| 释义 |
▪ I. hood, n.1|hʊd|
Forms: 1 hód, (hood), 3–5 hod, 4–6 hode, hoode, north. hud(e, 4– hood, (5 houd, hoyd, 6 hodde, whod(e, whood(e, whodde, mod.Sc. huid, hude(ü)).
[OE. hód str. masc. = OFris. hôd, MDu. hoet(d-), Du. hoed, MLG. hôt, hût, OHG., MHG. huot (Ger. hut hat):—OTeut. hôdo-z, f. hôd-, in ablaut relation with *hattus (:—*hadnús) hat, q.v.]
1. a. A covering for the head and neck (sometimes extending to the shoulders) of soft or flexible material, either forming part of a larger garment (as the hood of a cowl or cloak) or separate; in the former case, it can usually be thrown back so as to hang from the shoulders down the back; in the latter sense it was applied in 14–16th c. to a soft covering for the head worn by men under the hat.
a700Epinal Gloss. 239 Capitium, hood. a1000Ags. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 199/18 Capitium, hod. c1205Lay. 13109 Þe hod hongede adun. c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 284/209 Þis þeues with þis wide hodes. c1325Poem Times Edw. II 187 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 332 Als ich evere brouke min hod under min hat. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints, VII Sleperis 269 He..Kist his hud done oure his face. c1386Chaucer Prol. 103 He was clad in cote and hood of grene. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xxvi. 121 Hudes vsez þai nane. 1410E.E. Wills (1882) 16 A grene Gowne and a hoyd percyd with Ray. c1460in Babees Bk. 13 Holde of þy cappe & þy hood also. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. II. 266 Vpoun his heid come nother hat nor hude. 1548Hall Chron., Hen. VIII (1809) 619 He had on his head a whode. a1592Greene Jas. IV, iii. ii, A fool may dance in a hood, as well as a wise man in a bare frock. 1600J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa ii. 222 Certaine jackets of leather with hoods upon them, such as travellers use in Italie. 1667Milton P.L. iii. 490 Then might ye see Cawles, Hoods, and Habits with thir wearers tost And flutterd into Raggs. 1739Gray Let. in Poems (1775) 62 We are..as well armed as possible against the cold, with muffs, hoods, and masks of bever. 1865Dickens Mut. Fr. i. i, The girl pulled the hood of a cloak she wore, over her head and over her face.
b. A separate article of apparel for the head worn by women; also, the close-fitting head-covering of an infant. French hood, a form of hood worn by women in the 16th and 17th centuries, having the front band depressed over the forehead and raised in folds or loops over the temples.
c1430Lydg. Min. Poems 201 For to kepe hire froom the heete, She weryth a daggyd hood of grene. c1532G. Du Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 906/3 The frenche hode, le chapperon a plis. 1533Heywood Pard. & Frere in Hazl. Dodsley I. 203 Her bongrace which she ware, with her French hood. 1541–1636 [see French hood]. 1556Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 17 The comyn strompettes that ware takene in London ware raye hoddes. 1610B. Jonson Alch. ii. vi, Sh' is not in fashion, yet; she weares A hood: but 't stands a cop. 1667Pepys Diary 27 Mar., To put myself and wife..in mourning and my two under-mayds, to give them hoods, and scarfs, and gloves. 1712Addison Spect. No. 271 ⁋4, I was..in an Assembly of Ladies, where there were Thirteen different coloured Hoods. 1792S. Rogers Pleas. Mem. i. 110 Her tattered mantle and her hood of straw. 1897Civ. Serv. Supply Assoc. List, Infant's Silk Hoods, Cashmere Hoods, White Knitted Hoods.
†c. by my hood: an asseveration. Obs.
(Actual reference uncertain.)
c1374Chaucer Troylus v. 1151, I commende hire wisdom by myn hod! 1546J. Heywood Prov. (1867) 84 Onely for both I wed not, by my hood. 1596Shakes. Merch. V. ii. vi. 51 Now by my hood, a gentle, and no Iew.
d. fig. A cap of foam, mist, or cloud.
1814Scott Ld. of Isles iii. xvi, Corrywrekin's whirlpool rude, When dons the Hag her whiten'd hood. 1841in Chambers's Pop. Rhymes Scotl. 149 When Ruberslaw puts on his cowl, The Dunion on his hood, Then a' the wives o' Teviotside Ken there will be a flood. [These are two hills.]
2. a. As a mark of official, or professional dignity, worn by ecclesiastics, physicians, civic officials, etc.; now spec., the badge, varying in material, colour, and shape, worn over the gown (or surplice) by university graduates as indicating their degrees. (Cf. amice2.)
