| 释义 |
up-, prefix
representing OE. up-, upp- (see below) and corresponding to OFris. op-, up- (WFris. op-, NFris. üp-, ap-), MDu. and Du. op-, OS., MLG., and LG. up-, OHG. and MHG. ûf- (G. auf-), ON., Icel., and Norw. upp-, MSw. up-, upp- (also op-, opp-), Sw. upp-, MDa. and Da. op-.
The prefix is identical with the adverb up1, from which in OE. it becomes clearly separable only when prefixed to nouns and adjs. In the cognate languages there is much variation in the extent to which it is employed with different parts of speech. In OS. and OFris. it occurs with verbs and nouns, in OHG. with verbs, nouns, and a few adjs., in ON. chiefly with nouns, in MHG., MLG., MDu., MSw. and MDa. with both verbs and nouns, and occasionally adjs. In the later and modern forms of these languages the use of the prefix has increased as in English, and parallel formations are very common; these are cited only when the Eng. compound is important enough to appear as a main word.
Of the numerous formations with up- which have been employed in English, only a limited number are of a permanent character. A large proportion consists of forms employed for nonce, especially for metrical reasons, and the same compound may recur several times without any historical continuity; such isolated occurrences, indeed, are often separated by an interval of several centuries. A number of these are given in the following sections, as illustrations of the various uses of the prefix in the different periods of the language.
I. In comb. with ns. (except as in 7, 8).
1. a. In OE. up- occurs freely with ns. in the sense of ‘occupying a higher position’, ‘upper’, ‘superior’, as up-eard, -ende, -engel, -flór, etc. Some of these, however, are only found in poetry. In ME. this type practically disappears, and in later use is chiefly represented by upland n.2 and upside, with an occasional rare formation, as upwold.
b. With the sense of ‘in a supported state’, up- occurs with nouns in OE. upheald, ME. uphald, uphold, ME. uptie (naut.), and the modern upkeep.
2. a. In the sense of ‘upwards’ OE. had compounds of up- with nouns, mainly derived from intransitive verbs, as up-cyme, -færeld, -ryne, -spring, -stiᵹe, rarely from transitive, as upwearp. Of these only upspring and upsty survived in ME., but a number of new formations were added, as the obsolete uparist, -brixle, -brud, -ras, -rist, and the surviving upbraid, -come, -rise, -set. Between 1450 and 1800 new formations are rare, the chief being upcast and upstir in the 16th cent., with upskip and upstart (as designations of persons) from the same period; also upshot (with variants -shoot and -shut), in which the force of the up- is not clear. After 1800 the type reappears and subsequently becomes common. A considerable number of the examples are of sufficient importance to be entered as main words in their alphabetical places, as upbeat, -break, -burst, -flow, -growth, -heaval, -lift, etc. Others of more recent origin or less currency are upblaze, up-climb, up-cry, up-curl, up-curve, up-draw, up-drift, up-flutter, up-glance, up-gush, up-haul, up-heave, up-jet, up-jump, up-liftment, up-reach, up-shine, up-slip, up-sweep. In upset, as in the corresponding verb, the prefix is employed in an unusual sense.
1920Blackw. Mag. July 69/2 The lonely halts of the long *upclimb.
1677Sec. Packet of Advices to Men of Shaftesbury 55 They are better at *Up-cry, and Out-cry, and Down-cry. 1929O. F. Dudley Masterful Monk viii. 88 There would undoubtedly be an upcry from Rome.
1928Nation 27 June p. iii/3 Our circulation is on the *up-curve. 1950Fraser & Thomson Honest Bread vii. 64 The upcurve in public drinking.
1912J. London Son of Sun i. ii. 23 Grief, with a quick *updraw of his knees to the other's chest, broke the grip and forced him down.
1876Meredith Beauch. Career xxvi, It suggested an arrow⁓head in the *up-flight.
1929D. H. Lawrence Pansies 35 And then the geese scuttled in..and round the ring they went..then doubled, and back, with a funny *up-flutter of wings.
1860Hawthorne Marb. Faun xvi, The shifting..*up-gush and downfall of water.
1981Sunday Express Mag. 14 June 24 (caption) *Uphaul line with knots, used to pull sail up from water. 1984Times 25 Aug. 11/2 Taking all the weight on my legs I eased the sail out of the water using the uphaul and paused for it to drain.
1860Vivian Deb. Coal Clause (1861) p. xv, The ‘Great Lower Veins’, varying from 50 feet on the Northern to 100 feet on the Southern outcrop, and upwards of 70 feet on the Central *upheave.
1817Sporting Magazine L. 128 He received some dreadful *up-hits in his throat.
1850‘H. Hieover’ Pract. Horsemanship 189 The moment he does this, give him an *up-pull.
1926D. H. Lawrence David xiii. 100 So the *upreach of his love fails him.
1934F. Scott Fitzgerald Tender is Night ii. iv. 176 The *upshine of a street-lamp.
1876Whitby Gloss., *Upshow,..display.
b. More rarely, up- is employed in the sense of ‘upwards’, with other nouns than those of action, e.g. OE. upweᵹ, early mod.E. upway, and the recent up-grade, -road, -shaft, -wave.
1926N.E.D., Up-road. 1938X. Herbert Capricornia (1939) xiii. 185 Up-road guests may come by special train..at excursion rates. 1984Times 18 July 19/2 ‘Footsie’ started on the uproad.
II.
3. Up- is rarely employed in combination with adjs.; upheaded (16th cent. and mod. dial.), upstraight (17th cent.), upfingered, uphearted, upnosed, and upsighted (19th cent.) are unusual types, as also are upspring and upstart (16th cent.) employed as adjs., but retaining the form of the noun or verb.
