| 释义 |
grinder|ˈgraɪndə(r)|
[f. grind v.1 + -er1.]
I. An instrument for grinding.
1. a. A molar tooth; hence colloq. or jocularly in pl., the teeth generally.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. xx. (1495) 125 Some [teeth] hyght grynders, whyche..grynde alwaye as myl⁓stones the mete. 1528Paynel Salerne's Regim. 2 A iv, The laste tethe: whiche be behynde them that we call the grynders. 1604Drayton Owl 414 Whilst this base Slave his nastie Grinders drest. 1767Franklin Lett. Wks. 1887 IV. 24, I return you many thanks for the box of elephants' tusks and grinders. 1786Wolcot (P. Pindar) Bozzy & Piozzi (ed. 5) 41 Dear Doctor Johnson lov'd a leg of pork, And hearty on it, would his grinders work. 1819Moore Tom Crib (ed. 3) 23 With grinders dislodg'd, and with peepers both poach'd. 1834McMurtrie Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 95 The other ordinary Edentata have no grinders. 1887Besant The World went xxvi. 204 Sit down... It is a grinder, and will take a strong pull.
†b. (See quot.) Obs.
1799Corse in Phil. Trans. LXXXIX. 215 A grinder or case of teeth, in full grown elephants, is more than sufficient to fill one side of the mouth.
2. A machine for grinding (in various senses); the upper millstone or ‘runner’; † a muller or pestle.
1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 382/1 The Inamel Grinder..is..an Agate Stone set in a Brass..socket with a wooden handle; it is to Grind..Inamels in a Flint Mortar. 1708J. Philips Cyder ii. 54 For thy mill a sturdy post Cylindric, to support the grinder's weight. 1805Forsyth Beauties Scotl. II. 10 A Roman hand-mill..was discovered in working a quarry, from the top of which the grinder had dropped. 1860Eng. & For. Mining Gloss., Cornwall Terms, Grinder, machinery for crushing the ores between iron cylinders or barrels. 1877Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 386 One man..tends the grinder.
transf.1860Tyndall Glaciers i. xv. 99 The mighty grinder [glacier action] has rubbed off the pinnacles of the rocks.
†3. A muscle of the lower jaw. Obs. rare—1.
1615Crooke Body of Man 757 The motion vpward is performed by the temporall muscle..; to the right hand and to the left by the first grinder called Mansorius primus.
II. A person who grinds.
4. a. One who grinds anything in a mill.
1483Cath. Angl. 165/2 A Grinder, molitor. c1515Cocke Lorell's B. (Percy Soc.) 10 Stryngers, grynders, Arowe heders, maltemen, and corne mongers. 1611Bible Eccl. xii. 3 marg., The grinders faile, because they grind little. 1756J. Lloyd in W. Thompson R.N. Advoc. (1757) 51, I have..desired the Grinder not to pick his Mill so often. 1852Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xxxii. 294 The mills were few in number compared with the grinders. 1892Labour Commission Gloss., Grinders, men in the seed crushing industry who put the rolled seed under a pair of stones to be ground preparatory to being made hot.
b. One who grinds cutlery, tools, glass, etc.
1600Surflet Country Farme i. xii. 48 The durt found in the bottome of the troughes of cutlers or grinders. 1639Woodall Wks. Pref. (1653) 16 It is a base office belonging to meer Barbers and Grinders. 1665Phil. Trans. I. 32 With very little or no trouble in fitting the Engine, and without much skill in the Grinder. 1811Byron Hints fr. Hor. 485 I'll labour gratis at a grinder's wheel. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 591 This pyramidal muller, if small sized, bears at each of its angles of the upper face a peg or ball, which the grinders lay hold of in working it. 1870Reade Put yourself, etc. I. 177 The strike was over, the grinders poured into the works, and the grindstones revolved. 1892Labour Commission Gloss., Grinder, the man who grinds the wire teeth of the card sharp.
c. A lithotritist.
1846R. Liston Pract. Surg. xii. (ed. 4) 500 If he fell into the hands of the professed grinder, no matter what the peculiarities of the case, he was as certain to be subjected to the boring or hammering processes.
