| 释义 |
hospitaller, -aler|ˈhɒspɪtələ(r)|
Forms: 4–6 hospiteler, -yteler, 5 -ytler, hosspituller, hospituler, ospitallere, 6 hospytelar, 7–8 -itler, 4– hospitaler, 5 -aller.
[a. OF. hospitalier (12–13th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), ad. med.L. hospitālārius hospitaller (senses 1 and 2), f. hospitāle (see hospital n.). hosteler, ostler are doublets.]
1. In a religious house or hospice, the person whose office it is to receive and attend upon visitors, pilgrims, and strangers; = hosteler1 1.
1483Cath. Angl. 190/1 An Hosspituller, cenodochiaria, cenodochiarius. 1745A. Butler Lives Saints (1836) I. 67 St. Isidore, Priest and Hospitaller..of Alexandria. 1864J. B. Greenshields Ann. Lesmahagow 13 The hospitaler received strangers and the wayfaring poor.
2. spec. A member of a religious order, brotherhood, or sisterhood, formed for charitable purposes, esp. for the care of the sick and infirm in hospitals. Many such have existed from the 13th c. or earlier. Such were originally the Knights Hospitallers (see 3).
c1386Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋817 Folk that been entred in-to ordre as subdekne or preest or hospitaliers. c1430Lydg. Venus-Mass Ep. in Lay Folks Mass Bk. 394 To all the holy ffraternite and Confrary of the same bretherhede. And to alle hospytlerys and Relygious nat spottyd nor mad foul wyth no cryme. 1686J. Sergeant Hist. Monast. Convent. 52 The Hospitalers of the Holy Ghost took their beginning at Rome, about..1201. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., The appellation is chiefly given to certain communities of religious; as, the hospitalers of Elsefort in Essex, instituted to take care of lepers; hospitalers of S. John Baptist of Coventry; hospitalers of S. Julian; hospitalers of S. Leonard at York, etc. 1746in Acc. French Settlem. N. Amer. 24 This house is serv'd by the nuns hospitalers of St. Augustine of the congregation of the mercy of Jesus. 1880Chambers' Encycl. s.v., The hospitallers of Our Lady of Christian Charity were founded near Chalons in the end of the 13th c., by Guy de Joinville;..and the hospitallers of Our Lady Della Scala about the same time at Siena.
3. More fully, Knights Hospitallers, an order of military monks, following chiefly the rule of St. Augustine, which took its origin from a hospital founded at Jerusalem, c 1048, by merchants of Amalfi, for the succour and protection of poor pilgrims visiting the Holy Land, but subsequently grew to be a wealthy fraternity, received a military organization, and became one of the chief bulwarks of Christendom in the East, besides having dependent ‘hospitals’ and possessions throughout the Christian lands. (See commandery.) Grand Hospitaller, the third in dignity of the order, after the Grand Commander and Grand Marshal; also an officer in some other orders.
After the taking of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187, the chief seat of the order was successively at Markab in Phoenicia, Acre 1193, Cyprus 1291, Rhodes 1310, Malta 1530 to 1798. Their possessions were confiscated in England in 1540, and the order was suppressed in most European countries in or after 1799. They were known at various times, and in their various capacities, as Brothers of the Hospital of St. John the Baptist, Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, Knights of Rhodes, Knights of Malta, etc. (This is the earliest sense of the word in English.)
c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 178 He toke it wikkedly out of þe Hospitelers hond. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) iv. 13 Þe ile of Rodes, þe whilk þe Hospitelers haldez and gouernes. Ibid. x. 40 [see hospital n. 1]. 1531Dial. on Laws Eng. ii. xlii. (1638) 136 The Hospitelers and Templers be prohibit they shall hold no plee that belongs to the Kings Courts. 1603Knolles Hist. Turks (1638) 13 He entred into a deepe discourse thereof with..the master of the Hospitalers. 1703Maundrell Journ. Jerus. (1721) 55 The Convent of the Knights Hospitallers. 1756–7tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) I. 274 As to the order of St. Maurice, it has the king for grand master... The marquis de Morus, chancellor of the order. The count de Provana, great hospitaler. 1776–81Gibbon Decl. & F. lviii. 1858W. Porter Knights Malta I. i. 13 Such was the original establishment of the Hospitallers of Jerusalem, which may justly be considered as the cradle of the Order of St. John.
4. In some of the London hospitals, which were orig. religious foundations (and thus a direct development of sense 1): The title of the chief resident official whose office included that of religious superintendent; hence it is retained in some cases, e.g. St. Bartholomew's Hospital and St. Thomas's Hospital, as the title of the chaplain.
1552Ordre Hosp. St. Barthol. D iiij, The office of the Hospiteler. 1557Order of Hospitalls E j b, Your warrant in sending any [sick folk] to the Hospitalls, shalbe sufficient to the Hospitaller for the receaving of the same. 1624in Vicary's Anat. (1888) App. iii. 146 To haue a revercion of the Hospitlers place of Saint Bartholomewes. 1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 86/1 Sick Strangers..distributed regularly to inferior Hospitlers, to be looked after. 1737J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. 248 (St. Thomas's Hospital, Southwark) In the same court are the houses of the Treasurer, Hospitaler, Steward, Butler and Cook. 1766Entick London IV. 382 An hospitaller or chaplain, 4 physicians. 1898St. Barthol. Hosp., Charge of the Vicar and Hospitaller. 1898St. Thomas's Hosp., Duties of Hospitaller, You shall enjoin the Sisters to send for you, or the Assistant Hospitaller, whenever any Patients shall desire such [religious] Ministrations.
5. An inmate of a hospital. rare.
1854Hawthorne Eng. Note-Bks. (1879) II. 325 There is an old man's hospital..Life-like tales might be written on the..experiences of these Hospitallers.
6. attrib. † Hospitaller Knight = 3. Obs. rare.
1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 521 It was the Seat of the Hospitular-knights, which now reside in Malta. |