| 释义 |
alkyl Chem.|ˈælkɪl|
[f. G. alk(ohol alcohol + -yl.]
In full alkyl radical. Any of the series of radicals derived from paraffin hydrocarbons by the removal of a hydrogen atom, as methyl (CH3), ethyl (C2H5), etc. So attrib. or as adj., derived from, or related to, the paraffin series of hydrocarbons. Formerly also called alphyl. Cf. aryl.
1879Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXXVI. 522 (title) Boiling points of the ethereal salts of hydroxy- and alkyloxy-acids. 1882Ibid. XLII. 831 (title) Synthesis of so-called alkyl disulphoxides. 1883Ibid. XLIV. 919 Action of the Alkyl-derivatives of the Halogen-substituted Fatty Acids on Aniline. Ibid. 276 The alkyl salts of the CnH2nO2 series. 1889M'Gowan tr. Bernthsen's Org. Chem. 37 The halogen alkyls, CnH2n+1X. 1906M'Gowan & Sudborough Bernthsen's Org. Chem. 22 The monovalent residues, CnH2n+1 (methyl, ethyl, etc.), which form the radicals of the monovalent alcohols, CnH2n+1OH, are frequently termed alkyls, or alphyls, while the divalent residues, CnH2n, are known as alkylenes. 1953Sci. News XXX. 91 One of the detergents..is an alkyl sulphate, with an average chain-length of about eight to ten carbon atoms. 1957Technology July 168/4 Detergents usually contain a surface active agent, alkylbenzenesulphonate, which influences surface adsorption and, incidentally, causes the familiar foaming (of doubtful utility). 1964N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. viii. 125 These compounds may also be regarded as alkyl-substituted water molecules.
Hence ˈalkylate v. trans., to introduce an alkyl radical into (a compound); so ˈalkylated ppl. a., ˈalkylating ppl. a. and vbl. n., alkyˈlation; ˈalkylate n., a product of alkylation; ˈalkylene, an olefine of the ethylene series.
1889M'Gowan tr. Bernthsen's Org. Chem. 46 Olefines or Hydrocarbons of the Ethylene Series (Alkylenes): CnH2n. Ibid. 272 Alkylated ureas. 1900Jrnl. Chem. Soc. LXXVIII. i. 619 Dimethyl Sulphate as an Alkylating Agent. Ibid. LXXVII. i. 729 Alkylation by means of Dry Silver Oxide and Alkyl Halides. 1903Amer. Chem. Jrnl. Apr. 293 The acylhalogenalkyl(alphyl)amines, by treatment with zinc ethyl, are simply reduced and not alkylated. 1904F. P. Foster Appleton's Med. Dict. 86/1 Alkylate, a compound derived from a monatomic alcohol by the substitution of a metal for the hydroxylic hydrogen. 1958New Scientist 8 May 23/1 There are alkylation processes at Stanley in Cheshire, and at Shellhaven, the latter for making those alkylates used in detergents. 1961Lancet 29 July 250/1 Chemotherapy with various alkylating agents. 1964N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. vi. 98 In the presence of strong acids (concentrated sulphuric acid or hydrofluoric acid) or aluminium chloride, AlCl3, olefins react with tertiary paraffins, whereby the alkyl group corresponding to the olefin is attached to the paraffin; the paraffin is said to undergo ‘alkylation’. |