| 释义 |
▪ I. health, n.|hɛlθ|
Forms: 1 hǽlþ, 3–5 helþe, 4–5 heelthe (elth(e), 4–6 helth(e, 6 healthe (hellthe), 6– health.
[OE. hǽlþ= OHG. heilida, -itha, -idha:—WGer. type *hailiþa, f. hail-s whole, hale: see -th1.]
1. a. Soundness of body; that condition in which its functions are duly and efficiently discharged.
c1000ælfric Hom. II. 540 Ure lichamana hælðe we awendað to leahtrum. c1205Lay. 29992 Þa weoren æluriches wunden..alle iheled, ah þe helðe was neoðered for lurre of his monnen. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xiv. 298 Þe fyfte [pouerte] is moder of helthe. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 190 b/1 A preest..had lost the helthe of one of his handes that he myght synge no masse. 1559Mirr. Mag., Salisbury xxxvi, Whan helth and welth is hyest. 1593Shakes. 2 Hen. VI, iii. 1. 82 All health vnto my gracious Soueraigne. 1626Massinger Rom. Actor v. ii, I, that feel myself in health and strength. 1709Addison Tatler No. 75 ⁋3 With a..Flush of Health in his Aspect. 1815Jane Austen Emma v, One hears sometimes of a child being ‘the picture of health’; now Emma always gives me the idea of being the complete picture of grown-up health. 1851Carpenter Man. Phys. (ed. 2) 253 The accumulation of nutritive matter in the blood is so far from being a condition of health, that it powerfully tends to produce disease.
b. Colloq. phr. for one's health, used esp. in neg. contexts or with negative implication, e.g. to be not doing (something) for one's health: to have a serious purpose in doing something, to be doing something for one's material advantage. orig. U.S.
1887G. H. Devol Forty Yrs. a Gambler 133 We called it ours, for we had fitted it up just to suit us; and for fear someone would use it when we were out traveling for our health, we paid for it all the time. 1900Congress. Rec. 5 Feb. 1520/2, I am not making this speech for fun, nor for my health, nor as an oratorical exercise. 1900J. K. Jerome Three Men on Bummel iv. 96 What d'ye think I'm running this shop for—my health? 1909Westm. Gaz. 5 July 2/2 We..doubt if it can really be said that Tariff Reformers are ‘in it for their health’ (to use a very expressive Americanism) or anybody else's. 1914Wodehouse Man Upstairs 229 What is it that makes men do perilous deeds? Why does a man go over Niagara Falls in a barrel? Not for his health. 1927G. K. Chesterton Coll. Poems 90 He will learn..Whether the Health Ministry Are in it for their health. 1944L. A. G. Strong Director 31 I'm not in this job for my health, any more than you are. 1955L. P. Hartley Perfect Woman ix. 86 You ought to have sold several hundredweight, at least, or several tons if you want to persuade the Inspector that you're not in business for your health.
2. a. By extension, The general condition of the body with respect to the efficient or inefficient discharge of functions: usually qualified as good, bad, weak, delicate, etc.
1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xxxiv. iv, Your lady..is in perfect health. 1590Spenser F.Q. iii. ix. 26 Her crased helth. 1633G. Herbert Temple, Church Porch xxiii, Amidst their sickly healths. 1638Baker tr. Balzac's Lett. (vol. III.) 34 Ignorant of the state of your health. 1782F. Burney Cecilia iii. 32 The ill health of her uncle had hitherto prevented her. 1802Med. Jrnl. VIII. 210 She enjoyed very tolerable health. 1827G. Beauclerk Journ. Marocco xvi. 190 Our healths slightly improved.
b. bill of health: see bill n.3 10; formerly in Scotch Law, an application by an imprisoned debtor to be allowed to live out of prison, on the ground of bad health (Bell Dict. Law Scotl.). board of health, (a) in the United Kingdom: a Government Board which existed 1848–58 for the control of matters affecting the public health: its duties are now discharged by the Local Government Board; (b) in the United States: the name of boards of commissioners for controlling sanitary matters, esp. in reference to contagious and infectious diseases. office, officer of health: see health-office, -officer in 8.
1617Moryson Itin. i. 74 Hee must bring to the Confines a certificate of his health..Neither will the Officers of health in any case dispence with him. Ibid. 252 Appoint chiefe men to the office of providing for the publike health, calling the place where they meete, the Office of Health.
