| 释义 |
▪ I. reflect, n. Now rare.|rɪˈflɛkt|
[f. the vb.]
= reflection, in various senses, lit. and fig. (Chiefly in 17th c. use.)
1596Lodge Marg. Amer. 15 As the rainbow which..Lives by the sunnes reflect and opposition. 1615Markham Pleas. Princes ii. (1635) 4 Their colour will be so darke that they will give no reflect into the water. a1653G. Daniel Idyll i. 58 Perhaps I have To my owne Private, had reflects as grave On my Condition. 1687Winstanley Lives Eng. Poets 91 This tart reflect so wrought upon the Queen, that she gave strict order..for the present payment of the hundred pounds. 1727–41[see reflex n. 1 b]. 1829Carlyle German Playwr. Misc. (1840) II. 63 Aiming apparently at some Classic model, or at least at some French reflect of such a model.
▪ II. † reflect, a. Obs.
[f. the vb., on analogy of ppl. forms in -ct.]
Reflex, reflected.
1645Ussher Body Div. (1647) 200 It is the reflect act of faith that justifieth. a1660Hammond Serm. xx. Wks. 1684 IV. 610 When looking in the glass, he sees all far more glorious in that reflect beam, than it is in the direct. 1662Sir A. Mervyn Sp. Irish Aff. 12 Our spirits on both sides exercised not so much the reflect Act..as the direct Act.
▪ III. reflect, v.|rɪˈflɛkt|
[a. OF. reflecter (14th c., Oresme) or L. reflectĕre, f. re- re- + flectĕre to bend (cf. deflect, inflect), whence also It. riflettere, Sp. reflectir, F. réfléchir.]
I. Transitive senses.
1. To turn or direct in a certain course, to divert; to turn away or aside, to deflect.
1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy ii. xi. (1555), By arches stronge his course for to reflecte Through condite pipes..By certayne means artifyciall. c1450tr. De Imitatione iii. lix. 139 Nature reflectiþ [L. reflectit] all þynge to himself, & for himself he striueþ & arguiþ. 1540Elyot Image Gov. (1556) 34 b, No kynde of affection..moughte reflect hym from the sharpe execution of his lawes. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 13 Dazled with this greater light [the sun] I would reflect mine eyes to that reflexion of this light in the sober, siluer countenance of the..Moone. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 61, I conceive that, when easterly and westerly winds meet with unequal force, one of them may be reflected northward. 1827Hood Mids. Fairies liv, It raised my bile To see him so reflect their grief aside.
2. a. To bend, turn, or fold back; to give a backward bend or curve to (a thing); to recurve; † to bend (the legs). (Chiefly in pa. pple., denoting the position of parts.)
1578Banister Hist. Man i. 13 The neither iawe is Orbicular..the vtmost endes wherof are ascendently reflected. 1609W. M. Man in Moone, Parasite E iij b, He fleareth not in your face for nothing, nor reflects his legges without some surmised reason. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. 342 The coccyx sometime more reflected to give the easier delivery. 1693Phil. Trans. XVII. 762 The Flowers come out in Clusters, are monopetalose, with five Laciniæ or Incisures, all reflected. 1768Pennant Brit. Zool. II. 353 The bill is..not quite strait, but a little reflected upwards. 1776–96Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3) I. 297 Anthers strap-shaped, upright, reflected at the top. 1846F. Brittan tr. Malgaigne's Man. Oper. Surg. 195 The horizontal incision being made, convert it into a T by a vertical incision..and reflect the two flaps. 1869H. Ussher in Eng. Mech. 3 Dec. 271/2 From the under surface of the eyelid a thin membrane is reflected on the ball.
fig.1608Topsell Serpents (1658) 691 A deadly antipathy reflecting themselves upon themselves. 1650Bulwer Anthropomet. 60 Whence the spirits streined and reflected, rise again.
†b. fig. To bring back from anger or estrangement; to appease. Obs. rare.
c1611Chapman Iliad ix. 180 Such rites beseeme Ambassadors: and Nestor vrged these, That their most honours might reflect enrag'd æacides. Ibid. xxi. 353 And prayd her, that her sonne Might be reflected.
†3. To turn (back), cast (the eye or thought) on or upon something. Obs.
1607in Harington Nugæ Ant. (ed. Park 1804) II. 166 When I reflect my thought and eye upon that I have formerly written. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. vii. §22 Let me minde the Reader to reflect his eye on our Quotations. a1677Barrow Serm. Wks. 1716 I. 127 If we reflect our thoughts on the first ages of Christianity.
