| 释义 |
▪ I. invert, v.|ɪnˈvɜːt|
[f. L. invert-ĕre, f. in- (in-2) + vertĕre to turn; lit. to turn in, to turn outside in, hence to turn the opposite way.]
I.
1. a. trans. To turn upside down.
1613Beaum. & Fl. Coxcomb i. v, What an she were inverted, With her heels upward like a traitor's coat? 1641J. Jackson True Evang. T. i. 44 Others inverted with feet upward, and head downward, and a fire being underneath, were so smoaked and suffocated to death. 1665Hooke Microgr. Pref. c b, I invert the Frame, placing the head downwards. a1763Shenstone Elegies xix. 1 Again the lab'ring hind inverts the soil. 1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 47 If you place a card on a glass filled with water, and invert the glass, the water will not escape. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. iv. 35 The coast line was inverted by atmospheric refraction.
†b. fig. To overthrow, upset; to subvert. Obs.
1588J. Udall Diotrephes (Arb.) 22 Al that I saye or desire, is not to inuert any thing in the state that is good. 1648Hunting of Fox 36 The designe to invert and subvert both Church and Commonwealth. 1695Fountainhall in M. P. Brown Suppl. Decis. (1826) IV. 279 The Lords..would not summarily invert the Town of Edinburgh's possession. 1706De Foe Jure Div. Pref. 7 Who shall invade the Property of the Subject, invert the publick Justice, or overthrow the Religion and Liberty of England.
2. a. To reverse in regard to position, order, or sequence; to turn in an opposite direction.
1533More Debell. Salem Wks. 985/2 Whyche thys good man dissembleth here and inuerteth here thorder for the nonce. 1614Selden Titles Hon. 67 In the Scripture you haue the very name [Hannibal] but inverted: Baal-Hanan in Gen. cap. xxxvi. 1620T. Granger Div. Logike 285 An inverted Syllogisme..Wherein the conclusion is sometimes put in the first place. 1651Hobbes Leviath. iv. xlvii. 384 The way is the same, but the order is inverted. 1824L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 221 This sentence may be inverted without changing a single word. 1869J. Martineau Ess. II. 21 Dr. Whewell..inverts this order of processes.
b. fig. To reverse the relations of, so as to produce an opposite meaning, state of affairs, etc.
1552R. Ascham in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 12 The fallax of composicion and division..do sometyme so invert the sentence as in the self same words thus joyned or so separated. 1586A. Day Eng. Secretary i. (1625) 67 To invert the good also that in such a person may be..unto a worser sense. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 631 Thus is all inverted, many Kings, and few subjects. 1665Boyle Occas. Refl. iii. vi, He may..invert the Profession of Saint Paul, and say, that he preaches not Christ crucify'd, but himself. 1710Steele Tatler No. 225 ⁋1 A set of People who invert the Design of Conversation. 1822Hazlitt Table-t. Ser. ii. xviii. (1869) 368 The principle of economy is inverted. 1874L. Stephen Hours Library (1892) I. vi. 221 The old-fashioned canons of poetical justice are inverted. 1881Westcott & Hort Grk. N.T. Introd. §35 The relative attractiveness of conflicting readings becomes inverted by careful study.
†c. Rhet. To retort an argument upon an opponent. Obs.
1631J. Burges Answ. Rejoined 221 The recrimination which..the Replyer inverts vpon our Bishops, hath more shew then substance. 1796Burke Regic. Peace i. Wks. 1808 VIII. 173 They inverted, and retaliated the impiety.
†d. To transfer (words) from their literal meaning; to use in a metaphorical sense. Obs.
1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie iii. xvi[i]. (Arb.) 190 Ye see that these words, source, shop, flud, sugred, are inuerted from their owne signification to another, not altogether so naturall, but of much affinitie with it.
e. Mus. To change the relative position of the notes of (an interval or chord) by placing the lowest note higher, usually an octave higher; also, to modify (a phrase or subject) by inverting the intervals between the successive notes, i.e. by reversing the direction of its motion.
