| 释义 |
gymnastic, a. and n.|dʒɪmˈnæstɪk|
[ad. L. gymnastic-us, a. Gr. γυµναστικ-ός pertaining to or skilled in bodily exercises (subst. ἡ γυµναστικ-ή gymnastics), f. γυµνάζειν (see gymnasium). Cf. F. gymnastique (14th c. in Oresme).]
A. adj.
1. a. Pertaining to or connected with athletic exercises of the body; concerned with gymnastics (see B. 2).
1574Newton Health Mag. Pref. 2 Gymnasticke Arte which is the trade of exercising men in feates of Activitie. 1704F. Fuller Med. Gymn. (1711) 99 A most easie Natural Gymnastick Course. 1776Gibbon Decl. & F. (1869) I. xviii. 483 He excelled in the gymnastic arts of leaping and running. 1839Thirlwall Greece II. 50 The state seems to have interfered, to compel his attendance at the gymnastic schools. 1855H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (1872) I. ii. iii. 204 The gymnastic feat of raising the body up a ladder hand over hand.
b. Characterized by or exhibiting positions of the body assumed in gymnastics. rare.
1850J. Leitch tr. C.O. Müller's Anc. Art §120 (ed. 2) 91 The art of modelling brazen statues of athletes..was raised..to the most perfect representation of beautiful gymnastic figures.
c. Physically active, athletic. rare.
1784Cowper Task ii. 591 A form not now gymnastic as of yore.
d. Of the initial letter of an illuminated manuscript: decorated with human figures, etc., which are portrayed climbing like gymnasts round the letter.
1945F. Wormald in Archæologia XCI. 127 These initials are composed of animals, monsters, and human figures, who clamber all over the framework of the letter as if using it as a kind of gymnastic appliance... In the Canterbury MSS. this gymnastic method is carried to extreme lengths. Ibid. 130 The Durham artists had some knowledge of the continental ‘gymnastic’ initial so popular at Canterbury. 1946― Survival Anglo-Saxon Illumin. 9 Another new type of English initial..is the so-called ‘gymnastic’ style, where animals and creatures clamber all over the frame of the initial rather in the manner of acrobats. This type was rare in England before the Conquest, but is found in the Durham MSS. and is an outstanding characteristic of Canterbury illumination of about the year 1100. 1952D. T. Rice Eng. Art 871–1100 vii. 216 The B of the Beatus page is in keeping with late Saxon developments, for in addition to the usual scroll-work, a number of little figures appear clambering amongst the stems; Wormald has aptly termed this the ‘gymnastic’ style. 1954M. Richert Painting in Britain: Middle Ages iii. 66 The wholesale introduction of such human figures into the initial..decorative, ‘gymnastic’ figures. 1970Anglo-Saxon Illumination in Oxf. Libr. 7 Initial ‘Þ’. Two dragons and a gymnastic figure make up the initial.
2. fig. ‘Pertaining to disciplinary exercises for the intellect’ (Webster, 1864).
1710Shaftesbury Adv. Author i. ii. 36 And here it is that our Sovereign Remedy and Gymnastick Method of Soliloquy takes its Rise. 1779Gibbon Misc. Wks. (1814) IV. 612 He may learn from Jerom the difference of the gymnastic and dogmatic styles.
¶3. = gymnasial.
1802Acerbi Trav. I. 139 The Swedish gentlemen are seldom contented with what may be called a scholastic, or a gymnastic education.
B. n.
1. a. sing. [= Gr. ἡ (τέχνη) γυµναστική.] = 2.
[1581Mulcaster Positions xxxv. (1887) 129 This term Gymnastice, which emplyeth in name, and professeth in deede the arte of exercise.] 1598J. D. tr. Loys Le Roy's Arist. Pol. 204 They haue..more esteemed gymnasticke, which is the vse of bodily exercises, then musick. 1734tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. (1827) I. 71 The art by which they formed themselves for these encounters was called Gymnastic. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 40 Good gymnastic which will give health to the body. 1881Mahaffy Old Grk. Educ. iv. 38 The master of gymnastic.
b. fig.
1797Holcroft tr. Stolberg's Trav. (ed. 2) III. lxxvii. 173 This music included both poetry and dancing. It was the gymnastic of the soul. 1838Sir W. Hamilton in Reid's Wks. (1842) II. 701/2 note, Mathematical study is the very worst gymnastic of the intellect. 1882J. C. Morison Macaulay i. 9 A course of what at Oxford is technically called ‘science’, would have been an invaluable gymnastic for Macaulay.
2. pl. gymnastics [see -ics, -ic 2].
a. The practice of athletic exercises for the development of the body, now esp. of such exercises as are performed in a building set apart for them with special apparatus.
1652Evelyn State France Misc. Writ. (1805) 84 Academies dedicated chiefly to this discipline, and other martial gymnastiques. 1825Hone Every-day Bk. I. 1316 Gymnastics..have not until lately been practised. 1865E. W. Jackson (title) Gymnastics for the Fingers and Wrist. 1867J. Howard (title) Gymnasts and Gymnastics. 1876Grant Burgh Sch. Scotl. ii. v. 180 Gymnastics have become one of the institutions of the country.
b. fig.
a1832Bentham Deontol. (1834) II. 266 Efficient benevolence in action may be considered the gymnastics of the mind, or the field in which it is displayed, the mental gymnasium. 1841–4Emerson Ess., Art Wks. (Bohn) I. 148 Painting and sculpture are the gymnastics of the eye. 1854― Lett. & Soc. Aims, Poet. & Imag. ibid. III. 144, I think Hindoo books the best gymnastics for the mind. 1883Proctor in Knowl. July 59/2 All who prefer singing to musical gymnastics. 1905R. Broughton Waif's Progr. xxviii. 308 It seemed an impossible feat in mental gymnastics to..wrench his thoughts away. 1957C. L. Wrenn Word & Symbol (1967) 193 Will the deliberate ordinariness of dramatic language of The Confidential Clerk come any nearer to bringing poetry to the people than the stirring mental and metrical gymnastics of Mr. Christopher Fry? 1966P. Moloney Plea for Mersey 25 These verbal gymnastics are heard in England elsewhere than in Liverpool.
†c. A treatise on athletic exercises. Obs.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. i. 105 Mercurialis in his Gymnasticks justly makes standing one kinde of exercise.
†3. An authority on gymnastics. Obs. rare.
1572J. Jones Bathes Buckstone 13 b, Diuers gymnastickes inuentinge other innumerable differences of frications, wan great prayse. 1623Cockeram Gymnasticke, a teacher of the Wrastling Science.
4. A gymnastic feat. rare.
1860Reade Cloister & H. x. (1896) 33 Giles' claws seized the side of the bed, and he returned to his place by one undivided gymnastic. 1907‘Mark Twain’ in N. Amer. Rev. 15 May 4 When he had been teaching me twice a day for three weeks I introduced a new gymnastic—one that he had never seen before.
Hence † gymˈnasticer, one who trains others in gymnastic exercises; gymˈnasticate, gymˈnasticize nonce-vbs. intr., to practise gymnastic exercises.
1574Newton Health Mag. Pref. 2 Sithens Conservation and Preservation belonge either to the Gymnasticer or els to the Phisition. 1827Mirror II. 274/2 Attendance at courts, gymnasticating, dumb-belling, and dancing-mastering, will not put quicksilver into a man's neck. 1828A. Hare in Macm. Mag. XLIV. 358 Make Arthur ride hard and shoot often, and, in short, gymnasticise in every possible manner. |