| 释义 |
hemp, n.|hɛmp|
Forms: 1 hænep, henep, 4– hemp, (4–7 hempe, 6 hemppe).
[OE. hęnep, hænep = OLG. *hanap, *hanip, MDu. and Du. hennep, LG. hemp, OHG. hanaf, -if, -uf (MHG. hanef, Ger. hanf), ON. hampr (Sw. hampa, Da. hamp):—OTeut. *hanpi-z, *hanapi-z, cogn. with Gr. κάνναβις, L. cannabis: cf. also Lith. kanapés, OSlav. konoplja, Pers. kanab. The word is perh. not Aryan, but adopted in Greek, Germanic, etc. from some common source.]
1. An annual herbaceous plant, Cannabis sativa, N.O. Urticaceæ, a native of Western and Central Asia, cultivated for its valuable fibre.
It is a diœcious plant, of which the female is more vigorous and long-lived than the male, whence the sexes were popularly mistaken, and the female called carl hemp or winter h., the male fimble hemp (i.e. female), barren hemp, or summer h.: see carl hemp and fimble.
(The quotations from the Saxon Leechdoms appear to refer to some wild British plant, perh. the wild hemp of 5.)
a1000Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker Voc. 198/12 Cannabum, hænep. Ibid. 198/15 Cannabin, hænep. c1000Sax. Leechd. I. 16 Herba chamepitys þæt is henep [v.r. hænep]. Ibid. 228 Ðeos wyrt þe man cannane silfatica, & oþrum naman henep nemneþ. c1325[implied in hempseed]. c1440Promp. Parv. 235/2 Hempe, canabum. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §146 In Marche is tyme to sowe flaxe & hempe. 1551Turner Herbal i. H j b, Hempe..is profitable for many thynges..and specially to make stronge cables, and roopes of. 1578Lyte Dodoens i. l. 72 Hempe is called in Greeke κάνναβις..in English Hempe, Neckeweede, and Gallow⁓grasse. 1794Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xxix. 456 Hemp has a five parted calyx in the flowers which bear stamens, but in the pistilliferous ones it is one-leaved, entire and gaping on the side. 1883Harper's Mag. Oct. 715/2 Land that will grow hemp will grow anything.
b.1523, etc. [see carl hemp]. 1577, etc. [see fimble]. 1597Gerarde Herbal ii. ccxxxviii. (1633) 709 The male is called Charle Hempe and Winter Hempe. The female Barren Hempe, and Sommer Hempe. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v., The male Hemp, or summer Hemp, which bears no seeds, and is called by the farmers Fimble-hemp, will have its stalks turn white in July. Ibid., The remaining plants, which are the female Hemp, called by the farmer Karle-hemp, are to be left till Michaelmas.
2. The cortical fibre of this plant, used for making cordage, and woven into stout fabrics.
c1300Havelok 782 Hemp to maken of gode lines And stronge ropes to his netes. a1366Chaucer Rom. Rose 1233 A sukkenye, That not of hempe ne [? hempene] heerdis was. 1404Nottingham Rec. II. 22, xlv. strykes de hempe, iiijd. 1550Crowley Epigr. 1139 Newe halters of hemppe. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 105 Long, deepe prams, sowed together with hempe and cord. 1662–3Pepys Diary 18 Feb., Casting up..accounts of 500 tons of hemp brought from Riga. 1722Sewel Hist. Quakers vii. (1795) II. 10 Committed to Bridewell and required to beat hemp. 1881Daily News 18 Apr. 2/8 Tows and hemps move off very freely.
3. In allusion to a rope for hanging.
† stretchhemp, a person worthy of the gallows. † to wag hemp, to be hanged.
1532More Confut. Tindale Wks. 715/1 To mocke the sacrament the blessed body of god, and ful like a stretch hempe, call it but cake bred. Ibid., Tindall..feareth not (like one yt would at length wagge hempe in the winde) to mocke at all such miracles. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, iii. vi. 45 Let not Hempe his Wind-pipe suffocate. 1654Whitlock Zootomia 60 Of no small use to purge a Common-wealth, without the expence of Hemp. 1849James Woodman xxviii, If his people catch me, I shall taste hemp. 1864Lowell Fireside Trav. 56 [He] express[ed] a desire for instant hemp rather than listen to any more ghostly consolations.
b. (See quot.) Cf. hempy n.
1785Grose Dict. Vulg. T. s.v., Young hemp, an appellation for a graceless boy.
4. A narcotic drug obtained from the resinous exudation of the Indian hemp; bhang; hashish.
1870Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 195 Hemp is employed in other forms besides churrus as a narcotic. 1893Nation (N.Y.) 9 Feb. 108/1 Its votaries have taken to opium and hemp, the latter of which Sir Lepel Griffin says is far more injurious than tobacco.