III. With verbs, participles, verbal substantives, and agent-nouns.
4. In OE. the placing of up immediately before a verbal form was determined by the syntactical principles which have been explained in the article on out-. The number of verbs with which up was commonly employed in this way is not large; it includes ábrecan, áhebban, árǽran, árísan, etc., gán, hebban, rǽcan, springan, spryttan, stiᵹan, yrnan. It is difficult to determine in how many of these the adverb had become a real prefix, but apparently it had attained this function in some forms, as upáhebban and uphebban. In ME. the use of the prefix is thoroughly established, though it is not always possible to distinguish between real compounds and simple precedence of the adverb on metrical or rhetorical grounds. A number of these uncertain examples may be found under various senses of up adv.1 Of those established compounds which require separate entry some occur as early as the 13th century, as upbraid, -break, -bring, -come, -go, -nim, -stand, etc., and many more are found from about 1300 onwards, as upbear, -call, -cast, -draw, -give, -heave, -hold, -leap, etc. Others have been constantly added during the following centuries, so that even with the disappearance of earlier instances the type has been well maintained down to the present day. A considerable proportion, however, occur only in poetry, and are simple substitutions for the verb followed by the adverb, although they are regarded as real compounds and written as one word.
In the OE. collocations or compounds the prefix has regularly the sense of ‘upwards’. In ME. it also assumes various transferred or figurative senses of the adverb, and latterly may have any meaning which has attached to this in connexion with a verb, e.g. upbind to bind up; up-pen to pen up; upspeed, to speed up, etc. The same variety of meaning naturally occurs also in combination with participles and verbal nouns.
In addition to those which are entered as main words, the following examples illustrate the tendency to employ the prefix in place of the adverb. The first group contains examples earlier than 1650, the second those of more recent origin (mostly after 1800); where no definition is added, the meaning is that of the simple verb in conjunction with up.
The earlier group could be considerably enlarged by the inclusion of examples from Scottish poets of the 16th cent., esp. Douglas, who freely employs such forms as upblese (= blaze), -flow, -glide, -hese (= raise), -kindle, -rax (= stretch), -rive, -sprent, -stend, -stour, -strike, -swak, -warp, -wrele. Instances from other authors are upbrace, -keek, -lese (= gather), -sit, -skail, -spread, -sprinkle, -win (= rise).
a. upaˈrise [OE. up-árísan], upˈbend, intr.; upˈburst, -ˈcall, -ˈdelve, trans.; upˈdive, intr.; uˈpeat, trans.; upˈfind, trans. to invent; upˈfly, intr.; upˈfo, trans. to receive; upˈget, intr. to rise up; upˈgrave, trans. to dig up; upˈharbour, -ˈharrow, trans.; upˈhead, trans. to cover in; upˈheal, intr.; upˈhebbe [OE. up-hebban], trans. to raise up, exalt; upˈhilt, trans. to plunge up to the hilt; upˈkeep, trans. to support; upˈkever, intr. to recover; upˈknit, trans.; upˈlope, intr. to spring up; upˈpen, -ˈprop, trans.; upˈrape, intr. to rise hastily; upˈreek, intr.; upˈrender, -ˈrent (= rend), -reˈstore, -ˈrid, trans.; upˈripe, trans. to search out; upˈrun, intr.; upˈscrew, -ˈshear, -ˈsheath, -ˈshore, trans.; upˈsmite, intr.; upˈsnatch, trans.; † upˈsoup, trans. to swallow up; upˈspar, -ˈspear, trans. to close up; upˈspeed, trans.; upˈspire, intr. to shoot up; upˈstaunch, trans.; upˈstock, trans. to dig up; upˈsup, trans.; upˈthrive, intr.; upˈtruss, -ˈtuck, -vomit, trans.; upˈwaff, intr. to begin to blow; upˈwall, trans.; upˈwax, intr.; upˈweigh, trans. to lift up; upˈweir, trans. to defend; upˈwend, intr. to go up; upˈwrap, -ˈwring, trans.
1340Ayenb. 186 Al ase þe oyle *op arist ine þe lompe alle þe oþer woses. 1649F. Roberts Clavis Bibliorum 43 Them that against thee up-arose Thou utterly didst over⁓throw.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. i. 1087 First floore it ij feet thicke enclynynge softe The fourneis ward, so that the flaume *vpbende.
1596Spenser F.Q. vi. xi. 43 But Calidore..The dores assayled, and the locks *vpbrast.
c1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 4963 Alle men þai sal þan *up⁓calle And byd þam cum til þe dome alle. c1400Northern Passion (H.) 468 When he saw þai sleped all, Peter first he gan vp call.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. ix. 92 Ther as they growe, *vpdelue..v foote into the grounde.
1603J. Davies (Heref.) Microcosmos Wks. (Grosart) I. 81/2 Plunge thee ore head and eares in Helicon,..Thence make thy fame *vp⁓dive.
1630Drummond of Hawthornden Shadow of Judgement 247 In Townes, the liuing doe the dead *vp-eate.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. Prohem. 85 What thynge engyne *vpfynde, or reson trie And iustifie.
a1542Wyatt Complaint upon Love in Tottel's Misc. (Arb) 49, I gaue him winges, wherwith he might *vpflie To honor, and fame. 1600Fairfax Tasso xix. xviii, But he..Let go his hold, and on his feete vpflew.
a1300E.E. Psalter cxvii. 13, I am turned, þat i suld falle; And lauerd *vpfange [v.r. onfonge; L. suscepit] me with⁓alle.
1582Stanyhurst æneis i. (Arb.) 27 æneas..With Phœbus rising *vpgot.
a1340Hampole Psalter vii. 16 Þe lake he oppynd and *vp grofe it [L. effodit]. Ibid., He vpgraues it when he waitis all þat he may [etc.].
