| 释义 |
▪ I. harness, n.|ˈhɑːnɪs|
Forms: 3–5 harnais, 4 hernis, 4–5 harnays, hernays, -eys, oys, -es, 4–6 harnes, 4–7 her-, harneis(e, -eys(e, 5 har-, hernas, harnysse, harnoys, 5–7 harnesse, 4– harness (6 -ys, -iss, -ass, 6–7 -ish, 7 -ois, -ace). See also irness.
[ME., a. OF. harneis, -ois (her-), mod.F. harnais (Picard harnas), whence also Pr., Sp. arnes, Pg. arnez, It. arnese, med.L. (h)arnesium, har-, hernasium, harnascha, harnasch (neuter). Ulterior origin uncertain: the OF. derived vb. harnesquier, -eschier, shows that harneis represented an earlier *harnesc, L. type *harniscum. From the Fr. came also MHG. harnesch, -nasch, -nas (12th c.), Ger. harnisch masc.; MDu. harnas(ch), Du. harnas neut.; Icel. harneskja fem.
Often assumed to be of Celtic origin, on the strength of mod. Breton harnez, hernez, (1) old iron, (2) harness, cuirass (Le Gonidec), compared with mod. Welsh haiarn iron (OW. hearn, OIr. iarn:—Proto-Celtic *isarno-). But Thurneysen, Keltoromanisches 36, points out fatal difficulties, phonetic and chronological. Breton harnez (in this sense) is prob. from French.
In the obscurity that surrounds the origin of the word, the primary sense and the order of sense-development remain uncertain. Several specific uses appear in Engl. about the same time; and the arrangement here followed is provisional. It seems probable that a general sense of ‘equipment, furniture, outfit, gear, tackle’, is the original.]
1. Tackle, gear, furniture, armament; the equipment or mounting of any thing; e.g. of a ship, a fishing-rod, the metal-work of a girdle, etc. (obs.). Still used of the mechanism by which a large bell is suspended and rung.
[1294Rolls of Parlt. I. 128/2 Harnesia ad navem illam spectantia. 1333–4Durham MS. Cell. Roll, In..emendacione hernes del fyschors'. 1423Act 2 Hen. VI, c. 17 Null Orfeour ne Juellour nautre homme qe oepere harneis dargent.] a1450Fysshynge w. Angle (1883) 6 Ye muste furst lurne to mak ȝowr harnes þat ys to sey your rod your lynys..& your hokes. 1483–4Act 1 Rich. III, c. 12 No..maner Gurdels nor eny Harnes wrought for Gurdels. 1530Palsgr. 229 Harnesse for a gyrdelle, ferreure. 1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 11 A bastard Galley of three and thirty banks..and adorning her with double harnesse, tackling and furniture.
2. a. The defensive or body armour of a man-at-arms or foot-soldier; all the defensive equipment of an armed horseman, for both man and horse; military equipment or accoutrement. Hist. or arch.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 309 Norreis & Surreis..With hors & herneis at Carlele mad samnyng. a1450Golagros & Gaw. 566 All the harnes thai hade, Baith birny and breist-plade. 1470–85Malory Arthur ix. xl, Youre harneis & horses haue ben fayre and clene kepte. 1489Caxton Faytes of A. i. i. 2 To make harnoys of yron and steel. 1535Coverdale 1 Kings xx. 11 Let not him yt putteth on y⊇ harnes make his boast like him yt hath put it of. 1581Savile Tacitus' Hist. i. lxxix. (1591) 44 A kind of harnish..composed of iron plates or stiffe bend-lether. 1605Shakes. Macb. v. v. 52 Ring the Alarum Bell, blow Winde, come wracke, At least wee'l dye with Harnesse on our backe. 1606Holland Sueton. Annot. 5 Enoplia was a kinde of Moriske daunce after a warlike manner in harnois. 1611Bible 1 Kings xxii. 34 A certain man drew a bow at a venture, and smote the king of Israel betweene the ioynts of the harnesse. a1680Butler Rem. (1759) I. 219 Old Knights-errant in their Harness fought. 1852Longfellow Warden Cinque Ports xi, A single warrior, In sombre harness mailed.