4. a. To throw or cast back again; to cause to return or rebound.
1611Shakes. Wint. T. iv. iv. 758 Reflect I not on thy Basenesse Court-Contempt? 1613Wither Abuses Stript, Envy Juvenilia (1633) 25 The shafts are aim'd at me, but I reject them, And on the shooters may perhaps reflect them. 1656tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. iii. (1839) 274 A body falling upon the superficies of another body and being reflected from it. 1722Wollaston Relig. Nat. vi. 132 It is that violence, of which he is the author, reflected back upon himself. 1799J. Wood Princ. Mech. vi. §206. 121 Each body will therefore be reflected with a velocity equal to that which it had before impact.
transf.1656tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. (1839) 274 If two strait lines drawn from the same point fall upon another strait line, the lines reflected from them, if they be drawn out the other way, will meet in an angle equal to the angle of the incident lines.
b. spec. Of bodies or surfaces (cf. reflected ppl. a.): to cast or send back (heat, cold, or sound) after impact. Also used with reference to other forms of wave or radiation.
1718Prior Solomon ii. 636 The vocal triumphs bound Against the hills: the hills reflect the sound. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) I. 351 The land..receives a greater quantity of heat, and reflects it more strongly. 1794J. Hutton Philos. Light, etc. 138 To suppose that cold may be irradiated like light, and be reflected and concentrated as well as heat. 1822J. Imison Sc. & Art I. 230 Buildings constructed of certain shapes..have this property of reflecting sounds in a remarkable manner. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 53 A cloud..reflects or throws back upon the earth the heat. 1902Chem. News 24 Jan. 47/2 (heading) Rays capable of being reflected in radiation emitted by a mixture of chlorides of radium and barium. 1909Proc. R. Soc. A. LXXXII. 495 The fraction of the incident α-particles which are reflected. 1937Discovery Jan. 3/2 The ionosphere—that region in the upper atmosphere where free electrons reflect wireless waves. Ibid. 4/1 Pulses are radiated in all directions: some reach the receiver by travelling direct along the ground, others by travelling high up into the atmosphere, where they are reflected downwards by one or more of the conducting layers. 1950D. Halliday Introd. Nuclear Physics vi. 247 A substance with a positve scattering length should..reflect neutrons totally at small external glancing angles. 1960K. N. Tong Theory Mech. Vibration iv. 308 If the bar has an end, the disturbance wave will be reflected as it reaches that end. In a certain subsequent time period the reflected wave and the incident wave co⁓exist in the bar. Afterward, only the reflected wave remains. The manner in which the reflection takes place depends on the end condition. 1974S. W. Flax et al. in R. S. Reneman Cardiovascular Applications Ultrasound ii. 19 Another factor is how blood cells reflect ultrasound.
c. Physiol. To give out (an impulse) along a motor nerve, in response to one received along a sensory nerve. Usu. pass.
1833Proc. Royal Soc. III. 210 [A function] by which an impression made upon the extremities of certain nerves is conveyed to those two portions of the nervous system, and reflected along other nerves to parts different from those which received the impression. 1855Bain Senses & Int. i. ii. §18 When an action takes place on this inner surface,..there is reflected a stimulus to the muscle that closes the [eye] lids. 1859J. C. Dalton Treat. Human Physiol. II. i. 314 The function of the gray matter is..to receive the impulse conveyed to it, and to reflect or send back another. 1906H. W. Syers tr. J. P. Morat's Physiol. of Nerv. Syst. ii. 218 The impulse is reflected from the posterior roots to the tracts of the spinal cord, in conscious impressions. 1931H. G. Wells et al. Sci. of Life i. iii. 86/1 The impulse may be wholly reflected in a reflex or pass on in part and more or less modified to the hemispheres. 1950P. D. F. Murray Biol. vii. 68 The term ‘reflex’..refers to the manner in which the impulse, having passed in to the central nervous system, is ‘reflected’ outwards from it.
5. a. Of bodies or surfaces, esp. such as are smooth or polished: To turn, throw, or cast back (beams, rays, or light). Also in fig. context.