1563Sackville in Mirr. Mag. 131 b, Such heapes of harmes *upharbard in his brest..my honour to deface.
1582Stanyhurst æneis iii. (Arb.) 86 You rest in fre quiet, thee seas you need not *vpharrow.
1519Extr. Aberd. Reg. (1844) I. 96 Alexander Galloway..promittit..to big and *vpheid..ane chapell and oratour.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. xi. 239 Yf a tender tree Me kitte,..in oon yeer *vpheleth hit attonys.
1340Ayenb. 217 Arere we..oure honden to god þet *ophebbeþ oure benes be guode workes.
1582Stanyhurst æneis ii. (Arb.) 61 His blad he with thrusting in his old dwynd carcas *vphilted.
c1412Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 4930 A bridil, Which þat an hors *vpkepeth fro fallyng.
c1350Will. Palerne 2759 For al þat sterne strok stifli he *vp-keuerede, & swam swiftili awei.
1596Spenser F.Q. iv. vi. 30 Glauce thus gan wisely all *vpknit; Ye gentle Knights [etc.].
a1600Montgomerie Misc. Poems iii. 33 The cadger clims,..And ladds *vploips to lordships all thair lains.
1600Fairfax Tasso xvi. xxxiii, What letharge hath in drowsinesse *vppend Thy courage thus?
1601Donne Progr. Soul 386 Himselfe he *up-props, on himselfe relies.
13..Seuyn Sages (W.) 1620 The wretche stiward ne might nowt slape; Ac in the moreweing he gan *uprape.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 3465 Smoke *up-rekeð and munt quakeð.
1551Robinson tr. More's Utopia (Arb.) 43 That they..shal..yelde, and *vprender the possession therof.
c1620Robinson Mary Magd. 48 Blind Cupid seem'd to shoote, and tender hearts *vprent.
a1560T. Phaer æneid viii. (1562) Bb iiij b, And seruice left since yesterdaye He gladly *vprestores.
1581–2Catal. Anc. Deeds (1906) V. 484 [They shall] stocke, brushe, *uppe ridde and carie away [all] breers, brembles [etc.].
a1400Morte Arth. 3940 The riche kynge ransakes..And *vp-rypes the renkes of alle the Rownde Tabylle.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. xii. 598 And next to hem xvj [feet] *vprenneth sone.
1646G. Daniel Poems Wks. (Grosart) I. 18 Let petty Sphæres their heightned Peggs *vp-Scrue, To rival with the greater.
1430–40Lydg. Bochas iii. 5107 So of that lynage he hath the weed *up⁓shorn.
1614Gorges Lucan ii. 47 Let thy vaine rage his sword *vp-sheath.
c1557Abp. Parker Ps. cxix. 364 Yere after yere me then *upshore with thy good helping hand.
1446Lydg. Two Nightingale Poems ii. 39 The bawmy vapour of grassis gan *vp-smyte In-to myn hede.
a1566R. Edwards Damon & Pithias C iv, Snap y⊇ Tipstaffe..came and *vpsnatched him.
1382Wyclif Ps. cxxiii. 4 Per auenture water hadde *vp sopen vs [1388 sope vs vp; L. absorbuisset].
1630Tinker of Turvey 35 His eyes were..sparkling like the starres, When the day her light *up sparres.
1538Bale Johan Baptystes ad fin., Adam, by hys pryde, ded paradyse *vp speare.
1338R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 77 Saynt Cutberte's clerkes..At Geruans set þer merkes, a hous þei gan *vpspede.
1558T. Phaer æneid U j, Whan..stickes are kindled fast, and flame with noyse doth close *vpspyre.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. vi. 125 Ek skyn and strynges seryng so tenfire *Vpstauncheth blood.
Ibid. 46 If ther be treen, *vpstocke hem by the roote.
1537Surrey in Tottel's Misc. (Arb.) 14 The whiche [tears] as sone as sobbyng sighes..*Vpsupped haue, thus I my plaint renewe.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. ii. 446 The seueth [hour] as v, and eight as iiij *vpthrive.
c1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 5567 Silver and gold..Þe whilk þai had in hurde *uptrust.
a1529Skelton E. Rummyng 419 Her kyrtell she did *vptucke.
1582Stanyhurst æneis ii. (Arb.) 54 Theire steed hath *vp⁓vomited from gorge a surfet of armdmen.
13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 949 To wakan wederez so wylde þe wyndez he callez, & þay wroþely *vp-wafte & wrastled togeder.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. i. 435 When that is drie, *vpwalle hit euery side.
1340Ayenb. 75 Þer *opwexeþ alle guodes, uayrhede, richesse, worþssipe, blisse. 1513Douglas æneid vi. vii. 62 The new mone quhen first wpwaxis sche.
a1593Marlowe Hero & Leander i. 450 They..At his..feet the engins layd, Which th' earth from ougly Chaos den *vp-wayd.
a1586Maitland Theivis of Liddisdail 63 Sum grit men..That..will *vp⁓weir þair stollin geir.
c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 23 Þo he steah to heuene swo þat his apostles..bihielden hwu he *upwende. a1400Isumbras 510 With wery bones the knyghte up-wenede In to that haythene stede.