†3. Healing, cure. Obs.
c1000ælfric Hom. II. 28 Gif we wyllað ealle ða wundra and hælða awritan..ᵹefremode þurh ðone wuldorfullan cyðere Stephanum. 1382Wyclif Acts iv. 22 The man..in the which this sygne of heelthe was maad. ― 1 Cor. xii. 9 To another, grace of heelthis. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 88 b/2 Holy oylle..moche vayllable to thelthe of sykenesses of many men. 1555Eden Decades 74 The diseased woman obteyned healthe of the fluxe of her bludde.
4. Spiritual, moral, or mental soundness or well-being; salvation. arch.
c1000Sax. Leechd. III. 236 Þam arist rihtwisnysse sunne, and hælþ is on hyre fiðerum. c1250Old Kent. Serm. in Old Eng. Misc. 32 Greded gode..þet he us yeue gostliche helþe in ure saule. 1382Wyclif Ps. xxvi[i]. 1 The Lord my liȝting and myn helthe. ― Luke ii. 30 Myn yȝen han seyn thin helthe. 1526Tindale Luke xix. 9 Iesus sayd vnto hym: This daye is healthe come vnto this housse. 1552Bk. Com. Prayer Gen. Confess., There is no health in vs. 1616R. C. Times' Whistle iv. 1620 He hath made sale of his soules dearest health. 1744Harris Three Treat. iii. xi. (1765) 185 That Health, that Perfection of a Social State. 1887Edna Lyall Knt.-Errant xxiii. 224 As you value the health of your own souls.
†5.
a. Well-being, welfare, safety; deliverance.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 2344 Ic am iosep, dredeð ȝu noȝt, for ȝure helðe or hider broȝt. 1382Wyclif 2 Sam. xxiii. 12 He smoot the Philisteis, and the Lord made a greet heelth. 1535Coverdale 1 Sam. xiv. 45 Ionathas..that hath done so greate health in Israel this night. 1602Shakes. Ham. i. iv. 40 Be thou a Spirit of health, or Goblin damn'd. c1611Chapman Iliad xv. 683 There is no mercy in the wars, your healths lie in your hands.
†b. evil health: bad luck, hurt, disaster. Obs.
c1477Caxton Jason 30 Thenne cam agaynst him the king of Poulane, but that was to his euill helthe. c1500Melusine xxxvi. 287 To theire euyl helthe they haue recountred geffray.
6. A salutation or wish expressed for a person's welfare or prosperity; a toast drunk in a person's honour. See also drink v. 14.
1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. iii. ii. 171 Hee calls for wine, a health quoth he. 1602Marston Ant. & Mel. iv. Wks. 1856 I. 46 Your drunken healths, your houts and shouts, Your smooth God save's. 1675Cocker Morals 9 By drinking others healths, to lose their own. 1713Addison Cato ii. ii, Cæsar sends health to Cato. 1795Wolcott (P. Pindar) Convention Bill Wks. 1812 III. 378, I like not healths; too oft they carry treason. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xvii. IV. 7 As often as any of the..princes proposed a health, the kettle drums and trumpets sounded.
†7. Healthiness, wholesomeness, salubrity. Obs.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 13 Bretayne passeþ Irlond in faire weder and nobilte but noȝt in helþe.
8. attrib. and Comb.