1362Langl. P. Pl. A. vii. 256 Þat Fisyk schal his Forred hode for his [foode] sulle, And eke his cloke of Calabre. 1377Ibid. B. xx. 175 A Fisicien with a forred hode. c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon xi. 282 The kynge..was cladde wyth the abbyt of religyon and the hode vpon his hede. 1548–9(Mar.) Bk. Com. Prayer, Offices etc. 37 Such hoodes as pertaineth to their seueral degrees. 1598Stow Surv. x. (1603) 87 Whoodes of Budge for Clearks. 1603Constit. & Canons Eccles. §58 Such Hoods as by the orders of the Universities are agreeable to their degrees. 1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 19/2 About the beginning of Queen Elizabeths Reign [Masters and Stewards of Incorporated Societies] cast them [Hoods] off their heads, and hung them on their shoulders. 1714Byrom Jrnl. & Lit. Rem. (1854) I. i. 26 To treat all our white-hoods, or Masters of Arts of two or three years standing. 1868Marriott Vest. Chr. 228. 1895 Rashdall Univ. Mid. Ages II. 640 At Paris [c 1500] the Rectors wore violet or purple, the Masters scarlet, with tippets and hoods of fur. The hood was not originally restricted to Masters, being part of the ordinary clerical dress of the period, and was not even exclusively clerical. Bachelors of all Faculties wore hoods of lamb's wool or rabbit's fur. Ibid. note, At Oxford, undergraduates lost their hoods altogether in 1489.
b. The ornamental piece attached to the back of a cope, orig. shaped like and used as a hood.
a1225Ancr. R. 56 Ȝif he haueð enne widne hod & one ilokene cope. 1509Bury Wills (Camden) 112, I wole have in the whod theroff [a cope] the salutacion off our Lady. 1885Catholic Dict. (ed. 3), Cope..a wide vestment..open in front and fastened by a clasp, and with a hood at the back. 1890Lippincott's Mag. July 73 A gorgeous cope of crimson silk and gold-thread damask..the coronation of the Virgin was figured in colored silks on the hood.
†3. The part of a suit of armour that covers the head; applied to the helmet itself, or to a flexible head-covering inside the helmet. Obs.
c1205Lay. 27630 [He] smat þane king a þene helm..and æc þere burne-hod. c1400Destr. Troy 10297 Þai hurlit of his helme..Harmyt the hode, þat was of hard maile. 1860Fairholt Costume 126 The hood of chain-mail drawn over and enveloping the head. 1874Boutell Arms & Arm. vii. 110 This hauberk..had a hood or coif, of the same fabric with itself..; and over this hood, as a second defence for the head, the close-fitting iron helm was worn.
4. A covering of leather put over the head of a hawk to blind her when not pursuing game.
c1575Perf. Bk. Kepinge Sparhawkes (1886) 15 Put on an easy hoode in the dark..be suer the hode be esy. 1629Leather 10 Sheath makers. Hawkes-Hood-makers. Scabberd-makers. 1826J. S. Sebright Obs. Hawking (1828) 9. 1852 R. F. Burton Falconry Valley Indus iv. 47 note, The use of the hood at home is to keep the hawk quiet... In the field the hood prevents the hawk fluttering upon the fist every time that a bird rises.
5. Applied to various things serving for a covering, capping, or protection, or resembling a hood in shape or use.
a. The straw covering of a beehive.
b. A roof-like and often curved projection, e.g. over a window, door, bed, passage, etc.; the head or cover of a carriage; the cover of a pump; Naut. ‘a covering for a companion-hatch, skylight, etc.’ (Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 1867).
c. ‘A dome-shaped projection or canopy over a discharging or receiving orifice in a structure, as of a fireplace, chimney, or ventilator’ (Knight Dict. Mech.); the ‘cowl’ of a chimney.
d. Hydraulics. ‘The capping of the piles of a starling’ (ibid.).
e. ‘The leathern shield in front of a wooden stirrup, which serves to protect the foot of the rider’ (ibid.).
f. Shipbuilding (pl.). The foremost and aftermost planks, within and without, of a ship's bottom.
g. In plants, any hood-like part serving as a covering, esp. the vaulted upper part of the corolla or calyx in some flowers. h. In animals, a conformation of parts (as in the cobra and the hooded seal), or arrangement of colour about the head or neck, resembling or suggesting a hood. i. = hood-sheaf (see 8).