1838Penny Cycl. XI. 3/1 Fugue by Inversion..In this the theme is inverted. 1875Ouseley Harmony ii. 22 If the lower of the two notes forming any interval be changed into its upper octave,..the interval is said to be inverted, or, in other words, the new interval thus formed, is an inversion of the former. 1880W. S. Rockstro in Grove Dict. Mus. II. 17 A Chord is said to be Inverted, when any note, other than its Root, is taken in the lowest part.
f. Logic. To obtain the inverse of (a proposition): see inversion 2 e. (In quot. intr. for pass.)
1896Welton Man. Logic (ed. 2) iii. iii. §102 marg., SeP inverts to SiP by converting the Obv[erte]d Converse.
g. Telecommunications. To subject (a signal) to a heterodyning process that reverses the order of the component frequencies (either completely or in a restricted range) prior to modulation for transmission, those at the two extremes being interchanged.
1930Engineering 14 Nov. 625/1 The risk of important conversations being overheard..has still further been reduced by using a complex heterodyning process, which inverts and mixes the signals. Ibid. 626/1 The original speech-frequency range is divided into a number of bands... These bands can then be inverted as explained above, and re-arranged in transposed bands. 1933K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. x. 274 To obtain an intelligible signal at the receiving end, it is necessary to again invert the modulation frequencies by the reverse process. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. X. 624/2 The first method employs equipment for inverting speech to make overseas telephone conversations unintelligible to the casual listener.
h. Math. To transform by inversion; to obtain the inverse of: see inverse n. 2, inversion 3.
3. Mil. See quot. and cf. inversion 4.
1832Regul. Instr. Cavalry iii. 46 Inversion—A Regiment is said to be inverted when the Squadrons are not in their natural order, but the right Squadron on the left, and the left on the right, as for instance when the Squadrons entire have wheeled to the right or left about. Ibid. 113 It will be better to invert by Regiments.
4. Chem. To break up (cane-sugar) into dextrose and lævulose: see quot. s.v. inverted 6.
1864–72Watts Dict. Chem. II. 856 Honey..contains cane-sugar (which is gradually inverted by keeping), inverted sugar, and an excess of dextroglucose. 1899J. Cagney tr. Jaksch's Clin. Diagnosis v. 162 Hoffman has availed himself of the property which HCl. possesses of inverting cane-sugar, i.e. of breaking it up into dextrose and lævulose.
†5. intr. To change to the opposite. Obs.
1615Chapman Odyss. xvii. 61 Double not needless passion on a heart Whose joy so green is, and so apt t' invert. 1813T. Busby Lucretius ii. Comment. xli, Till their natures change, and their order of operation invert.
6. intr. Of a substance: to undergo inversion.
1887[see caramel v.]. 1933Amer. Jrnl. Sci. XXV. 284 It would..be possible for β-solid solutions to invert to the γ-form. 1966[see inversion 7].
II.
†7. trans. To divert from its proper purpose; to pervert to another use. Obs.
1587Harrison England ii. xix. (1877) i. 309 They inuerted his intent herein to another end. 1603Holland Plutarch's Mor. 930 Neither could any man..accuse him for robbing the State, or inverting any thing to his own use. 1670R. Coke Disc. Trade 18 In being committed prisoners, the means which is thereby spent in paying Fees to Jaylors, is inverted from that end to which it might have been imployed towards the Payment of his Debts.
III. †8. trans. To turn in or inward. Obs.
1645G. Daniel Poems Wks. 1878 II. 78 Invert thy Eyes and see Its State, and thy degree. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. v. i. 234 The bill..is flat and broad, and somewhat inverted at the extreame.
9. a. To turn outside in, or inside out; spec. in Path.
1615Crooke Body of Man 249 A kinde of yard..which they say is the necke of the wombe if it be inuerted. 1638Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 16 Skin of a Lyon, Leopard..or Sheep (the haire inverted) is as a roabe put about their shoulders. 1656Ridgley Pract. Physick 131 The Ey-lid inverted may be rubbed with Fig-leaves. 1800Med. Jrnl. III. 463 If a portion is strongly adherent to the uterus, we may by this force invert the uterus.
b. trans. To empty (the stomach) by means of an emetic.
1822–34Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 134 The asarum..at the same time that it inverts the stomach, acts powerfully on the olfactory nerves.