1573P. More Alman. & Prognost. D vj b, Whether the sayd beames [the sun's] be extended unto the Earth, or reflected backwardes again, do forshew tempest of windes comming. c1586C'tess Pembroke Ps. cxxi. iv, No sunne shall hurt thee With beames too violently right reflected. 1602Marston Ant. & Mel. i. Wks. 1856 I. 61 Marry but shine, and ile reflect your beames. 1622Drayton Poly-olb. xxii. 134 As when you see the sunbeams in a glass, That..on the earth reflects the very same. 1664Power Exp. Philos. i. 43 The Crystal Sands..refracting and reflecting the Suns rays, seem here and there of Rainbow-colours. 1692Bentley Boyle Lect. viii. 259 The Light of the Moon reflected from frozen Snow. 1781Cowper Charity 398 As diamonds, stripp'd of their opaque disguise, Reflect the noonday glory of the skies. 1831Brewster Optics Introd. 2 When light falls upon any body whatever, part of it is reflected or driven back. 1875Bryce Holy Rom. Emp. (ed. 5) Pref., The great events of 1866 and 1870 reflect back so much light upon the previous history of Germany.
absol.1730A. Gordon Maffei's Amphith. 351 The red..and yellow Coverings of the Theatre reflected back on the Assembly of Spectators,..undulating the whole with their Colours. 1869Tyndall in Fortn. Rev. 1 Feb. 244 It [a cloud] is absolutely incompetent to reflect upwards or downwards.
b. To emit, give out (a light), as the result of reflection.
1719De Foe Crusoe i. xii, The Walls reflected a hundred thousand Lights to me from my two Candles. 1727–46Thomson Summer 170 The briny deep,..Restless, reflects a floating gleam.
6. a. Of mirrors or other polished surfaces: To give back or exhibit an image of (a person or thing); to mirror. Also absol.
1592Shakes. Ven. & Ad. 1130 Two glasses where herself herself beheld A thousand times, and now no more reflect. 1713Addison Cato i. vi, The floating mirrour shines, Reflects each flow'r that on the border grows. 1765Goldsm. Double Transform. 82 The glass..Reflected now a perfect fright. 1790Cowper Mother's Pict. 93 The floods that show Her beauteous form reflected clear below. 1816Shelley Alastor 501 The rivulet..Reflecting every herb and drooping bud That overhung its quietness. 1836Landor Peric. & Asp. Wks. 1846 II. 386 A shallow water may reflect the sun as perfectly as a deeper. 1864Bowen Logic 1 It is like a mirror reflecting the objects that are held up before it.
b. fig. and in fig. context. To reproduce or exhibit after the fashion of a mirror.
a1771Gray Dante 63 When I beheld My Sons, and in four Faces saw my own Despair reflected. 1784Cowper Tiroc. 92 If all we find possessing earth, sea, air, Reflect his attributes who placed them there. 1821Shelley Prometh. Unb. ii. iv. 84 And mothers, gazing, drank the love men see Reflected in their race. 1858Froude Hist. Eng. III. xvii. 498 The law..reflects the plain sentiments of the better order of average men. 1874Green Short Hist. viii. §1. 455 This balanced attitude of the Crown reflected faithfully enough the balanced attitude of the nation.
7. a. Of persons: To throw or cast (blame, dishonour, etc.) on or upon a person or thing. rare.
1670Baxter Cure Ch. Div. Addit. Direct. Pastors §14 When you reprove those weak Christians..reflect not any disgrace upon piety itself. 1700Congreve Way of World ii. iii, Do you reflect that guilt upon me, which should lie buried in your bosom? 1809E. Christian in Blackstone's Comm. II. 160 If it were not presumptuous to reflect a censure upon a doctrine..sanctioned by illustrious names.
b. Of actions, circumstances, etc.: To cast or bring (dishonour, credit, etc.) on or upon a person or thing.
1675R. Burthogge Causa Dei 45 All the Aggravations Reflected on the faulty Action by this Transcendent Object. 1769Robertson Chas. V, vi. Wks. 1813 VI. 103 Of all the transactions in the emperor's life, this..reflects the greatest dishonour on his reputation. 1834Pringle Afr. Sk. xi. 351 The attention given to education in this district..reflects the highest credit on the inhabitants. 1884Manch. Exam. 7 May 5/4 The contest..reflects more credit upon the intrepidity than upon the wisdom of the belligerents.
8. With direct statement, question, or exclamation as obj. (For indirect uses, see sense 13 b.)
1862Mrs. H. Wood Channings II. vii. 102 ‘No, no; it would not be right of him to make me his wife now,’ she reflected. 1881Mrs. J. H. Riddell Senior Partner II. xi. 223 ‘She has the Pousnett kind of talk,’ he reflected, ‘and the same uppish way with her.’ 1906E. Phillpotts Portreeve i. vi. 50 ‘Let what will come, there's amusement in it,’ she reflected. ‘'Tis hunting of a sort. Fox-hunting—man-hunting—what more has life for me?’ 1919V. Woolf Night & Day xxxiii. 506 Even if she started the very moment that she got it [sc. a letter], he reflected, she would not be home till Tuesday night.