1600Fairfax Tasso x. lxx. 193 The wilie dame In other foldes our mischiefes would *vpwrap.
a1560T. Phaer æneid ix. (1562) Ffi, The gate..at last he shutts, and bolts *vpwrings.
b. upˈbuoy, -ˈcrane, -ˈdrag, -ˈhand, -ˈharrow, -ˈheel, -ˈknit, -ˈprick, ˈrend, -ˈshoulder, -ˈsnatch, -ˈspeed, -ˈspew, -ˈspin, -ˈstamp, -ˈstir, -ˈsway, -ˈthrust, -ˈwhirl, trans.; upˈblacken, -ˈblaze, -ˈblow, -ˈbubble, -ˈcreep, -ˈcurve, -ˈflame, -ˈflee, -ˈflower, -ˈjet, -ˈkindle, -ˈknit, -ˈmove, -ˈpop, -ˈrein, -ˈrouse, -ˈrun, -ˈspire, -ˈsteam, -ˈstep, -ˈtend, intr.
1818Milman Samor viii. 43 The rocks..*Upblacken to the sky.
1839Hood Nocturnal Sketch ii, The gas *up⁓blazes with its bright white light.
1798Coleridge Anc. Mar. v. xi, The ship mov'd on; Yet never a breeze *up⁓blew.
1865E. Caswall May Pageant ii. 25 Close to where St. Oswy's ancient well *Up-bubbles from its arch'd and mossy cell. 1954L. MacNeice Autumn Sequel xxvi. 160 Wells of words Upbubble.
1652Benlowes Theoph. i. lxviii, Pow'rs cannot poets, as they pow'rs *up-buoy. a1850Rossetti Dante & Circle ii. (1874) 296 Nor once from her did show of love up⁓buoy This passion.
1816Monthly Mag. XLI. 527 To heave aboard the stores, *Upcrane the cannon, roll the water casks.
1874R. Buchanan Poet. Wks. III. 234 On thy shore he sinks in death, And thy still tides *upcreep.
1885B. Harte Maruja iii, Then something like a light ring of smoke *up-curved from the saddle before him.
1847Tennyson Princ. iv. 347 She..stoop'd to *updrag Melissa.
1826Carrington Dartmoor 87 To Jupiter *upflamed The human hecatomb.
1810Southey Kehama xviii. vi, He started,..and to his head His hands *up-fled.
1894Mrs. A. Webster Mother & Daughter (1895) 31 My youth *upflowers with hers.
1865Kingsley Herew. iv, To high heaven, all so softly, The angels *uphand him.
1795Macneill Scotland's Skaith iv. v, A' thy gentle mind *upharrows—Hate, revenge, and rage uprears.
1877The Sea 1 Dec., The ship was beginning to sink; a sudden breeze springing *upheeled her still more.
1860Tennyson Sea Dreams 52 With ground-swell, which..*upjetted in spirts of wild sea-smoke.
1857Heavysege Saul (1869) 189 Why in your eye *upkindles no fierce joy At coming-on of battle?
1889Rider Haggard Cleopatra ii. iii, Does the half-death of sleep..thus *upknit the cut thread of human kinship?
1805Poet. Register 178, I reach a cot; the friendly latch *upmoves.
1855Singleton Virgil I. 359 So many tongues, Mouths just so many babble, she *uppricks So many ears.
1812W. Tennant Anster F. i. xxvi, The churlish spirit..*up-popp'd from sea, a tangle-tassel'd shape.
1883R. W. Dixon Mano i. xvii. 57 By his cottage this bold knight *upreined.
1830Tennyson Poems 126 Music, borne abroad By the loud winds, though they *uprend the sea.
1812J. Baillie Orra iii. i, *Uprouse ye, then, my merry men!
1791Cowper Iliad xviii. 543 A son..[who] like a luxuriant plant *Upran to manhood.
1844Kinglake Eothen (1845) 104 A high struggling ridge that *upshouldered itself from out of the wilderness of myrtles.
1844Mrs. Browning Lost Bower xliv, Mystic Presences of power Had *up-snatch'd me to the Timeless.
1872J. Payne Songs of Life & Death 9 In his stead there was *upsped A grisly Death from Hell.
1714[Croxall] Original Canto Spenser xxi, 'Till from their inly Maw their Loads they did *upspew.
1925E. Blunden English Poems 27 The darkening room by use well knows Each thread of life that these upspin.
1854J. D. Burns Vision of Prophecy 165 The temple, like a glorious dream, *upspires Into the lucid air.
1791Cowper Iliad v. 598 A dusty cloud..which steeds..*Up-stamp'd into the brazen vault of heaven.
1812Cary Dante, Parad. viii. 75 The vapoury cloud..Bituminous *upsteamed.
a1828Hynd Horn xx. in Child Ballads I. 207/1 Straight to them ye will *upstep.
1833Mrs. Browning Stanzas Passage Emerson's Jrnl. vi, As when the war-trump of the wind *Upstirs our dark blue sea.
1811Scott Don Roderick ii. xvi, That right-hand giant 'gan his club *upsway.
a1711Ken Christophil Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 420 She, as to Heav'n each Syllable *uptends, From Syllable to Syllable descends.
a1893C. Rossetti Poems (1904) 215/1 As seeds their proper bodies all *upthrust.
1845J. C. Mangan German Anthol. I. 40 The maelstrom..*upwhirled and up⁓bore me to daylight at length.
5. The use of up with past pples., originally syntactical, gave rise to compounds of which several had already so far established themselves in OE. that derivatives in -nes and -líce were formed from them. Examples are up(á)hafen, upáhefed, up(á)sprungen, upástiᵹen, upcumen. In ME. a number of new formations appear; among the earlier of these are upborne, -drawn, -folden, -hung, -laid, -lifted, -reft, -risen, -set. In the 16th and 17th cent. there are also frequent examples, and the type is still usual, but at all periods these forms have been mainly employed in verse. When used attributively the stress is normally on the prefix, but metrical instances frequently retain it on the stem.