fig.1503Hawes Examp. Virt. xi. (Arb.) 46 Good hope thy legge harneys shall be. 1558Bp. Watson Sev. Sacram. i. 2 Christe..hath armed vs with a seuen fold harnes, that is to say, with the seuen giftes of the holy gost. 1607Rowlands Famous Hist. 54 What scales of Harness arm that crooked nose And teeth? 1835Lytton Rienzi iii. iii, Men who win power, easily put on its harness, dignity. 1857Lawrence Guy Liv. iv. 35 To watch him in his training, and spy out the joints in his harness. [Cf. 1611 above].
b. Phrase, to harness: cf. to arms.
1475Bk. Noblesse 69 Alle the comyns..[stode] sodanly to harneys and rebelled ayenst the duc of Exetyr. 1548Hall Chron., Hen. VII, 42 b, Cryes were made, every man to harneys.
c. With a: A suit of mail: see quot. 1559.
c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon i. 44 Many fayr harneyses shynyng. 1548Act 2 & 3 Edw. VI, c. 2 Preamb., Souldiors well furnished with good Horses and Harnesses. 1559Lanc. Wills I. 153 My soune..shall have one harnys that ys to saye a plate coote or jacke a sallett a payre of speutes and a halbert. 1720Strype Stow's Surv. (1754) II. v. xxxi. 566/2 Such able men as had white Harnesses. 1828Scott F.M. Perth iii, Had the laird not wanted a harness.
†d. transf. pl. Men in harness; men-at-arms.
a1400Arthur 314 Than hadde he out of Normandye..Fowre skore þowsand harneys.
e. (See quot. 1940.) Also called ignition harness.
1938R. Keen Wireless Direction Finding (ed. 3) xiii. 523 To reduce the capacity of the screening of the cables, and to avoid the bulk and inconvenience of large numbers of separately screened leads, the whole wiring system of an engine may be built into a unit known as ‘screening harness’. Fig. 405 shows such a harness..for a Bristol ‘Pegasus’ radial engine. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 404/1 Harness, the entire system of screened ignition leads enclosed within their screening tubes to prevent electro⁓magnetic radiation from affecting the radio-receiving equipment. 1956W. A. Heflin U.S.A.F. Dict. 262/2 Ignition harness, a system or assembly of wires, together with any shielding or conduits inclosing them, for conducting electric current from the distributor to the spark plugs of an aircraft engine.
†3. The baggage or portable equipment of an army, a party of travellers, etc. Obs.
a1300Cursor M. 11642 Bath ass and ox at wit þam war, And bestes þat þair harnais [v. rr. hernays, harneis] bar. c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 236 Þis burgeis..Þe may & hir herneis did led vnto þe kyng. c1380Sir Ferumb. 1748 Oure harneys comeþ her be-hynde wiþ to hundred men araid. c1400Rom. Rose 7477 Whan the pilgrymes commen were..Hir harneis nigh hem was algate.
4. a. The trappings or accoutrements of a horse: formerly including those used in riding, but now confined to the gear or tackle of a draught horse or other animal. ‘The traces of draught horses, particularly of carriages of pleasure or state: of other carriages we say geer’ (J.). double harness, harness for two draught horses working side by side; single harness, harness for a draught horse working alone; in harness, side by side, together. Often fig.