II. Intransitive senses.
†9.
a. Of beams or rays of light: To return, turn back, after striking or falling upon a surface. Obs.
1530Palsgr. 682/2, I reflecte, as the sonne beames do that strike upwards from the grounde agayne. Je reflecte. Je reuerbere. I can nat abyde here, the sonne beames reflecte so sore. 1624Quarles Sion's Sonn. v. 1 From Thee Reflect those rayes, that haue enlightned mee. 1625N. Carpenter Geog. Del. i. ix. (1635) 205 The Sunne darts forth his Rayes at right Angles, which reflect backe vpon themselues. 1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 260 Sore Eyes are..caused by the burning heat of the Sun, which reflects from the Ground upon the Eyes. 1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 346 When the Sun Shines upon the Glass at Nodus, its Beames shall reflect upon the Hour of the Day.
†b. To shine, cast a light. Obs.
1588Shakes. Tit. A. i. ii. 226 Lord Saturnine, whose Vertues will I hope, Reflect on Rome as Tytans Rayes on earth. 1590Greene Never too late (1600) G, When the glister of your beauty surpassing them both [Venus and Diana], reflected like the pride of Phœbus on my face, I perceiued it was my good Mistresse. 1653Binning Serm. Wks. (1735) 11 It is that Love of God, reflecting upon our Souls, that carries the Soul upward to him.
c. To appear imaged or mirrored.
1819Keats Lamia i. 380 A silver lamp whose phosphor glow Reflected in the slabbed steps below. 1821Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 208 Brooks curl o'er their sandy bed; On whose tide the clouds reflect.
†10. To deviate, to go to or come away from a place. Obs. rare.
1547Boorde Brev. Health §236 This impediment doth come of the corruption of humours reflectynge more to a pertyculer place then to vnyversall places. 1593B. Barnes Parthenophil, Madr. xxiv. in Arb. Garner V. 405 Then from her sphere did Venus down reflect, Lest Mars by chance her beauty should affect.
†11.
a. To return; to turn, come, or go back. Obs.
1608T. Morton Preamb. Encounter 1 To throw dust against the wind, which will reflect and returne with greater violence upon his own face. 1614Raleigh Hist. World i. (1634) 41 Where the River of Euphrates reflecteth from the Desart of Palmirena. Ibid. ii. 217 At Etham he rested but one night, and then he reflected back from the entrance thereof and marched away directly to the South. 1654tr. Scudery's Curia Pol. 127 These Cogitations reflected on me with shame to my selfe. 1692Bentley Boyle Lect. vii. 25 Inanimate unactive Matter moves always in a streight Line, and never reflects in an Angle, nor bends in a Circle.., unless [etc.]. 1717J. Keill Anim. Oecon. (1738) 118 They must necessarily hit one against another, and being elastic, reflect from one another.
†b. To bend or be bent back. Obs.
1756P. Browne Jamaica 352 The leaves stand in the same manner, reflecting a little backwards from the direction of the foot-stalks. 1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) VIII. 465/2 A Chain affixed thereto, reflecting over the back.
†12.
a. To cast a look or glance upon a thing; to have a bearing upon, etc. Obs.
1613Fletcher, etc. Captain iv. v, Let thine eyes Reflect upon thy soul, and there behold How loathed black it is. 1653R. Sanders Physiogn. 36 The hands are big, and of a pale colour, reflecting somewhat on the æthiopian. 1657M. Hawke Killing is M. 46 That it reflected not so much upon his own good, as the welfare of the Commonwealth, that he should be safe. 1662H. More Philos. Writ. Pref. Gen. (1712) 17 Which latter in all likelihood was a glance at the third day's work. But the former part, that affirms the ground eternal, reflects upon the first.
†b. To bestow attention or regard upon a person or thing; to set a value on. Obs. rare.
1611Shakes. Cymb. i. vi. 24 He is one of the Noblest note... Reflect vpon him accordingly, as you value your trust. a1661Fuller Worthies (1840) III. 213 He became a favorite to the duke of Florence, who highly reflected on his abilities.
13. a. To turn one's thoughts (back) on, to fix the mind or attention on or upon a subject; to ponder, meditate on; † think of (quot. 1751). Also occas. with over.