The following are illustrations of casual examples of earlier and later date; a few others are used by Scottish writers of the 16th cent., esp. Douglas. (a) † upaheven [OE. up-áhafen], lifted up, uplifted; † upbounden, tied up; upbred, -framed; † upgraven, dug up; † uphoist, lifted up; upled; † uplent, arrived on high; upploughed, -puffed, -pulled, -reft, -rent, -ripped, † upsete(d, oppressed; † upshet, shut up, enclosed; upshut, -soaked, † -soaken, -stalled; † upstreyht, upstretched; upsucked, -trailed, † -whelmed, -wrapped, -wrought.
a1225Juliana 58 To þonken godd wið honden *upaheuene. a1225Leg. Kath. 2373 Heo biheold upward, wið upaheuen heorte.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. iii. 514 Now stakid & *vpbounden wol they be. 1590Spenser F.Q. iii. ix. 20 Her golden locks, that were in tramels gay Vpbounden.
1577Holinshed Chron. I. Hist. Scotland 126 As those that were no Brytaynes borne, but straungers vnto them, being both borne and *vpbred in a forraine countrey.
a1560T. Phaer æneid viii. (1562) Bb iij b, A towne there is with aunciaunt stones *vpfraamed. Ibid. ix. Ee ij b, A towre..then stood, with skaffolds large of length In place vpframyd fit.
a1340Hampole Psalter lxxix. 17 Kyndild at þe fire and *vpgrafen [L. suffossa].
c1557Abp. Parker Ps. ii. G iij b, Lyke dust or chaffe they bee *Uphoyst by winde. 1568T. Howell Arb. Amitie (1879) 68 So I vphoyst by wyffling windes..Doe bide the brunt of bitter blastes.
1667Milton P.L. vii. 12 *Up led by thee Into the Heav'n of Heav'ns.
c1450Songs, Carols, etc. (E.E.T.S.) 71/83 For þat mayst þou joy, man, þat þi cownt is *vplent, Wher God..his body doth present.
1610G. Fletcher Christ's Vict. i. lxxi, The *up⁓plowed heart, all..wounded by it selfe.
1573Tusser Husb. (1878) 147 His looke like a coxcombe, *vp puffed with pride. 1658A. Fox Würtz' Surg. iv. ii. 316 Such wounds, where there appeareth an up-puffed swelling.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. x. 166 With roote a plaunte *vppuld & sett, wol springe.
a1300Cursor M. 20950 *Vp-reft he [sc. Paul] was to thrid heuen.
1584Hudson Du Bartas' Judith iii. (1611) 33 Their Crosbowes were *vprent with yron Racks.
1653Holcroft Procopius, Goth. Wars iv. 130 These Barbarians..made a new fashioned Ram, using no timbers *upript, nor lying a crosse.
1390Gower Conf. III. 283 For of the false Moabites..The poeple of god was ofte *upsete. 1549W. Lynne Briefe Collection (title-p.), Y⊇ most blessed..of them that be vpseted wyth sycknes and other visitations of God.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. i. 993 [With] water myxt the grount,..*Vpshette aboute, and trampled with catel. c1485in E.E. Misc. (Warton Club) 52 Where are thy bestes, good sone?..They be now up-schete.
1658A. Fox Würtz' Surg. i. viii. 35 That *up-shut moisture will stir at the changing of weathers.
1582Stanyhurst æneis ii. (Arb.) 55 Lyke rauening woolfdams *vpsoackt and gaunted in hunger.
Ibid. iii. 77 Theire face wan withred in hunger, With famin *vp⁓soaken.
1430–40Lydg. Bochas viii. 208 Domycian..Proudli comaundid, in his estat *up stallid, Of all the world he sholde a god be callid. 1569E. Hake Newes Powles Churchyarde (1579) F 5 These ranckly feede the pamperd Swyne vpstalled in their nest.
c1425Orolog. Sapient. iii. in Anglia X. 348/1 To go pruwdelye with an *vp-streyht nekke.
1560B. Googe tr. Palingenius' Zodiac ii. (1561) D viij, *Vpsuckt the floudes from out the seas, the whyrlwyndes vp doe beare.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. i. 290 But vines may ha vices worthy blame: To longe or brode, *vptrailed or extendid.
1568T. Howell Arb. Amitie (1879) 38, I rage and rewe.., *Vp⁓whelmde in woes full sore.
1642H. More Song of Soul ii. i. i. 2 A Meteor,..Whose inward hidden parts ethereall Ly close *upwrapt in that dull sluggish fime.
c1400Destr. Troy 1542 The walles *vp wroght, wonder to se.
(b) upbrightened, -broken, -brushed, -choked, -conjured, -covered, -cushioned, -flung, -followed, -girt, -hoisted, -led, -lighted, -looped, -mixed, -perched, -pointed, -poised, -propped, -ridged, -shouldered, -shoved, -spouted, -starched, -steamed, -stiffed, -swollen, -swung, -trilled, -wrenched, -wrought, -yoked.
1861Macm. Mag. IV. 132/1 Russet and green *upbrightened with white.
1833J. C. Mangan Poems (1903) 124 When the *up⁓broken dreams of boyhood's span..Come down like night upon the feelings.
1894W. J. Locke At Gate of Samaria (1895) viii. 87 A shapely neck, on which clustered coquettishly a few tiny madcap curls below the smooth, *upbrushed, fair hair. 1968Guardian 24 July 7/1 He was responsible for the ‘up⁓brushed’ coiffures.
1785Burns Winter Night ii, While burns, wi' snawy wreeths *up-choked, Wild-eddying swirl.
1833Wordsw. At Sea off Isle of Man 5 Suddenly *up-conjured from the Main, Mists rose to hide the Land.
1857Heavysege Saul (1869) 419 An old man,..*upcovered with a mantle.
1828Carlyle Misc. (1857) I. 142 The throne's *upcushioned lordliness.