1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 4599 To wynne hors and harnyse. c1350Will. Palerne 4281 No seg vnder heuene..araiȝed more beter..Of hors & of harneys & alle oþer gere. c1380Sir Ferumb. 3664 Þe sadel..With gold was fret and pretious ston, and þe harneys was of golde. c1440Promp. Parv. 228/1 Harneys for hors, falere. 1463Bury Wills (Camden) 34 My beste hors with sadil and brydil, with alle the beste harneys for oon hors longyng therto. 1530Palsgr. 229/2 Harnesse for the plough horse, harnoys de cherue. 1600Holland Livy xxxix. xxxi. 1043 C. Calpurnius..highly praised the horsemen, and rewarded them with rich harnish and trappings. 1636Davenant Witts Wks. (1673) 215 Another Coach it drives from the Strand! Then have at the Harnace. 1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 336/1 Horses are fastned by their Harnish..to draw the Coach. 1743Boston Post-Boy 28 Nov. 4/1 Advt., A fine open chariot, with the harnesses for two horses. 1824R. Stuart Hist. Steam Engine 22 It then bears itself quietly under the harness, (like good horses). 1834Medwin Angler in Wales II. 39 Wild horses..which had never before been in harness. 1838Lexington Observer & Rep. 2 June, We soon hitch'd traces to trot in double harness. 1846R. Ford Gatherings from Spain viii. 88 Those who have a friend with whom they feel they can venture to go in double harness, had better do so. 1862Catal. Internat. Exhib., Brit. II. No. 4732 Double and single harness, pads, collars, round reins, pole pieces. 1873‘Mark Twain’ & Warner Gilded Age 373 He and I are sworn brothers on that measure; we work in harness. 1901‘M. Gray’ Four-Leaved Clover i, And it's about time you went in double harness. I go better in single. To confess the solid truth, I was born an old maid. 1907G. B. Shaw John Bull's Other Island i. 20 In the main it is by living with you and working in double harness with you that I have learnt to live in a real world and not in an imaginary one. 1937D. L. Sayers Busman's Honeymoon vii. 152 It was her own feelings that didn't seem to be quite pulling in double harness with her intelligence. 1967Listener 2 Feb. 177/3 Prokofiev enthusiasts will be delighted to see that Milstein has now recorded the two violin concertos in harnesss.
b. fig. Working equipments; the conditions, routine, and obligations of regular work. in harness, in the routine of daily work; to die in harness, i.e. in the midst of work.
1841Thackeray Gt. Hoggarty Diam. ii, In early times, before we were well in harness. 1841Emerson Lect., Man the Reformer Wks. (Bohn) II. 237 He must..take on him the harness of routine and obsequiousness. 1868Holme Lee B. Godfrey xvii. 101 Queer pair to run i' harness. 1871L. Stephen Playgr. Eur. xii. (1894) 279 After a holiday, the day on which we resume harness joins on to the day on which we dropped it. 1875Hamerton Intell. Life x. vii. 371 The finest intellects have never lived in harness. 1875[see die v. 3]. 1883S. C. Hall Retrospect I. 193 Palmerston..died, as he had lived, in harness, working to the last. 1889Baring-Gould Pennycomequicks II. xviii. 26 If you insist on going into harness at once, in two years I shall be attending your funeral.
c. From their resemblance to the harness of a horse (see sense 4 a above): straps so arranged that they can be fitted for the protection of travellers in an aeroplane or car. Also used of straps fitted (a) on a dog, instead of a collar; (b) on a parachute; (c) in a perambulator; (d) round a child and held by an adult as a safety lead or leash. Also called safety harness.
1895Montgomery Ward Catal. 484/2 Pug dog harness, black or russet leather. 1897H. Dalziel Brit. Dogs (ed. 2) III. 43 A kind of dog-harness to mitigate the evils of..choking by the collar. 1935C. G. Burge Compl. Bk. Aviation 538/1 Safety belts and safety harness have been specially designed for use in aircraft... Harness must hold the wearer firmly in his seat against upward accelerations. 1939Sewing Machine & Pram Gaz., Buyers' Guide Apr. 30 (caption) This firm have a very wide selection of reins and safety belts... A typical model of Safety harness is illustrated. 1945C. H. Ward-Jackson Piece of Cake (ed. 2) 38 Harness, strap holding one to one's seat in an aircraft. 1951Gloss. Aeronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) iii. 13 Harness, an assembly of straps or cords worn by a parachutist or employed to suspend an inanimate load to which the parachute is attached. 1962Times 23 Jan. 5/6 Every approved harness [in a motor-car] has a quick-release catch. 1962Which? Jan. 8/1 The buckles of the three harnesses that survived the test crash intact were easy to release. 1963B.S.I. News May 34 Safety harness for babies... The types dealt with will be suitable for attachment to perambulators, push chairs and high chairs. Provision will also be made for use of reins with the harness, when the child is able to walk. 1971J. Philips Escape a Killer (1972) i. ii. 24 She unbuckled the dog's harness. 1972P. Cleife Slick & Dead xviii. 233 Tripping the quick-release of my harness, I leapt from my seat.