1658Evelyn Fr. Gard. (1675) 68 You shall make the hood with fine earth and hay. 1686Plot Staffordsh. 387 A straw hood..to keep the wax and hony from melting in the Summer. 1750T. R. Blanckley Naval Expos., Hood..to go on the Top of the Chimney..and to shift as the Wind does, that it [the smoke] may always fly out to leeward. 1765Treat. Pigeons 115 [In the jacobine] the upper part of this range of feathers is called the hood. 1790W. Marshall Midland Co. Gloss. (E.D.S.), Hoods, the covering sheaves of shucks; hood-sheaves. 1803R. Percival Acc. Ceylon in Penny Cycl. (1840) XVI. 62/1 [The Cobra Capello] distends from its head a membrane in the form of a hood, from which it receives its name... When the hood is erected it completely alters the appearance of the head. 1815W. Burney Univ. Dict. Marine s.v., Naval Hoods, or Hawse-Bolsters,..large pieces of plank, or thick stuff, wrought above and below the hawse-holes. 1821Clare Vill. Minstr. II. 201 Cuckoo-flowers just creeping from their hoods. 1826in Hone Every-Day Bk. II. 683 The hood of the chaise struck against the projecting branch of a tree. 1828Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. I. 363 Reptiles..Naia..hind head furnished with a hood; poisonous fangs in the upper jaw. 1831J. Holland Manuf. Metal I. 311 This operation..must be performed under the hood of a smith's forge-hearth. 1841Penny Cycl. XXI. 164/2 (Seals) That the connection of the nostrils with this hood..indicate[s] its importance as ancillary to the sense of smelling. c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 124 Hood,..a covering to shelter the mortar in bomb-vessels. In merchant ships it is the berthing round the ladder-way. 1859Jephson Brittany vii. 87 Tiers of slated hoods protecting the windows. c1860H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 65 What is the rabbet in the stem for? To receive the ends of the outside planks, which are called ‘fore hoods’. 1862Darwin Fertil. Orchids i. 29 The upper sepal and two upper petals form a hood. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Hood of a pump, a frame covering the upper wheel of a chain-pump. 1874Thearle Naval Archit. 15 Inner posts..for securing the after ends, or hoods, of the outside plank. 1883W. H. Flower in Encycl. Brit. XV. 444/1 Cystophora..Beneath the skin over the face of the male..is a sac capable of inflation, when it forms a kind of hood covering the upper part of the head. 1887S. Chesh. Gloss. s.v., The two end sheaves of the hattock are used as hoods for the remaining six. 1887Hall Caine Deemster xii. 77 There was no hood above the bed. 1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 32 He took me..to two newly dug graves, each covered with wooden hoods in a most business-like way.
j. A waterproof folding top or cover of a perambulator, motor vehicle, charabanc, etc.; the movable cover of a typewriter or other machine.
1866Leisure Hour XV. 349/1 Children are likely to be exposed for longer times to the scorching sun or the piercing wind in a perambulator (if without hood or sunshade) than when carried in arms. 1895Army & Navy Co-op. Soc. Price List 15 Sept. 1172 Perambulators..with..reversible jointed hood. 1904A. B. F. Young Compl. Motorist (ed. 2) viii. 198 It is a fine-weather vehicle, but a hood can be supplied for use in wet weather. 1912Motor Man. (ed. 14) iii. 101 Complete protection can be obtained with a hood by fitting side curtains, which can be let down. 1942Short Guide Gt. Brit. (U.S. War Dept.) 26 The top of the car is the hood. 1967R. Mollon Nursery Handbk. (1968) i. 37 Be sure that the pram..has a good waterproof hood. 1969C. Campbell Sports Car (ed. 3) ix. 226 An open cockpit and an erect windscreen completely spoil the airflow pattern over a sports car and a higher maximum speed is always given with the hood erect. 1971Daily Tel. 24 Nov. 11/4 The weather during the test was too unpleasant to try the MGB as it should really be driven, with the hood down.
k. In various animals, esp. Nautilus macromphalus (see quots.).
1883Encycl. Brit. XVI. 674/1 This part of the external annular lobe of the fore-foot [of Nautilus] is called the ‘hood’. 1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 456 In Nautilus..the fore-foot is divisible into an outer and inner portion. The outer portion..is thickened dorsally where it abuts against the coil of the shell and forms the hood. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXV. 543/2 Movable (hinged) sclerite (so-called hood) [of Cryptostemma karschii] over⁓hanging the first pair of appendages. 1932Borradaile & Potts Invertebrata xvi. 527 When the animal [sc. Nautilus] is retracted into the living chamber the hood acts as an operculum. 1967H. W. & L. R. Levi tr. Kaestner's Invertebr. Zool. I. xv. 418 The sheaths of the dorsal (anterior) tentacles are fused into a hood that is used in Nautilus to cover most of the aperture when the body is withdrawn.
l. A covering for the head of a horse.
a1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 461/1 Hood, that part of a horse blanket which covers the horse's head and neck. 1963Bloodgood & Santini Horseman's Dict. 105 Hood, horse's head covering with eyeholes (with or without ear coverings) of serge, wool or rubber.
m. Photogr. (See quot. 1918.) In full, lens hood.