1828Atherstone Fall of Nineveh I. 11 Arms *upflung, and swaying heads. 1903R. Kipling Five Nations, The Destroyers, Nearer the up-flung beams that spell The council of our foes.
1818Keats Endym. i. 163 After them appear'd, *Up-follow'd by a multitude,..a fair wrought car.
1890Atlantic Monthly July 35 The braider stands With loin *upgirt.
1768Chatterton Bristowe Tragedie 193 Whatte tho', *uphoisted onne a pole, Mye lymbes shalle rotte ynne ayre. 1872Blackmore Maid of Sker (1881) 159 Horses..with their tails uphoisted.
1845Wordsw. ‘Forth from a jutting ridge’ 7 *Up-led with mutual help.
1794― Guilt & Sorrow xlvi, The bag-pipe dinning..In barn *uplighted.
1887Bowen æneid i. 320 Bare at the knee, and her fluttering folds *uplooped for the chase.
1821Atherstone Poems 26 In the turbid rain-streams, thick *upmix'd With ashes hot.
1818Keats Endym. i. 828 The nightingale, *up-perched high.
1830Atherstone Fall of Nineveh II. 102 The threatening spear *Up-pointed, harmless as a wand became.
1864Bryant Constellations 45 Thine eyes..would see..the Swan *uppoised On gleaming wings.
1784Cowper Task ii. 116 Never such a sudden flood, *Upridg'd so high.., Possess'd an inland scene.
1879G. Macdonald Sir Gibbie ix, The..river, flowing..through *upshouldered fields of wheat.
1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. iii. v. vi, The Citoyens, with *upshoved bonnet rouge, or with doffed bonnet.
1789Cowper Queen's Visit to London 19 The ocean..*Up-spouted by a whale in air.
1922*Upstarched [see Sambo].
1805–6Cary Dante, Inf. xxx. 99 Sharp fever drains the reeky moistness out, In such a cloud *up⁓steam'd.
1922Joyce Ulysses 39 In a Greek watercloset he breathed his last:..stalled upon his throne, with *upstiffed omophorion, with clotted hinderparts.
1774Graves Spir. Quix. (ed. 2) II. 198 The Rector, in sleek surcingle.., With eyes *up-swoln, and shining double-chin. 1882G. Macdonald Weighed & Wanting III. xviii. 254 She saw on Amy's neck a frightful upswollen wale.
1868Geo. Eliot Sp. Gipsy 323 He saw above The form of Father Isidor *upswung.
1799Coleridge Lines in Concert-room ii, The long-breathed singer's *uptrill'd strain.
1808Mrs. E. H. Iliff Poems (1818) 98 A rocky fragment, from the ground *upwrenched.
1784Cowper Task ii. 111 Ocean.., *upwrought To an enormous and o'erbearing height,..invades the shore Resistless.
1837Whittock Bk. Trades (1842) 407 (Smith), Afterwards appeared the beer-man with his cans ‘*up-yoked’.
6. a. The use of up before present participles, and forming possible combinations with these, is somewhat rare in OE.; the chief examples which occur are up(á)stíᵹende, upstandende, and upyrnende. ME. furnishes a few instances, as uparising, -hanging, -looking, -springing, -tempering; but this type of formation becomes common only after 1500. In the following illustrations of casual forms the earlier examples are separated from those occurring after 1700. (a) uparising, -belching, -blowing, -botching, -creeping, -floating, -hasping (= closing), -hoising, -leaning, -peaking (peak v.2), -plucking, -riving, -seizing, † -souping (= swallowing), † -sparpling (= scattering), -steaming, -tempering.
c1325Prose Psalter xvii. 43 Þou put out þe *vparisand [L. insurgentes] oȝaines me.
1576Newton Lemnie's Complex. 142 Their Chawes rammishe, And throate *vpbelching fulsome breathes.
1590Spenser F.Q. iii. iv. 13 Till that at last The watry Southwinde from the seabord cost *Vp⁓blowing, doth disperse the vapour lo'st.
1582Stanyhurst æneis, etc. 95 Theese thre were *vpbotching, not shapte,..A clapping fyerbolt.
1626Parallel Pelag. Error A 4 b, An euill *vpcreeping since his death.
1582Stanyhurst æneis i. (Arb.) 21 Soom wights *vpfloating on raisd sea wyth armor apeered.
Ibid. iv. 103 Hee causeth sleeping and bars: bye death eyelyd *vphasping.
Ibid. 21 Thee northern bluster..Thee sayls tears tag rag, to the sky thee waues *vphoysing.
1588Spenser Virg. Gnat 154 Whilst thus his carelesse time This shepheard driues, *vpleaning on his batt. 1590― F.Q. iii. ii. 42 With that vpleaning on her elbow weake [etc.].
1582Stanyhurst æneis iii. (Arb.) 76 Thee fourth day..thee shoare, neere setled, apeered And hils *vppeaking.
Ibid. ii. 52 Hee..sighs *vpplucking from brest ful deepelye, thus aunswerd.
1621G. Sandys Ovid's Met. ix. (1626) 179 Oft should you see him..solid trees *vp-riuing.
c1550Bale K. Johan 1737, I wyll kepe this crowne in myn owne hande, In the Popes behalfe *upseasyng Ynglond.
1582Stanyhurst æneis iii. (Arb.) 84 Charybdis On left hand swelleth..In to gut *vpsouping three tymes thee flash water angrye.
a1560Phaër æneid ix. (1562) Ee iiij, A yong stere whyte as snow,..which with his fete *vpsparpling spredes the dust.
a1560Ibid. viii. Bb ij b, An Yle there is..where smoke from stones to starrs *vpsteaming sties.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. vii. 243 This flouris smale..*vptempuryng, forsake Noman for hem to make.., As of rosate is taught.
