1576Baker Jewell of Health 116 a, Such oyles are made..onely by impression..as when symple medycines boyled, stieped, in common oyle, doe leave theyr vertues in it. 1648Boyle Seraph. Love xvi. (1700) 98 The Load-stone..doth never rightly touch the amorous Steel without leaving an Impression. 1686W. Harris Lemery's Chym. (ed. 3) 524 It is better to use vessels of Earth or Glass than those of Metals, because there is less fear of an Impression from those than from these. 1707Curios. in Husb. & Gard. 330 Its fix'd Salt..cannot devest it self of the Impression it had received from Nature, continuing always essencify'd with the same Qualities..as the Plant from which it is extracted. 1800Asiat. Ann. Reg., Chron. 7/1 The Coorugs, being unable to make any impression on the pagoda. 1822J. Imison Sc. & Art II. 120 One of the hardest of the metals; a file can scarcely make any impression on it. 1888Miss E. Brown In Pursuit of Shadow v. 78 The late rains seemed to have made but little impression on the streets of Moscow.
†5. spec. An atmospheric influence, condition, or phenomenon. fiery impression, a comet, meteor, or the like. Obs.
1426Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 3439 Off ellementys I am maystresse, Lady also & pryncesse Off wyndys and inpressyouns. 1530Palsgr. 412 These impressyons of the eyer, ‘hote, colde, fayre, foule [etc.].’ 1563W. Fulke Meteors (1640) 2 Divided into moist and drie impressions, consisting either of Vapors, or exhalations. 1657S. Purchas Pol. Flying-Ins. i. iv. 10 Some leaving the hot impressions in the aire, attribute it to the driness of the earth. 1684T. Burnet Th. Earth ii. 64 Hot fumes and sulphureous clouds, which will sometimes flow in streams and fiery impressions through the air.
6. The effect produced by external force or influence on the senses or mind.
a. An effect produced on the senses; a sensation, or sense-perception, in its purely receptive aspect.
1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 107 The eye..is more inclined to receive the impression of the one [black] than of the other [white]. 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxvii. 156 The impressions our Senses had formerly received. 1736Butler Anal. i. v. Wks. 1874 I. 89 Passive impressions grow weaker by being repeated upon us. 1807T. Thomson Chem. (ed. 3) II. 202 It has sourish taste at first, then makes a bitterish cooling impression, and at last leaves an agreeable sweetness. 1855Bain Senses & Int. i. ii. §22 (1864) 62 An impression of sound, a musical note, for example, is carried to the brain. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 278 It is hard to say how much our impressions of hearing may be affected by those of sight.
b. An effect, especially a strong effect, produced on the intellect, conscience, or feelings. Esp. in phr. first impression(s).
c1374Chaucer Troylus v. 372 Ek oþere seyn þat þorugh Impressions [v.r. enpressiounnys] As yf a wight hath faste a þing in mynde..cometh swich auysions. c1386― Sqr.'s T. 363 In hire sleepe right for impression, Of hire Mirour she hadde Avision. 1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 267 Madnesse kindleth diseases in the mynde, bycause that it worketh in them..phantasticall impressions. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. ii. ii. §69 Being over-rigid and severe, his Sermons made no Impression on his English Auditory. 1700Congreve Way of World iv. i. 52 How shall I receive him? In what figure shall I give his Heart the first Impression? There is a great deal in the first Impression. c1755in R. Jackson Hist. Rev. Pennsylvania (1759) 270 It must have been while he was under the first Impressions given him by the Governor to our Disadvantage. 1759Franklin Ess. Wks. 1840 III. 407 While he was under the first impressions given him by the governor to our disadvantage. 1771Junius Lett. xlix. 256 If they had made no impression upon his heart. 1773Smollett Ode to Indep. 30 He..deeply felt the impression of her charms. 1843Dickens Mart. Chuz. (1944) v. 57 First impressions, you know, often go a long way, and last a long time. 1847H. Miller (title) First Impressions of England and its people. 1870Freeman Norm. Conq. (ed. 2) I. App. 560 A deep impression had been made on the minds of Englishmen. 1924E. O'Neill Welded i. 90 The first impression of her whole personality is one of charm, partly innate, partly imposed by years of self-discipline.
c. In the philosophy of Hume (see quots.).
1739Hume Hum. Nat. i. i. Wks. 1874 I. 311 Those perceptions, which enter with most force and violence, we may name impressions. 1742― Ess. Hum. Und., Orig. Ideas (1817) II. 16 By the term impression, I mean all our more lively perceptions, when we hear, or see, or feel, or love, or hate, or desire, or will... Impressions are distinguished from ideas, which are the less lively perceptions, of which we are conscious, when we reflect on any of those sensations or movements above mentioned.
d. An imitation or impersonation of a person or thing, done by a comedian as a form of entertainment.