a. simple attrib., as health-biscuit, health-card, health certificate, health-culture, health-drop, health-recuperation, health-token;
b. obj. and obj. gen., as health-building, health-drinker, health-drinking, health-giver, health-screening, health-seeker, health-wishing; health-bearing, health-boding, health-giving, health-hunting, health-promising, health-restoring, health-saving adjs.;
c. instrumental, as health-flushed, health-proud adjs.d. Special Comb.: health-board = board of health; health camp N.Z., a camp open (for exercise, outdoor life, etc.) to children below the average in physique, etc.; health care orig. U.S., care for the general health of a person, community, etc., esp. that provided by an organized health service; freq. attrib.; health centre (cf. centre n. 6 a), a local headquarters of medical services, spec., a local centre for a group practice; health club, an establishment where one can do exercises, have massage, etc.; health exhibition, a public exhibition of sanitary appliances and the like; health farm orig. U.S., a place to which people resort in the hope of improving their health; health food, food chosen for its dietary or health-giving properties; health-guard, an officer appointed to enforce quarantine regulations (Smyth Sailor's Word-bk. 1867); health insurance, insurance against financial loss through illness; health laws, the statutes regulating general sanitary conditions by the appointment of Boards of Health (Bouvier Law Dict. 1856); † health-offering, peace offering; health-office, the department having the administration of the health laws; health-officer, an officer charged with the administration of the health laws and sanitary inspection; health physics, that branch of radiology which is concerned with the health of those working with radioactive material; health-resort, a place to which people resort for the benefit of their health; health-roll, a list showing the state of health of a company of people, as of a ship's crew; health salt, freq. in pl., name given to a number of salts, sold under various brand-names, obtained from or mixed with mineral water or other beverages; health service, name given generally or specifically to the aggregate of public (as opposed to private) medical facilities available to members of a community; health visitor, a specially trained nurse concerned with the welfare of sick or old people, expectant mothers, etc., in their homes.
1905Daily Chron. 25 Apr. 4/5 An uneatable *health biscuit..stood by his bedside.
1888A. K. Green Behind Closed Doors iii, He is on the *Health Board.
1598Sylvester Du Bartas ii. ii. i. Ark 383 O sacred Olive!..*Health-boading branch.
1896Westm. Gaz. 5 Aug. 6/3 The time that you can devote to *health-building.
1925N.Z. Educ. Gaz. 1 May 68/1 The teachers decided to hold a ‘*health camp’ for the twenty-six children. 1963Evening Post (Wellington) 26 Oct., A woman doctor whose name will always be remembered in New Zealand as the pioneer of the health camp movement, Dr. Elizabeth Catherine Gunn, M.B.E., died in Wellington today.
1940Auden Another Time 96 And his *Health-card shows he was once in hospital but left it cured. 1970T. Lilley Projects Section x. 123 You will not..have inoculations to bring your Health Card up to date.
1940Health Care for Children (U.S. Bureau Publ. Assistance) iv. 30 State and local agencies will need to make available to the staff information in regard to the facilities for *health care. 1954Z. S̆tich Health Care in Czechoslovakia 15 Health care has been made available to all citizens... The number of hospitals has increased and a dense network of health centres has been established. 1963in J. B. Grant Health Care for Community i. 6 The family rather than the individual must become the unit of health care. 1973Black World Jan. 13/2 Persons interested in redesigning American health-care systems have been moving toward fulfilling the specific needs of identifiable segments of the population. 1985Globe & Mail (Toronto) 9 Oct. a23/3 The OMA committee..has been working since the spring of 1984 with women's groups and health-care workers across the province.
1552Huloet, *Health causynge..sospitalis.
1916Public Health Nurse Q. (U.S.) Jan. 27 Historically the first *Health Center started under that name was begun by the New York Health Committee in 1913. Ibid. 33 This Health Center..illustrates two fundamental principles, namely a definite area is selected for the field of operation; [etc.]. 1918Lancet 29 June 922/2 With the removal of the medical officer of health from the jurisdiction of the borough council that official will need a new office in the town, with laboratories, museum, library, and lecture hall. This I call for want of a better title the future ‘Health Centre’ of the borough. 1934T. S. Eliot Rock ii. 72 Libraries and health centres and milk for the children. 1968Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 198/1 With the era of the medical team and health centre upon us, the necessity for adequate documentation already exists. 1972Times 22 Feb. 3/1 Some 3,000 family doctors will be practising from more than 500 health centres by the end of 1974.
1938F. G. Hobson Med. Pract. Residential Schools p. xv (heading) Organization of medical services. A. *Health Certificates. B. Records. 1960J. Betjeman Summoned by Bells vii. 66 My health certificate, photographs of home.
1961Economist 27 May 872/1 The active gymnasia (‘*health clubs’) are much of a type. 1962Which? Oct. 303/1 These health clubs, which have been fashionable in the United States for many years, have appeared in this country over the last three. 1964S. Bellow Herzog (1965) 84 Herzog had met him in the steam bath at Postl's Health Club. 1970L. Sanders Anderson Tapes xliv. 121 We were in the steam room of that health club the Doc's got on West Forty-eighth Street.