5.
†a. Household and personal equipment; furniture; apparel. Obs.
1340Ayenb. 24 Þe diȝtinge of his house wyþ eyse of loste, and oþre manere harneys. c1350Will. Palerne 1582 William..wel him a-tyred Gayli in cloþes of gold & oþer gode harneis. c1440Promp. Parv. 228/1 Harneys, or hustylment (K. instrumentys longynge to howsolde), utensile. c1440Gesta Rom. xl. 159 (Harl. MS.) She dude of hir harnes, and come, and laye downe by him. 1511Yatton Churchw. Acc. (Somerset Rec. Soc.) 131 Of Iohn Gurnan for y⊇ Church harnes. 1602W. Fulbecke Pandectes 47 They had about their harneys certaine yron buttons.
b. Uniform, clothes. harness bull, harness cop, a policeman in uniform. U.S. slang (chiefly criminals').
1891‘Mark Twain’ What is Man? (1917) 225 At the Metropolitan in New York they sit in a glare, and wear their showiest harness. 1899B. W. Green Word-bk. Virginia Folk-Speech 178 Harness,..clothing, dress garments. 1903A. H. Lewis Boss 262 [The] Captain sends along a couple of his harness bulls from Mulberry Street. 1914Jackson & Hellyer Vocab. Criminal Slang 42 Harness, general currency. A uniform... A ‘harness bull’ is the commonest form of the term's use. 1926J. Black You can't Win iv. 31 The ‘harness cop’ who had been at the front door went back to his beat. Ibid. xii. 165 We're bang up against the city prison when a big, flat-footed, harness bull steps out an' yaffles us. 1930E. H. Lavine Third Degree ii. 12 ‘Wise detectives’, who dread going back into ‘harness’, or uniform,..sail along the lines of least resistance. 1931‘D. Stiff’ Milk & Honey Route iv. 45 Any harness bull can tell you where the municipal lodging house..is to be found. 1972J. Godey Three Worlds (1973) iii. 32 The cops. From the chief on down to the harness bulls.
6. The apparatus in a loom by which the sets of warp-threads are shifted alternately to form the shed; the mounting.
1572in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford 341 That every weaver have in his house or shop from the summe of 16 bores to the summe of 700 harneyses and slayes, 3 beares betweene every harnys. 1826in Patents for Invent. (1861) 88 (Weaving) These healds or harness, when complete, are formed by what I shall term double perfect loops. 1831G. R. Porter Silk Manuf. 216 Heddles, which are commonly called the harness of the loom. 1836Ure Cotton Manuf. (1861) II. 224 The harness of the draw-loom is not confined by leaves but every cord carries a mail or loop for the warp. 1888Eggleston in Century Mag. XXXVI. 529/2 When Barbara had tied a broken string in the ‘harness’ of the loom, she resumed her seat on the bench.
†7. Privy members. Also, privy harness. Obs.
1382Wyclif Gen. ix. 22 The privey herneis of his father. c1386Chaucer Wife's Prol. 136 Euery wight..That hath swich harneys as I of tolde. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 453 Þere [in Nysa] men heleþ her prive herneys wiþ þynne leves. 15..Frere & Boye in Ritson Anc. Pop. P. (1791) 45 Unnethes on hym he had one cloute..His harneys for to hyde.
†8. Ware, gear; fig. affairs, matters. Obs.
c1386Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋900 Why þat a man synneþ as by which temptacioun or by excitynge of oþer folke..and alle such maner harneys. c1440York Myst. xv. 102 Loo! here slyke harnays as I haue, A baren broche by a belle of tynne At youre bosom to be.
9. attrib. and Comb., as (in sense 4) harness-boss, harness-horse, harness-maker, harness-polisher, harness-room, harness-tie, harness-work; (in sense 6) harness-board (see quot.), harness-cord, harness-twine; harness-bearing adj.; also harness-clamp (see quot.); harness (horse) racing, a race between horses harnessed to vehicles; also harness race (Webster, 1909); † harness-man = harness-bearer, an armour-bearer; harness-plate, electroplated metal work used in harness; hence harness-plater (see quot.); harness-tub = harness-cask; harness-weaver (see quot.).