5. a. One who prepares pupils for examination; a crammer.
[1710, etc.: cf. gerund-grinder, gerund b.] 1813M. Edgeworth Patronage iii. (1838) I. 49 Put him into the hands of a clever grinder or crammer, and they would soon cram the necessary portion of Latin and Greek into him. 1849Thackeray Pendennis v. (1863) 37 She sent me down here with a grinder: she wants me to cultivate my neglected genius. 1857[see grind n.1 2 b].
b. = grind n.1 3 b.
1852J. C. Patteson Let. Aug. in C. M. Yonge Life J. C. Patteson (1874) I. iv. 116 The difficulty is great enough to discourage any but a real ‘grinder’ at such work. 1942Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §825.10 Diligent student.., grinder, grindstone, grub.
6. a. One who works under another. rare. b. One who makes others work under him at diminished wages; a ‘sweater’.
1814Scott Let. to J. B. S. Morritt 7 Jan. in Lockhart, A sort of grinder of mine, who assisted me in various ways. 1851Mayhew Lond. Labour (1861) II. 233 Grinders, or those who compel the workmen (through their necessities) to do the same amount of work for less than the ordinary wages.
7. A bird that makes a grinding noise:
a. The dishwasher or flycatcher (Sisura inquieta) of Australia.
b. The night-jar or goat-sucker (Cent. Dict., given as ‘local Eng.’; Swainson has only scissor-grinder, razor-grinder).
1848J. Gould Birds Austral. II. pl 87 Seisura inquieta, Restless Flycatcher..the Grinder of the Colonists of Swan River and New South Wales.
III. 8. slang. a. (See quot. 1837).
1837Dickens Pickw. xxxi, Mr. Jackson..applying his left thumb to the tip of his nose, worked a visionary coffee⁓mill with his right hand: thereby performing a very graceful piece of pantomine..which was familiarly denominated ‘taking a grinder’. 1870Athenæum 8 Jan. 57/2 He finds himself confronted by a..lightly-clad Indian, who salutes him with what street-boys term ‘a grinder’.
b. U.S. (See quots.)
1954Webster Add., Grinder, a large sandwich made of two slabs of bread cut lengthwise from the loaf and containing ham, salami, or other meat, usually cheese, and pickle, tomato and lettuce, or other appetizers. 1967Amer. Speech XLII. 287 Grinder,..one explanation offered..is that the consumer must be able to grind the diverse ingredients in his mouth.
9. Radio. An atmospheric disturbance of relatively long duration heard as a rumbling sound and probably caused by lightning.
1922,1936[see click n.1 1 b]. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 390/2 Grinder, a type of atmospheric disturbance.., best characterised by its name.
IV.
10. Comb., † grinder-tongue muscles, those which work the lower jaw and tongue; grinder's asthma, phthisis, rot Path., ‘a lung disease produced by the mechanical irritation of the particles of steel and stone given off in the operation of grinding’ (Webster, Suppl. 1879).
1615Crooke Body of Man 762 The second paire are called Myloglossi or the grinder-tongue Muscles. They arise..from the sides of the lower iaw neare the roots of the grinding teeth. 1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 244 Grinders' rot.
Add:[II.] [4.] d. Sailing. A person who operates a winch on a racing yacht. Also winch grinder.
[1964E. B. Morris Sailing for America's Cup 214/2 Coffee grinder, sailors' name for a pedestal-type winch activated by rotating the handles affixed to opposite sides of the pedestal.] 1975R. Vaughan Grand Gesture 227 Driscoll took..the lead, and never relinquished it, matching Courageous tack for tack, one hundred and five times. (Ah, those winch grinders!) 1980N.Y. Times 18 Aug. c8/6 Potts and Kyle Smith are grinders, pumping the handles of the winches that trim the jibs when tacking. 1991Sports Illustr. 18 Mar. 27/1 What they did care about was, Could he backcheck? Muck along the boards? Fit in among the team's legions of grinders? |