1606Marston Fawne iv. Wks. 1856 II. 72 Favour-wearers, sonnet-mongers, *health-drinkers.
1633Prynne Histrio-Mastix Title-p., Sundry particulars concerning Dancing, Dicing, *Healthdrinking.
1813Shelley Q. Mab vi. 52 Until pure *health-drops, from the cup of joy, Fall like a dew of balm upon the world.
1884Nature 388/2 Preparations for..the International *Health Exhibition.
1927E. Hemingway Men without Women (1928) 115 Jack started training at Danny Hogan's *health farm over in Jersey. 1928Wodehouse Money for Nothing ix. 196 What if that health-farm was a mere blind for more dastardly work? 1966G. B. Mair Kisses from Satan v. 55 He was going to enter one of the most fashionable health farms in the world. 1969Guardian 18 Aug. 7/5 Their health farm..is the place where they go once a year..and..lose 10 lb. or 15 lb. in two weeks.
1882W. D. Howells Mod. Instance xxviii, I put the camp on a *health-food basis. 1884E. W. Nye Baled Hay 75, I have had occasion to thoroughly investigate the subject of so-called health food, such as gruels, beef tea. 1939‘G. Orwell’ Coming up for Air iv. v. 261 Health-food cranks. 1962J. B. Priestley Margin Released i. iii. 26 Another shop, specialising in health foods, had a line in mashed dates and coconut. 1965Observer 18 Apr. 45/2 Health food shops, where everything is free range, unsprayed, naturally fertilized. 1972New York 8 May 49 Health Food. As used to describe stores, this term has taken on a generic meaning, encompassing everything from organic, natural, and specialized diet foods to whole wheat and other products mass-produced and refined.
1382Wyclif Ps. lxiv. [lxv]. 6 God, oure *helthe ȝiuere. 1882Edna Lyall Donovan xxi. (1887) 257 It drew him away from the thought of weakness and soul-disease to the Health-giver.
1588Shakes. L.L.L. i. i. 236 The moste wholesome Physicke of thy *health-giuing ayre. 1876Bancroft Hist. U.S. VI. lv. 433 Health-giving truth.
1901Index-Catal. Library Surg.-General's Office U.S. Army Ser. 2. VI. 849/1 (heading) *Health-insurance. 1911Act 1 & 2 Geo. V c. 55. 1 (heading) National Health insurance... All persons so insured..shall be entitled..to the benefits in respect of health insurance and prevention of sickness. 1916Machinery July 1018/1 Booklet entitled ‘Health Insurance’. 1941J. S. Huxley Uniqueness of Man p. ix, Subsidized housing..health insurance..free education..are all symptoms of..change.
1535Coverdale Ezek. xliii. 27 The prestes shal offre their burntoffringes and *healthoffringes vpon y⊇ aulter. Ibid. xiv. 15, xlvi. 12.
1856Bouvier Law Dict. I. 581 *Health Officer, the name of an officer invested with power to enforce the health laws.
1804tr. Volney's View Soil U.S. 252 The establishment of lazarettoes and *health-offices.
1860Mill Repr. Govt. xv. (1865) 116/1 It is ridiculous that a surveyor, or a *health officer..should be appointed by popular suffrage.
1946R. S. Stone in Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. XC. 13/2 The term ‘*Health-Physics’ has been used..to define that field in which physical methods are used to determine the existence of hazards to the health of personnel. Ibid. 16/1 The instrument development problems that faced the Health-Physics section were numerous. 1961Engineering 26 May 734/2 The syllabus will include lectures..with..instruction in health physics.
1753J. Collier Art Torment. 164 People may be *health-proud as well as purse-proud.
1865R. B. Grindrod Malvern 29 No other *health resort in England which presents such a combination of hygienic advantages. 1891Freeman Sk. fr. French Trav. 181 Royat, a village which has become a health-resort.
1715Rowe Lady Jane Gray i. i, [He] Try'd ev'ry *health-restoring herb and gum.
1856Kane Arct. Expl. I. xx. 256 His *health-roll makes a sorry parade.
1900Confectioners' Union Hand-bk. 169 Gums, jellies, lozenges..*health salt, etc. 1921D. H. Lawrence Sea & Sardinia 46 Like a health-salts..advertisement. 1962A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio x. 177 Health salts do fine for fizzy drinks.