1605B. Jonson Volpone ii. i, Would I reflect on the price? Why, the whole world is but..as a private purse to the purchase of it. 1652Needham tr. Selden's Mare C. 500 That I may reflect a little upon the point of sea Dominion. 1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 134 Having reflected a little on the Danger which we had escaped, we viewed the second Pyramide. 1726Butler Serm. Hum. Nat. i. Wks. 1874 II. 9 We are plainly constituted such sort of creatures as to reflect upon our own nature. 1751Female Foundling II. 10, I would for ever blot out of my Memory, and reflect of nothing for the future but my Obligations to you. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xxii. 155, I paused here for a moment, and reflected on the work before me. 1879Lubbock Addr. Pol. & Educ. viii. 147 It is a melancholy subject to reflect on. 1906W. S. Maugham Bishop's Apron ix. 137 Winnie reflected over this for a moment.
b. With objective clause introduced by that, what, how, etc.
1703Maundrell Journ. Jerus. (1732) 14, I have sometimes reflected for what reason the Turks should [etc.]. 1709Mrs. Manley Secr. Mem. (1736) 2, I sat down in an Easy Chair to reflect what I had best to do. 1777Sir W. Jones Ess. Poetry E. Nat. in Poems, etc. 178 They do not reflect that every nation has a set of images, and expressions, peculiar to itself. a1854H. Reed Lect. Eng. Hist. i. (1856) 11 Reflect how often our sense of truth is impaired or impeded. 1894Hall Caine Manxman v. xxi, He reflected that he had no right to do this.
c. Without const.: To employ reflection.
1704Norris Ideal World ii. iii. 121 There is but here and there a man that reflects..and carefully observes what's doing in his own mind. 1715De Foe Fam. Instruct. i. i. (1841) I. 7 Reflect, argue, and know both yourself, and Him that made you. 1772Priestley Inst. Relig. (1782) I. 124 It is necessary..that we think and reflect before we act. 1825Coleridge Aids Refl. (1831) 3 The noblest object of reflection is the mind itself, by which we reflect. 1841James Brigand xxv, I wish you to pause, reflect, and judge before you decide.
14. To cast a slight or imputation, reproach or blame, on or upon a person or thing; to pass a censure on. Also without const. (quot. a 1718).
1631Massinger Emperor East iv. v, In this you reflect Upon my empress? 1644Cromwell Sp. 9 Dec. in Carlyle, I am far from reflecting on any. I know the worth of those commanders. 1676Dryden Aurengz. iii. i, But since my Honour you so far suspect, 'Tis just I should on your Designs reflect. a1718Penn Maxims Wks. 1726 I. 833 Reflect without Malice but never without Need. 1756C. Lucas Ess. Waters II. 61, I would not be thought to reflect upon this very eminent physician's practice. 1794in Bloomfield Amer. Law Rep. 21 Divers Expressions reflecting on the Authority of the Court. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. vi. II. 115 The clergy were strictly charged not to reflect on the Roman Catholic religion in their discourses.
15. a. Of actions, circumstances, etc.: To cast or bring reproach or discredit on a person or thing.
1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. §200 Not the less pleased to find, that the Prejudice of that whole Transaction reflected solely upon the Arch Bishop. 1654Bramhall Just Vind. ii. (1661) 7 These were but personal heats, which reflected not upon the publick body of the Church. 1691Norris Pract. Disc. 167 We are generally more impatient of what reflects upon our Intellectuals, than of what reflects upon our Morals. 1709Steele Tatler No. 39 ⁋13 Ill Language, and brutal Manners, reflected only on those who were guilty of 'em. 1749Fielding Tom Jones xvii. vi, Mrs. Miller..related everything concerning that fact, suppressing only those circumstances which would have most reflected on her daughter. 1828Scott F.M. Perth viii, I cannot endure to see our townsman beaten and rifled... It reflects upon the Fair Town. 1878R. B. Smith Carthage 329 A series of terrible atrocities..which reflects seriously on the state in whose service the worst offenders were.
b. To cast a certain light or character on.
1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. v. 399 His conduct, though creditable to his ingenuity, reflects less pleasantly on his character. 1979Nature 11 Jan. 84/1 If the flight control centre was indeed ‘astounded’, this surely reflects on the rate at which the Soviet team get access to the data from US missions.
Hence † reˈflectant, a reflecting substance. Obs.—1
1706Frazer Disc. Second Sight, Ess. Witchcr. (1820) 171 Any lucid, smooth and solid reflectant. |