1953J. Laurie Vaudeville 99 Some [beginners] just stuck to the regular ‘impressions’ and went through show biz getting by. 1969Times 7 Nov. 13/3 An American entertainer..joked, sang, went on singing, and did impressions. 1971D. Nathan Laughtermakers ii. 46 Peter would come in and do a few impressions of Kenneth Horne and others. Ibid. xiii. 227 Later on I'm going to do one or two impressions—I've got some good bird impressions, I eat worms.
7. A notion, remembrance, or belief, impressed upon the mind; hence esp., a somewhat vague or indistinct notion remaining in the mind as a survival from more distinct knowledge. In modern use, often implying that the belief or idea is mistaken, esp. in under the impression.
1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 2 That there is a God;..This is a common notion, and impression, sealed up in the minde of every man. 1679Burnet Hist. Ref. i. 1. 170 They seemed to have strip't themselves of those impressions of pity and compassion, which are natural to mankind. 1837J. C. Calhoun Wks. (1874) III. 130, I am of the impression it may be both safely and conveniently used. 1860Ruskin Unto this Last (1862) iv. 131, I believe that many of our merchants are seriously under the impression that it is possible for everybody, somehow, to make a profit in this manner. 1865― Sesame ii. §86 Generally, we are under an impression that a man's duties are public, and a woman's private. 1867W. F. Hook Lives Abps. V. xxi. 356 Under the impression that they had been specially assisted by the saint. 1869E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 64 That most fallacious of all evidence, a general impression, without a careful collection of facts. a1899Mod. I have an impression that I have somewhere met with it before. But it is a mere impression, and I may easily be mistaken.
8. Painting.
a. ‘The ground-colour, or that which is first laid on to receive the other colours’.
b. ‘A stratum of a single colour laid upon a wall or surface for ornament, upon outside work, or upon metals to protect from humidity’ (Webster 1864).
9. Comb. impression compound, any impression material manufactured from a number of different ingredients, esp. one that is a non-elastic thermoplastic solid; impression cup (Dentistry), a cup or holder for the material used in obtaining a cast of the mouth; impression cylinder, in a printing-machine (see quots.); impression material, any substance used for taking dental impressions; impression tray = impression cup.
1903Dental Rec. XXIII. 415 Do not think a good impression of a full denture cannot be taken in *impression compound. 1904J. H. Prothero Prosthetic Dentistry iii. 22 Other impression materials..are furnished by the dental supply houses and are called impression compounds. The usual claim made is that they are composed of materials that can be dried after the impression is taken. 1934F. W. Frahm Princ. & Technics Full Denture Construction vii. 84 A new impression compound has been added to our list of materials and is listed under the trade name of ‘Dentocoll’. It is a hydro-colloidal, possessing unusual plasticity, some elasticity and a slight compressibility. 1965Phillips & Skinner Elem. Dental Materials v. 37 As the formulas of the modern impression compounds are ‘trade secrets’, any discussion of composition cannot by very specific. In general, compounds are a mixture of waxes, thermoplastic resins, a filler, and a coloring agent.
1867C. A. Harris Dict. Med. Terminol. 354/1 The plaster [of Paris]..is poured into an *impression cup, with high walls fitting loosely over the alveolar border.
1830Specif. Patent No. 5988 Applegath 2, A is the cast-iron frame; B, the *impression cylinder, upon which the piece of material receives the impression. 1884Western Daily Press 16 Sept. 5/6 Around the large cylinder were grouped from two to ten small impression cylinders. 1890W. J. Gordon Foundry 186 The platen was impossible. Why not try Nicholson's impression cylinder?
1878C. Hunter Mech. Dentistry i. 2 Wax as an *impression material is now seldom used, composition (Godiva, or Stent) or plaster of Paris being now almost invariably employed. 1965Phillips & Skinner Elem. Dental Materials iv. 33 If a rigid impression material has been used (i.e., plaster, compound, etc.), the mix of dental stone is poured into the impression carefully, preferably under vibration.
▪ II. imˈpression, v. rare.
[f. prec. n. Cf. F. impressionner, to which the current use (sense 2) may be due.]
†1. To stamp; make an impression. Obs. rare—1.
1612Sturtevant Metallica (1854) 94 Peculiar Metallical instruments, which worke..by pressing, impressing, impressioning or moulding.
2. trans. To make an impression on, to affect with an impression. In pass. To be affected.
1865Reader 9 Sept. 291/1 Its busy roar of life is such that it is to all appearance but little impressioned by that sudden swerving [etc.]. 1892Argosy Nov. 404 Impressioned as she had been by the mysterious music. |