1892[see finder 3 d]. 1892Photogr. Ann. II. 41 Have two caps for each lens, one to fit the hood and one to fit the other end of the mount. 1918Photo-Miniature Mar. 25 Lens hood, the detachable rim of a lens-tube somewhat larger in diameter and carrying the lens-cap. Also any separate device of tubular box- or bellows-form fitted to the lens-tube, to screen the lens from strong light. 1939–50Army & Navy Stores Catal. 906/2 Voightländer cameras... Fitted with a large brilliant view finder and deep hood. 1961G. Millerson Technique Television Production iii. 28 (caption) Interchangeable camera lenses with lens hoods.
n. A protecting cover, also sometimes acting as a reflector, placed over a lamp.
1907Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 260/3 Candle reading lamp. Telescopic corrugated hood. 1913J. B. Bishop Panama Gateway v. vi. 382 The reflecting hood is provided with shading skirts, which prevent the glare of the lamp filament from penetrating into distance along the axis of the canal. 1939–40Army & Navy Stores Catal. 277/3 The Reader. Chrome-plated with specially designed hood to shade light.
o. The bonnet of a motor vehicle. orig. and chiefly U.S.
1929W. Faulkner Sartoris ii. vi. 145 He lifted the hood and removed the cap from the breather-pipe. 1942Short Guide Gt. Brit. (U.S. War Dept.) 26 What we call the hood (of the engine) is a bonnet. 1960Times 14 Sept. 12/6 You..discover that not only does the engine wear a hood instead of a bonnet but [etc.]. 1970Globe & Mail (Toronto) 26 Sept. 29/5 (Advt.), A Rolls Royce whose hood was draped in white damask set with candelabra and plates.
p. A roughly shaped hat of felt, straw, or similar material for the hatter to shape by blocking or stitching.
1932D. C. Minter Mod. Needlecraft 159/1 Felt or felted hoods and hats are beaten, steamed, and moulded from the flat. 1963P. Moyes Murder à la Mode vii. 122 The shapeless felt ‘hoods’ which would eventually be steamed and seamed into smart hats.
6. The hooded seal; = hood-cap 2.
1854Chamb. Jrnl. I. 76 Four varieties of seal..the young harp and young hood, the old harp and the bedlamer, or old hood.
7. Proverbs and proverbial phrases. (See also ape n. 4, bone n. 9.)
[c1400Rom. Rose 7388 With so gret devotion They made her confession, That they had ofte, for the nones, Two hedes in one hood at ones.] c1430Pilgr. Lyf Manhode iv. xix. (1869) 185 Alle þilke..þat hauen here hoodes wrong turned, and þat prosperitee hath blindfelled. c1475–1580 Two faces under one hood [see face n. 2]. c1510Robin Hood vii. in Child Ballads (1888) v. cxvii, That he ne shall lese his hede, That is the best ball in his hode. 1550Lever Serm. (Arb.) 99 These Flatterers be wonders perilous felowes, hauynge two faces vnder one hoode. 1580H. Gifford Gilloflowers (1875) 71 Fortune's flattering vowes, Who in one hoode a double face doth beare. 1613Shakes. Hen. VIII, iii. i. 23 All Hoods make not Monkes. a1700B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew s.v., Two Faces under one Hood, a Double Dealer.
8. attrib. and Comb., as hood-box, hood-fillet, hood-hole, hood-maker; hood-like adj.; hood-cover, hood-fend, a protecting covering over a carriage, an opening, etc.: see sense 5; hood dryer (see quot. 1966); hood-end (Shipbuilding): see quot.; hood-gastrula, a form of secondary gastrula resulting from unequal segmentation, an amphigastrula; hood-jelly, one of the Hydromedusæ or acalephs proper; hood-sheaf, each of two sheaves placed slantwise on the top of a shock of corn so as to carry off the rain; hood-shy a. (see quot.); † hood-skull = sense 3.
1604Middleton Father Hubburd's T. Wks. (Bullen) VIII. 102 All my pack contained in less than a little *hood-box.