5. With qualifying words, applied to numerous other plants yielding a useful fibre, or otherwise resembling hemp: as African hemp, (a) = bowstring hemp (a); (b) Sparmannia africana (Miller Plant-names). American false h., Datisca hirta (Miller Ibid.). bastard h., name given to the British plants Hemp-nettle and Hemp Agrimony (Britten & Holland). Bengal h., Bombay h., Madras h., Crotalaria juncea (Miller). bowstring h., (a) a plant of the genus Sanseviera, esp. S. guineensis, a liliaceous plant of tropical Africa, the leaf-fibres of which are used by the natives for bowstrings and for making ropes; (b) in India, S. Roxburghiana; also Calatropis gigantea (N.O. Asclepiadaceæ). brown Indian h., Hibiscus cannabinus (Miller). Canada or Indian h., Apocynum cannabinum, a N. American perennial (J. Smith Dict. Econ. Pl.). Cretan h., Datisca cannabina (Miller). holy h., an old name for Galeopsis Ladanum (Miller). Indian h., a tropical variety of Common Hemp, Cannabis Indica. jute or plant h., Corchoris capsularis (Encycl. Brit.). Kentucky h., Urtica (Laportea) Canadensis and U. cannabina (Miller). Manilla h., the fibre of Musa textilis, of the Banana family. mountain h., Hyoscyamus insanus (Syd. Soc. Lex.). nettle h. = hemp-nettle. Peruvian h., Bonapartea juncea. Queensland h., the tropical weed Sida rhombifolia (N.O. Malvaceæ), called also Paddy or Native Lucerne, and Jelly Leaf. ramie h., Bœhmeria nivea. sisal h., the fibre of species of Agave, esp. A. Sisalana. Virginian h., willow h., Acnida cannabina, an amarantaceous marsh plant, native of eastern U.S. water h., a name given to Eupatorium cannabinum and Bidens tripartita, in U.S. to Acnida cannabina. wild h., Eupatorium cannabinum (Gerarde), and Galeopsis Tetrahit (Britten & Holland).
1597Gerarde Herbal ii. ccxxviii. 573 This wilde Hempe called Cannabis spuria, and also Cannabina Spuria, or bastarde Hempe. Ibid., In English wilde hempe, Nettle hempe, bastard hempe. Ibid. ii. ccxxix. 574 The bastarde or wilde Hempes, especially those of the water, are called commonly Hepatorium Cannabinum..in English, water Hempe, bastard and water Agrimonie. 1611Cotgr., Chanure sauvage, Bastard Hempe, wild Hempe, Nettle Hempe. 1688R. Holme Armoury ii. 72/2 The bastard Hemp is with several Burs, or hairy Knobs at a distance on the stalk. 1744J. Wilson Synops. Brit. Pl. 95 Lamium cannabino folio vulgare..Nettle Hemp, or rather Hemp-leav'd dead Nettle. 1796Withering Brit. Plants (ed. 3), Bidens tripartita, Trifid Doubletooth, Water Hemp, Water Agrimony. 1866Treas. Bot. 350/2 Crotalaria juncea..This plant is extensively cultivated in..India, on account of the valuable fibre yielded by its inner bark, which is known by the names of Sunn-hemp, Bombay Hemp, Madras Hemp, Brown Hemp, etc. Ibid. 1015/2 The Bowstring Hemps..are stemless perennial plants. 1897Morris Austral Engl. 195 Queensland Hemp{ddd}is not endemic in Australia.
6. attrib. and Comb.
a. attrib. Of hemp; made of hemp, hempen.
a1400–50Alexander 2224 Oure pepill..Halis vp hemp cordis. 1549Privy Council Acts II. 349/1 Hemp ropes, ml weight. 1599Acc. Bk. W. Wray in Antiquary XXXII. 243 A p[air] of hempe shetes. 1630B. Jonson New Inn i. iii, He may, perhaps, take a degree at Tiburne..And so goe forth a Laureat in hempe circle! 1662–3Pepys Diary 24 Feb., Captn. Cocke and I upon his hemp accounts till 9 at night. 1668T. Thompson Eng. Rogue ii. i, You have no remedy against a hemp halter I hope. 1875R. F. Martin tr. Havrez Winding Mach. 32 The wires..in each strand must be twisted round a hemp core. 1893Daily News 2 Mar. 5/4 Inquiry..into the trade in all preparations of hemp drugs in Bengal.