1888M. B. Edwards Parting of Ways III. xi. 179 A..*health-saving invention.
1966New Scientist 1 Dec. 499/2 Whether Britain goes ahead with an intensive programme of *health screening is a decision for the politicians. 1968Daily Tel. 22 Nov. 25 A {pstlg}250,000 health-screening centre aided by computers in a new building..adjoining Harley Street.
1832Chambers's Edinb. Jrnl. I. 113/2 When a *health-seeker takes a walk, he keeps his coat wide open. 1953Dylan Thomas Under Milk Wood (1954) 23 There is little to attract the hillclimber, the healthseeker, [etc.].
1935Economist 7 Sept. 456/2 Twenty-five years ago only the germ of our present *health services existed, in the form of the old Poor Law and a rudimentary Old-Age Pension scheme. 1938B. Webb Let. Jan. in K. Martin Editor (1968) iii. 73 The organisation of a public Health Service. 1958Times Lit. Suppl. 12 Dec. 717/2 The Health Service and the welfare state{ddd}have brought appalling drabness into the doctor's life.
1883W. H. Bishop House Merch. Prince iii. (1885) 40 They went..to the *health springs of Colorado and Florida.
1901*Health visitor [see visitor 1 c]. 1905Westm. Gaz. 3 Apr. 12/2 An audience of health visitors, district visitors, charity organisation visitors. 1917New Witness 28 June 202/1 The bare idea that a Health Visitor should attempt to force her way into a French⁓woman's house would be regarded with horror. 1965Listener 30 Sept. 483/1, I would think it most important by means of..the health visitor..to make assessments of the food which they require. 1970G. Greer Female Eunuch 19 The revolutionary woman must know her enemies, the doctors, psychiatrists, health visitors.
1886A. Edwardes Playwright's Dau. ii. 21 The companion of her father's Italian *health-wanderings.
1613Selden On Drayton Wks. III. 838 (Jod.) An usual ceremony among the Saxons..as a note of *health-wishing.
▸ health fascism n. depreciative (chiefly Brit.) the attempted regulation of others' behaviour (esp. smoking habits) in the interest of their health, perceived as intrusively authoritarian or as an infringement of civil liberties.
1988A. Coren in Times 4 May 14/1, I do not know what the answer is. *Health fascism is in the saddle, and the Curries are booted and spurred. 1990Guardian 8 Feb. 19/2 Dark mutterings about health fascism—and not only from the smokers. 2003Irish Times (Nexis) 14 July 15 What rings especially false in this sorry saga is the repeated use of passive smoking as a stick to beat some manners into those who dare to oppose this health fascism.
▸ health fascist n. depreciative a person who advocates the regulation of others' behaviour (esp. smoking habits) in the interest of their health, characterized as intrusively authoritarian or as infringing civil liberties; cf. health fascism n. at Additions.
[1980Wall St. Jrnl. 26 Feb. 24/2 The safety and health fascists who try to turn real and imagined hazards to some political end.] 1986Houston Chron. 3 Sept. iii. 10/3 (heading) *Health fascists disregard needs of smokers. 2003Independent 3 Nov. (Rev. section) 3/4 It's a risk in pubs, where smoke is thick, but not in restaurants where there's a higher level of dilution. I'm unhappy when health fascists start making rules for everyone.
▸ Health Maintenance Organization n. orig. and chiefly U.S. a (for-profit) organization which administers a form of comprehensive health care, usually charged at a fixed price per patient; abbreviated HMO.
1971Postgraduate Med. July 177/1 (title) Are we expecting to dwell there in health..through the operation of a multifaceted testing center run largely by nonphysicians—the *health maintenance organization (HMO)? 1996LSE Mag. Summer 8/1 Increasingly they are offering choices of policy to their employees enabling them to choose the more cost-effective policies now increasingly on the market—not just Health Maintenance Organizations, but the variety of forms of ‘managed care’ belatedly offered by insurers.
▪ II. † health, v. Obs.
[f. prec. n.]
intr. To drink a health or healths. Also to health it.
1611–1696 [see healthing vbl. n. 2]. 1633Heywood Eng. Trav. iv. Wks. 1874 IV. 72 Goe, health it freely for my good successe. 1636W. Sampson Vow Breaker ii. i, They now are healthing, and carrowsing deepe. |