10. Geom. (intr.) To be transformed by inversion into.
1865R. Townsend Chapters on Mod. Geom. II. xxiv. 384 Every two circles invert into two whose radii have a constant ratio from every point on any third circle coaxal with themselves. 1916J. L. Coolidge Treat. Circle & Sphere i. 22 Points within the circle of inversion other than the centre will invert into points without, points without will always invert into points within. 1966J. H. Cadwell Topics in Recreational Math. v. 42 Hence the locus..is a circle centre C1. We note that C1 is not the inverse of C, i.e. centres do not invert into each other.
Hence inˈverting vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1579Fulke Heskins' Parl. 25 This is no inuerting of Gods order. 1665Hooke Microgr. 60 Reflection being nothing but an inverting of the Rays. 1894Athenæum 4 Aug. 165/3 To represent the objects as they would be seen in an inverting telescope. 1899J. Cagney tr. Jaksch's Clin. Diagnosis v. 172 The chief are the tryptic, fat-splitting and emulsifying..and inverting ferments.
▪ II. invert, n.|ˈɪnvɜːt|
[f. invert v.]
1. An inverted arch, as at the bottom of a canal or sewer. Also attrib.
1838Pub. Wks. Gt. Brit. 22 The tunnel..being supported by a brick invert or counter arch. 1862Smiles Engineers III. 314 These walls were further supported by a strong invert,—that is, an arch placed in an inverted position under the road,—thus binding together the walls on both sides. 1882Worcester Exhib. Catal. III. 16 Invert blocks for the bottom of sewers. 1885Times (weekly ed.) 18 Sept. 9/1 The bottom of the sewer or ‘invert’, is also defective.
2. Psychol. One whose sex instincts are inverted. (Cf. inversion 11; inverted ppl. a. 3 c.)
1897H. Ellis Stud. Psychol. Sex I. 12 Caesar was proud of his physical beauty, and like many modern inverts he was accustomed carefully to shave his skin. Ibid. 144 The sexual invert is specially liable to suffer from a high degree of neurasthenia. 1911R. W. Chambers Common Law i. 29 This world is full of pale, enraptured artists;..full of unwashed little inverts. 1957L. Durrell Justine ii. 96 At least the invert escapes this fearful struggle to give oneself to another. 1957Observer 1 Sept. 11/5 For once, the hero is not wrongly but rightly accused: he is an irrevocable invert. 1971R. Reisner Graffiti (1974) viii. 115 The inverts (a word preferred by homosexuals to perverts) attempt to win converts.
▪ III. ˈinvert, a.
[Short for inverted: see sense 6.]
a. In invert sugar: Sugar formed by the breaking up of cane-sugar into dextrose and lævulose. Also ellipt.
1880Libr. Univ. Knowl. (U.S.) VIII. 846 A mixture of these two sugars [dextrose and lævulose] constitutes fruit sugar, or, as sometimes called, invert sugar. 1885Landois & Stirling Text-bk. Hum. Phys. I. 296 The saliva of the horse which can also convert cane-sugar into invert sugar. 1910Encycl. Brit. IV. 508/2 This method is more suited to the preparation of invert in the brewery itself than the acid process. 1940H. L. Hind Brewing II. xxii. 545 The sugars must be pale in colour and carefully selected in accordance with the flavour required in the beer. No. 1 and No. 2 inverts and other sugars of somewhat similar character are suitable. 1971J. S. Hough et al. Malting & Brewing Sci. xi. 296 The solid invert can be added directly to the copper or dissolved in liquor before addition.
b. invert soap [tr. G. invertseife (Kuhn & Bielig 1940, in Ber. d. Deut. Chem. Ges. LXXIII. 1080)]. A soap whose surface-active ion is a cation (rather than the more usual anion): a cationic detergent.
1941Chem. Abstr. XXXV. 3596 K. and B. intended to study the mechanism of the bactericidal action of Zephirol (mixt. of alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides) and other quaternary ammonium, sulfonium and phosphonium salts by means of expts. on the interaction of these ‘invert soaps’..with proteins, chromoproteids, ferments, symplexes and genes. 1947Conant & Blatt Chem. Org. Compounds (ed. 3) x. 213 Another group of detergents consists of the invert soaps... These are quaternary ammonium salts containing at least one large alkyl group. 1966Smith & Cristol Org. Chem. xl. 765 Cationic detergents or invert soaps are used mainly for germicidal properties. |