1590Spenser F.Q. ii. xi. 43 Jove's *harnesse-bearing bird.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Harness-board, the compass-board of a loom, having holes through which pass the neck twines.
1852Dickens Bleak Ho. lxvi, The polishing..of stirrup-irons, bits, curb-chains, *harness-bosses.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Harness-clamp (Saddlery), a kind of vice used to hold leather while being stitched.
1836Ure Cotton Manuf. (1861) II. 224 The *harness cords of a draw⁓loom.
1861Walsh & Lupton Horse xv. 272 Hacks and *Harness-horses demand nearly as much time and care to prepare them for their work. 1889Dk. Beaufort Driving (Badm. Libr.) 74 A harness horse in regular work ought to be fed four times a day.
1853C. Morfit Tanning, etc. 152 ‘*Harness’ leather is blackened in the grain.
1611Cotgr., Armorier, an armorer, or *Harnesse-maker. 1889Dk. Beaufort Driving (Badm. Libr.) 94 It is adviseable..for the harness-maker to see the horse he is required to fit with a collar.
1530Palsgr. 229/2 *Harnesman, armigere.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, *Harness-plater, a workman who electro⁓plates the metal work for harness.
1901World Almanac 266 *Harness racing. 1909Ibid. 213 Harness horse racing. 1947Newsweek 8 Sept. 71/1 Harness racing is doing very well in keeping up with the flashy bankrolls of the times. 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. 36/2 About the only sure thing in harness racing is that Russ Miller..will come up with something special each year. Ibid. 17 Feb. 44 (Advt.), Nine harness races today. 1971Guardian 9 June 6/5 Trotting or harness racing, which has become a major sporting attraction in Australia and the United States, is making a comeback in its place of origin, the Yorkshire dales and fells.
1889Dk. Beaufort Driving (Badm. Libr.) 89 The *harness-room should be provided with a fireplace or some kind of stove.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, *Harness Weavers, operatives employed in Paisley in weaving the more complicated patterns of shawls.
Mod. Horses for quiet *Harness-work.
Hence ˈharnessry rare, harness collectively; ˈharnessy a. colloq., smacking of harness.
1824J. H. Wiffen Tasso vii. lxxxii, With chariots, harnessries, and helms. 1892Field 14 May 729/1 She [a mare] seemed a bit heavy about the neck, and ‘harnessy’.
▪ II. ˈharness, v.
Forms: α. 4 harneyschen, 4–6 -esch(en, 6 harnisch. β. 4–5 harneyse(n, -eise(n, -ayse(n, -esse(n, -as(se(n, hernays, 5–6 harnys(e, -es, 5–7 -ass, 6 -esse, 7 -ise, 6– harness.
[In form harnesche, a. OF. harneschier (12th c. in Hatz.-Darm.), Picard harnesquier, later harnaskier, harnascher, harnacher (Rom. type *harnescāre, cf. Pr. arnescar), f. harnesc-, OF. harneis harness. The β. forms are formed from, or conformed to, the n.]
†1. To furnish, equip, accoutre; esp. to mount, or ornament with fittings of some precious material.
c1380Sir Ferumb. 3665 Brydel and paytrel and al þe gere Wiþ fyn gold y-harneysed were. c1386Chaucer Prol. 114 A gay daggere, Harneised wel and sharpe as point of spere. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xix. 86 Brade gyrdils of silke, wele hernayst with gold and preciouse stanes. 1418E.E. Wills (1882) 34 My Baselard harneysed with siluer. 1470–85Malory Arthur viii. xxxiv, A fayre horne harnest with gold. 1534Eng. Ch. Furniture (1866) 193, ij verges paynted made for the chamberlaynes harnesid at bothe endes with syluer. 1877Jrnl. Archæol. Inst. XXXIV. 300 [Wooden drinking-cups] hooped and mounted or ‘harnessed’ in silver.