(b) upblazing, -bounding, -bracing, -breaking, -brimming, -bristling, -bubbling, -burning, -charioting, -coiling, -crawling, -flaming, -gaping, -gliding, -heaping, -knelling, -ridging, -rousing, -scaling, -slanting, -snatching, -spearing, -splashing, -stretching, -swarming, -sweeping, -thundering, -tracing, -wreathing.
1801Southey Thalaba vi. viii, Now its wavy point *Up⁓blazing rose, like a young cypress tree.
1840J. C. Mangan Poems (1903) 136 The startled soul, *upbounding from the mire Of earthliness.
c1833Whittier Randolph of Roanoke 102 His gaunt frame *upbracing.
1859Tennyson Guinevere 388 Sheets of hyacinth That seem'd the heavens *upbreaking thro' the earth.
a1861Clough Ess. Class. Metres, Alcaics 5 The fury of winds, that all night *Upbrimming, sapping slowly the dyke,..Fall through the breach. 1898T. Hardy Wessex Poems 163 When her dreams were upbrimming with light.
1852W. Wickenden Hunchback's Chest 16 Like a wild boar *upbristling for the fight.
1874R. Buchanan Poet. Wks. III. 58 The spring *Upbubbling faintly seemeth as a sound.
a1865Tennyson Mystic 45 The last [circle],..with a region of white flame..into a larger air *Upburning.
1812W. Tennant Anster F. ii. ii, The sun, *upcharioting from Capricorn.
1803Wordsw. Yew-trees 18 A growth of inter⁓twisted fibres serpentine *Up-coiling.
1896Kipling Seven Seas, Derelict, The..weed Folds me and fouls me, strake on strake *upcrawling.
1805Southey Madoc in W. i. 34 Many a fire *Up-flaming, stream'd..Red lines of lengthening light.
1832L. Hunt Dryads 19 Yellow bills, *up-gaping for their food.
1805–6Cary Dante, Inf. xxv. 7 Another [serpent] to his arms *Upgliding, tied them.
1888R. Buchanan City of Dream viii. 158 And in its inmost shrine the priests of Baal Are not *upheaping gold.
1845J. C. Mangan German Anthology II. 108 Then hear I music sweet *upknelling From many a..phantom-band.
1791Cowper Odyssey xix. 555 *Upridging high His bristly back.., he sprang Forth from the shrubs.
1830Atherstone Fall of Nineveh II. 16 With firm tread The thronging echos..*Uprousing as he passed.
1882Armstrong Garland fr. Greece 226 *Upscaling steep and rough to cross the Pass.
1876C. Wells Joseph & Brethren i. v. 73 The thorns that ye have cast *Upslanting in my path.
1828Atherstone Fall of Nineveh I. 241 The fallen reins *Upsnatching then,..o'er the field The Assyrian looked.
1784Cowper Task v. 23 The bents And coarser grass, *up⁓spearing o'er the rest,..now shine Conspicuous.
1871R. Ellis Catullus lxiv. 128 She..Now to the brine ran forth, *upsplashing freshly to meet her.
1815Hogg Poet. Mirror Wks. 1866 II. 111 Two long ears *upstretching perpendicularly.
1791Cowper Iliad xii. 541 They..*upswarming show'd On the high battlement their glittering spears.
c1873J. Addis Eliz. Echoes (1879) 94 Th' uncertain hum Of hosts *upsweeping from the subterrene.
1796Coleridge Ode Departing Year viii, Central fires through nether seas *up⁓thundering. 1846C. G. Prowett Prometh. Bound 21 Hollow tones, From Hades' sullen realm upthundering.
1727Thomson Summer 1100 *Up-tracing, from the vast Inane, The Chain of Causes and Effects to Him.
1849Longfellow Building of Ship 187 Around it columns of smoke, *up-wreathing, Rose.
b. In the earlier periods of the language these forms in -ing were not employed attributively. Examples of this use begin to appear in the 16th century, but are not common before the 19th. As adjectives, such compounds would normally have the main stress on the prefix, and a secondary stress on the stem (e.g. ˈupˌbearing, ˈupˌcreeping), but in verse the full stressing of the stem is frequently retained. The following illustrations of rarer forms are divided into earlier and later instances.
(a) upcreeping, -flinging, -running, -sprouting, -sticking.
1611Cotgr. s.v. Eschalas, A Vine or any other weake-branched, *vp-creeping..Plant.
1566Drant Horace, Sat. ii. F 2 When with grosse *upflyngyng fumes, your syght is masde and dull.
1527Andrew Brunswyke's Distyll. Waters H ij, The same is good for the *upronnyng pymples of the face.
1563Winȝet Wks. (S.T.S.) II. 18 The snairis of the *wpsprouting hæretikis.
1611Cotgr., Bricot,..an *vp⁓sticking stub of a late cut shrub or tree.
(b) upbearing, -bounding, -breaking, -bursting, -cocking, -cropping, -crowding, -flashing, -flowing, -gushing, -pouring, -quivering, -reaching, -sprouting, -stealing, -stretching, -striving, -struggling, -tearing, -tilting.
1830Tennyson Isabel iii, A leaning and *upbearing parasite, Clothing the stem.
1845J. C. Mangan German Anthology I. 60 Then *upbounding Life..Unto all that died the Sun shall bring.
1822J. Wilson Lights & Shadows 124 A sort of glimmer, like that of an *upbreaking and disparting storm, gathered about him.
1818Keats Endym. ii. 56 Now he is sitting by a shady spring, And elbow-deep..Stems the *upbursting cold. 1879Stevenson Trav. Cevennes 159 The roof fell in and the upbursting flames discovered his retreat.