b. Comb., as hemp-close, hemp-cock, hemp-garth, hemp-hammer, hemp-harvest, hemp-harvester, hemp-heckle, hemp-knocker, hemp-plant, hemp-plot, hemp-ridge, hemp-seller, hemp-smoker, hemp-spinner, hemp-stalk, hemp-top; hemp-leaved, hemp-like, hemp-packed, hemp-producing adjs.; hemp-beater, a person employed in beating the rotted stems of hemp, so as to detach the fibre; an instrument used in doing this; hemp-brake, an instrument for bruising or breaking hemp; hemp-bush, an Australian Malvaceous plant, Plagianthus pulchellus, yielding a hemp-like fibre; hemp-cake, the residue of crushed hempseed, after extraction of the oil; hemp-dike, -dub, -pit (dial.), a small pond for steeping green hemp; hemp-hards, -hurds: see hards; hemp-hatcheler, -heckler = hemp-dresser; hemp-oil, the oil pressed out of hempseed; hemp-palm, a palm, Chamærops excelsa, of China and Japan, the fibres of which are made into cordage; † hemp-roll (see quot.); hemp-sick a. (cf. hempen 1 b, quot. 1785); hempwort, any plant of the Hemp family; hemp-yard, a piece of ground on which hemp is grown, a hemp-garth or hemp-close.
1615E. S. Brit. Buss in Arb. Garner III. 653 Will convert..our vagabonds..into lusty *hempbeaters. 1725Vanbr. Prov. Wife iv. iii, That fist of her's will make an admirable hemp-beater [in Bridewell]. 1886Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v., Hempbeaters, carders, and spinners..suffer from dust arising from the material.
1873Boutell & Aveling Heraldry Gloss., *Hemp-brake or Hackle, an instrument for bruising hemp.
1878Ure's Dict. Arts IV. 364 *Hemp cake is chiefly used for adulterating linseed cake.
1698Froger Voy. 58 The Fields..are like those of our *Hemp-Closes.
1669Worlidge Syst. Agric. xii. (1681) 250 Stick them on the tops of *Hemp-cocks or Wheat-sheaves.
1877–89N.W. Linc. Gloss., *Hemp-croft, -garth, -yard, the gardens attached to old cottages commonly went by one of these names, as they were in former days used mainly for growing hemp.
1878Cumberld. Gloss. *Hemp dub, a small pond used for steeping green hemp.
1627Merton Reg. II. 296 Unum *Hempegarth simul cum libertate communii. 1663MS. Indent. of Barlby (Yorksh.), An orchard, a hemp⁓garth, two gardens.
1637Nabbes Microcosm. v, The shrieks of tormented ghosts [are] nothing to the noise of *hemp⁓hammers.
1707Mortimer Husb. v. xi. 120 'Tis a very great help to the Poor; the *Hemp-harvest coming after the other Harvest.
1724–7Ramsay Tea-t. Misc., Bob of Dumblane, Lend me your braw *hemp heckle.
1579Langham Gard. Health (1633) 300 Apply it with *Hempe-hurds to the heate of the Liuer and stomach.
1586Praise of Mus. 76 That petie and counterfait Musick which..*hemp⁓knockers [make] wt their beetels. 1744*Hemp-leaved [see sense 5].
1712tr. Pomet's Hist. Drugs I. 158 The burnt Oil they make use of in *Hemp-Oil.
1839R. S. Robinson Naut. Steam Eng. 39 This kind..keeps steam-tight with far less friction than the *hemp-packed piston.
16..Add. MS. 31028 lf. 7 (N.W. Linc. Gloss.) Drowned in a *hempe pitt near a little sink of hempe.
1832G. A. Herklots tr. Cust. Moosulm. India Gloss., Gunja..the leaves or young leaf-buds of the *hemp plant.
1678Butler Hud. iii. ii. 43 Like Thieves that in a *Hemp-plot lie Secur'd against the Hue and Cry.
1824Mactaggart Gallovid. Encycl., *Hemp-riggs, ridges of fat land whereon hemp was sown in the olden time.
1696J. F. Merchant's Ware-ho. 23 The next..Linnen, is called *Hemp Roles, it is always brought into England brown, and is a strong coarse Linnen..and..when whited very good for Sheets for Poor People.
1785Life Miss Davis 5 He..was convicted and hanged..and her *hemp-sick husband laid in the earth.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 1099/2 *Hemp-stalks are beaten to remove the bark and cellular pith from the fiber.
1853–5Cassell's Pop. Educ. IV. 29/1 Cannabinaceæ or *Hempworts.
1378Durham MS. Cell. Roll, In plumbo empto pro uno aqueducto in le *Hempyard. 1725Bradley Fam. Dict. s.v. Hemp, Pigeons dung is good for Hemp Yards.
Hence hemp v. trans. (rare), to halter, to hang.
a1659Cleveland Lenten Litany ii. i, That if it please thee to assist Our Agitators and their List, And Hemp them with a gentle twist. |