2. a. To equip in ‘harness’ or armour; to arm, to accoutre. arch.
13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 592 So harnayst as he watz he herknez his masse. 1375Barbour Bruce ix. 710 [Thai] schot furth, fra thai harnast war. c1380Sir Ferumb. 2929 Harneyscheaþ ȝow with-oute lette. c1440York Myst. xxviii. 195 Both armed and harneysed ȝe be. c1537Thersites in Hazl. Dodsley I. 395 When I am harnessed well. 1682Bunyan Holy War 46 Harness yourselves for the war. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. II. ix. 324 Their decks were thick with warriors harnessed for the battle.
fig.1531Tindale Exp. 1 John (1537) 79 They..harnesse themselues with the meditacyon of those thinges which Christ suffered. 1547Boorde Introd. Knowl. xiii. (1870) 156 Now am I harnest, and redy, Doche for to speke. 1556J. Olde tr. Gualter's Antichrist 36 The Leoparde..hade foure winges, and was harnessed wyth as many hornes.
†b. To equip (a place) defensively; to fortify.
1611Bible Macc. iv. 7 They saw the campe of the heathen, that is was strong, and well harnessed.
3. To put harness on (a horse or other beast of burden or draught); now confined to draught animals, esp. carriage-horses, and the like. Also fig., now chiefly to utilize (a river, waterfall, natural forces, atomic energy) for motive power.
13..K. Alis. 4708 He dude quyk harnesche hors, And sette theron heore cors. 1483Cath. Angl. 176/1 To Harnes, epiphiare, falerare. 1530Palsgr. 579/2 Be your horses harnessed yet? it is tyme to go to ploughe. 1535Coverdale Jer. xlvi. 4 Yee harnesse youre horses, & set youre selues vpon them. 1684Scanderbeg Rediv. iv. 54 Followed by above 200 of the Lords..all splendidly Array'd, and their Horses extraordinarily Harnessed. 1715–20Pope Iliad xxiv. 990 The Trojan train Their mules and oxen harness to the wain. 1890R. Broughton Alas! III. 285, I should like to buy a little cart to harness him to.
absol.1864Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xvii. iv. IV. 548 Mitchell was harnessing for Potsdam.
fig.1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 115 Others that are harness'd with the Apron-strings of Trade. 1775Sheridan Rivals i. i, I wish they were once harnessed together in matrimony. 1856Dove Logic Chr. Faith i. ii. 72 Philosophy..must..harness herself and work. 1894Westm. Gaz. 5 Dec. 3/1 We may any day have news flashed to us by cable that Niagara is harnessed, and its stupendous power brought into ordinary commercial uses. 1927A. Christie Big Four xvii. 258, I believe that she has, to a certain extent, succeeded in liberating atomic energy and harnessing it to her purpose. 1935Discovery Feb. 41/1 The business of harnessing cosmic rays, of forcing them to do the work of electricity, is proceeding apace. 1955Times 19 May 3/6 This monster is, of course, the huge underwater vessel Nautilus..propelled by ‘the dynamic force of the universe’, which somehow he has succeeded in harnessing. 1965Listener 3 June 823/1 This seems..to make sense: harnessing individual and group enthusiasm to enrich the region.
†4. To dress, clothe, apparel, array. Obs. or arch.
c1400Rom. Rose 2647 Ryse on morwe up erly, Out of thy bedde, and harneyse thee. 1467Eng. Gilds (1870) 408 Alle the hole crafte, shallen wayte vppon the seid Baillies..in ther best arraye harnesid. 1562J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 90 A goose is harnest in hir white fethers. 1647Trapp Comm. Matt. vi. 7 With two [wings] they covered or harnessed their feet. 1848Kingsley Saint's Trag. iv. i, I am harnessed light as any foot-page.
Hence ˈharnessing vbl. n.; also concr. trappings, accoutrement. ˈharnesser, one who harnesses.
1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. viii. 129 Certane horssis..harnest wt braue harnessings. 1611Cotgr., Harnacheur, a harnesser of a horse. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. II. 35 The deer, whose harnessing is very simple. 1837Dickens Pickw. ix, The whole process of harnessing had to be gone through afresh. |