1804Collins Scripscrap. 58 A Brainless young Crimp, with an *upcocking snout.
1898B. Gregory Side Lights Confl. Meth. 249 An occasional *up-cropping consciousness.
c1870M. Arnold Obermann once more ad fin., The domed Velan, with his snows, Behind the *upcrowding hills.
1813Shelley Q. Mab vii. 231 Showers of gore from the *upflashing steel Of safe assassination.
1801Southey Thalaba ii. xxvi, No eye beheld the spring Of that *upflowing Flame.
1845J. C. Mangan German Anthology II. 18 Drink at Life's *upgushing wells! 1858Hawthorne Fr. & It. Note-bks. I. 145 An artificial lake with upgushing fountains.
1842R. Ford in Shorter Borrow & Circle (1913) 253 Just dash down the first genuine *uppouring idea and thoughts in the plainest language.
1851Hawthorne Ho. Sev. Gables x, One of those *up-quivering flashes of the spirit.
1894Outing (U.S.) XXIV. 151 Where the black *up-reaching ledge Holds high its moss-hung turrets.
1898Clodd Tom Tit Tot iv. 41 Persephone, whom Demeter seeks.., to find her with the *upsprouting corn.
1859Roses & Thorns 254 The *up-stealing shadows of evening.
1827Carlyle Misc. Ess., Richter, This *upstretching aurora of a morning.
1855Lynch Lett. Scattered ii. (1872) 26 One *upstriving flame of prayer.
1835Carlyle in Froude Life in London (1884) I. 46 One glorious *up-struggling ray..which perished,..in a lax, languid, impotent character.
1817J. Scott Paris Revisit. (ed. 4) 219 Broad rugged tracks, which seemed as if they had been swept by some fiery *up-tearing stream.
1841H. Miller O.R. Sandst. vi. 107 The strata..have been un⁓packed and arranged by the *uptilting agent.
7. In OE. the combination of up- with a verbal substantive is limited to uphebbing, perhaps directly formed from uphebban. In ME. a number of instances occur, the earliest being upastying (= ascending), -casting, -coming, -covering (= recovery), -nimming, -rising, -stying, and -taking. In the 16th c. the type becomes common, and again in the 19th. Earlier and more recent formations of a casual nature are illustrated in the following groups. (a) † uparising, † -astying, -bolstering, † -crying, -passing, † -receiving, -sealing, -twinkling, -tying, † -weening.
1340Ayenb. 213 At yestre [= Easter], his *oparizinge, hou he aros uram dyaþe to liue.
a1200St. Marher. 1 Efter ure lauerdes..ariste of deað, ant efter his *up astihunge.
1610J. Robinson Justif. Separation 258 The Churches vngodly connivency, and *vpboulstring them in their scandalous sinns, makes them nothing the better.
1651Burgh Rec. Stirling (1889) II. 306 To John Wordie for reading the ordoures annent *upcrying the money.
1533Gau Richt Vay (S.T.S.) 49 Ye maner of his [sc. Christ's] *vppassing. 1572Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 145 In thair uppassing and douncuming.
13..Castel of Love (H.) 1665 The cursede shull in erthe byn.., wyth the *up-receyveng they shulle agryse.
1563J. Man Musculus' Commonpl. 281 b, That grace..the token, sacrament and *upsealinge [L. obsignatio] whereof is in Baptisme. 1597Pilgr. Parnass. iv. 425 To see A puritane *up-twinckling of his eye.
1614P. Forbes Comm. Revelation 217 Then his *vptying is to bee counted, when..hee is perfectly made fast.
1340Ayenb. 21 Þe þridde boȝ of prede is arrogance þet me clepeþ *opweninge oþer opniminge.
(b) upbubbling, -flickering, -gushing, -lighting, -piling, -pouring, -ripping, -squatting, -streaming, -summing, -surging, -swelling, -winding, -working.
1888Daily News 26 May 5/8 To watch the *upbubbling of the flashing..waters.
1881Cornh. Mag. XLIV. 481 The last *up-flickering of his dying intelligence.
1846Hawthorne Mosses ii. iii. 50 The *upgushings and outpourings of these initiated souls.
1860J. H. Stirling Crit. Ess., Macaulay (1868) 122 The *up-lighting of the ‘age of reason’.
1844Blackie in Class. Mus. I. 339 A more cumbrous *up⁓piling of erudite blunders.
1918W. Stevens in Others Dec. 9 A deep *up-pouring from some saltier well Within me, bursts its watery syllable.
1859Sala Tw. round Clock (1861) 121 The *upripping of his unhappy coat-collar.
1840Barham Ingol. Leg. Ser. i. Ghost, The Gorgon's head Was but a type of Nick's *up-squatting in the bed.
1880Geikie Phys. Geog. (1885) 46 A constant *upstreaming of warm moist air.
1884J. Parker Apost. Life III. 23 The all but infinite prudence which forecasts totalities and *upsummings.
1883Century Mag. XXVI. 130 The *upsurging..of nobler and better feelings.
1899Edin. Rev. Apr. 317 *Upwellings of molten basalt.
1837Lockhart Scott IV. i. 22 A better *upwinding of the plot of the Black Dwarf.
a1834Coleridge Notes & Lect. (1849) I. 230 A wild *up-working of love..is perceptible throughout.
8. The use of up- with agent-nouns first appears in ME. in the 14th century, the earliest examples being upstyer and uptaker, with upbearer, -holder, and -raiser following a little later. Similar forms occur in the 16th cent. (but chiefly Sc.), as upbigger (= builder), -closer, -creeper, -lifter, -looker, -putter, -setter, and a few in the 17th, as upbringer, -giver (Sc.), -riser. Later formations are mainly from the 19th cent., as upbuilder, -climber, -shutter, -stander. |