1962Guardian 5 Dec. 6/4 Hairdryer, brush, comb and *hood dryer. 1966J. S. Cox Illustr. Dict. Hairdressing 80/2 Hood dryer, a hair dryer in the form of a hood secured to a pedestal.
1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., *Hood-ends, the ends of the planks which fit into the rabbets of the stem and stern posts.
1804Naval Chron. XII. 474 Several of the *hood-fends opened.
1894H. Speight Nidderdale 208 The *hood-fillet is plain.
1879tr. Haeckel's Evol. Man I. viii. 201 In common with Mammals, these animals exhibit unequal cleavage, and form a *Hood-gastrula.
1647Ward Simp. Cobler 27 Women..peering out of their *hood-holes.
1861J. R. Greene Man. Anim. Kingd., Cœlent. 124 A *hood-like, crescentic fold of the ectoderm.
1530Palsgr. 231/2 *Hode maker, faiseur de chaperons.
1799J. Robertson Agric. Perth 159 The two *hood sheaves are..laid on in opposite directions, as a covering. 1848Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. IX. ii. 501 The wheat is invariably covered with ‘hood⁓sheaves’.
1886Salvin & Brodrick Falconry Brit. Isles Gloss. 151 *Hood-shy, a term used for Hawks that have been spoilt to the hood.
1537Ld. Treas. Acc. Scotl. in Pitcairn Crim. Trials I. *288 To the Kingis grace, ane Pissane of Mailye and ane *Hudskule.
▪ II. hood, n.2|hʊd|
Abbrev. of hoodlum.
1930Amer. Mercury Dec. 456/1 None of those St. Louie hoods are going to cut in here, see? 1934J. T. Farrell Young Manhood xiv. 218 Jim Doyle stood by the kitchen sink, a cigar pasted in his round, jolly face, and he greeted them, calling them hoods. 1959Manch. Guardian 5 Aug. 1/1 The ‘News’ suggests ‘a special committee to greet the Kremlin's No. 1 Hood at the Washington Airport’. 1966Wodehouse Plum Pie vii. 177 The hood was beating the tar out of me.
▪ III. hood, n.3 slang (chiefly U.S., esp. in African-American usage).
Brit. |hʊd|, U.S. |hʊd|
Forms: 19– hood, 19– 'hood
[Shortened ‹neighbourhood n.]
Freq. with the. A neighbourhood or community, usually one's own; esp. an inner-city area inhabited predominantly by non-whites.
boys in the hood n. (also boyz in the hood) popularized by the 1991 J. Singleton film Boyz N the Hood the young men of such an area.
1969Trans-action Feb. 27/1 He come back over to the hood (neighborhood). 1970D. Quammen To walk Line viii. 54 Greedy ol' cracker holdouts who seen their 'hoods go but wouldn't give up their house to no niggers. 1972E. Grogan Ringolevio i. 54 There was this guy in the 'hood. 1988Los Angeles Times (Nexis) 26 June 1/1 Cooling out with the boys in the 'hood. 1992N.Y. Times 21 Jan. a14/5 The boys in the 'hood are killing each other. 1994Vibe Nov. 46 This one's for the cool in all of us who understand the mix: living in the 'hood and summering in the Hamptons. 2001Southland (N.Z.) Times (Nexis) 16 Mar. 8 Steven Soderbergh's film Traffic has America trying to stop those nasty narcotics-laden Mexicans south of the border from corrupting its young (well, makes a change from the boyz in the hood being the fall guys).
▪ IV. hood, v.|hʊd|
Also 6 hudde.
[f. hood n.1]
trans. To cover with or as with a hood: sometimes with the intention of protection or concealment.
c1420Pallad. on Husb. iii. 717 With cley & mosse here hedys hode & hyde. c1440Promp. Parv. 242/1 Hoodyn, capucio. 1579–80North Plutarch (1676) 84 Valerius and his company..hudded them with their gowns over their heads. 1593Bilson Govt. Christ's Ch. 90 This is a shift that hoodeth some mens eies. a1693Urquhart Rabelais iii. xvii. 141 She began to hood her self with her Apron. 1810Crabbe Borough i, Their head the gown has hooded. 1826Sebright Obs. Hawking (1828) 9 To hood a hawk, requires a degree of manual dexterity that is not easily acquired. 1852Wood Nat. Hist. (1874) 43 When a Chetah is taken out for the purpose of hunting game, he is hooded.
b. To cap a shock of corn with two hood-sheaves (see hood n.1 8).
1825–80in Jamieson. 1856Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. XVII. ii. 480 Hooding or capping the sheaves is common in some parts.
▪ V. hood
see also hud. |