| 释义 |
graphic, a. and n.|ˈgræfɪk|
[ad. L. graphic-us, Gr. γραϕικ-ός, f. γραϕή drawing or writing. Cf. F. graphique.]
A. adj.
†1. Drawn with a pencil or pen. Obs.
a1637B. Jonson Underwoods, Eupheme ix, [God] can Find..our closest creeks and corners, and can trace Each line, as it were graphick in the face.
2. Of or pertaining to drawing or painting. graphic arts: the fine arts of drawing, painting, engraving, etching, etc.; also, the techniques of production and design involved in printing and publishing; graphic design: graphics (sense B. 2 below); so graphic designer.
1756Epitaph in H. Walpole's Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) V. 269 With..all the genius of the Graphic Art, His fame shall each succeeding artist own. 1811Lamb Guy Faux Misc. Wks. (1871) 374, I only notice the print as being one of the earliest graphic representations which woke my childhood into wonder. 1872Ruskin Eagle's Nest §123 This faculty of sight..is the only proper faculty which the graphic artist is to use in his inquiries into nature. 1882P. G. Hamerton (title) The Graphic Arts: a Treatise on the Varieties of Drawing, Painting and Engraving. 1949Sci. Amer. Nov. 29 The new Graphic Arts Research Foundation, whose work is supported by 139 newspapers, printing firms and other interested groups. 1956H. Williamson Methods Bk. Design Pref., Principles of graphic design which apply to all kinds of book production. 1967Graphic design [see sense B. 3 below]. 1967Karch & Buber Offset Processes ii. 9 Of the many methods and procedures used in the graphic arts, letterpress and offset-lithography account for 66·1% in monetary value. 1971Perry & Aldridge Penguin Bk. Comics (ed. 2) Bastard title p., Alan Aldridge is one of the most original and creative graphic designers... His unique style of illustration has appeared in countless magazines, newspapers, record sleeves, posters.
3. Producing by words the effect of a picture; vividly descriptive, life-like.
1669Gale Crt. Gentiles i. iii. i. 15 He shews..that Poesie was..a graphic Art, or Art of Imitation. a1745Swift On D. Jackson's Picture 1 Whilst you three merry poets traffic To give us a description graphic Of Dan's large nose in modern Sapphic. 1830Cunningham Brit. Paint. II. 228 They are all..graphic copies of common life. 1852Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. i, Expressions, which not even the desire to be graphic in our account shall induce us to transcribe. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. iii. 265 A Venetian..wrote..to Henry, informing him in a very graphic manner of the treatment to which..he had been exposed. 1872Darwin Emotions xi. 260 A graphic description of the face of a young Hindoo at the sight of castor-oil.
4. a. Of or pertaining to writing; fit to be written on.
1774Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry (1778) II. 157 [Chatterton] became a skilful practitioner in various kinds of handwriting. Availing himself therefore of..his facility in the graphick art..he [etc.]. 1851D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (1863) II. iv. ii. 289 The scribe executing his graphic art. 1854S. Dobell Balder xxiii. 87, I would..make eloquent The graphic bark of beech! 1877E. R. Conder Bas. Faith v. 197 Letters, hieroglyphics, or any kind of graphic symbol. 1882Skeat in Trans. Philol. Soc. 1880–1 iii. *176 If we now collate the two copies, we find..certain variations which are merely graphic, and of no linguistic significance.
b. Of a mineral: Presenting on the surface, or in the fracture, an appearance of written or printed characters. graphic gold, graphic ore or graphic tellurium: = sylvanite. graphic granite (see quot. 1859).
1814Aikin Man. Min. 70 Graphic tellurium. Graphic Gold. 1823Ure Dict. Chem., Graphic-ore, an ore of tellurium, occurring in veins in porphyry in Transylvania. 1828Amer. Jrnl. Sci. & Arts XIV. 362 Granite, is..graphic, when [etc.]. 1838Penny Cycl. XI. 355/2 The felspar in graphic granite is almost one huge crystallized mass. 1859Page Hand-bk. Geol. Terms, Graphic Granite..a binary compound of felspar and quartz—the quartz being disposed through the felspar matrix like lines of Arabic writing. 1868Dana Min. (ed. 5) 81 Graphic Tellurium. 1879Rutley Study Rocks xii. 211 The so-called graphic-granite..in which the quartz..roughly resembles Hebrew characters.
5. a. Pertaining to the use of diagrams, linear figures, or symbolic curves.
graphic formula: in chemistry, a formula (see formula 3 b) in which lines are employed to indicate the connexions of the elements represented by the symbols. (Cf. graph n. 1.) graphic method, graphic solution: a method of solving problems (e.g. in Statics; occas. in Algebra) by the construction of a diagram from which the result is obtained by direct measurement instead of calculation. graphic method: the method of recording movements of a part of the body by some automatic instrument, e.g. the movement of the pulse by the sphygmograph.
1866Frankland Lect. Notes Chem. Students iii. 24 Graphic notation..is founded almost entirely upon the doctrine of atomicity, and consists in representing graphically the mode in which every bond in a chemical compound is disposed of. Ibid., The following comparative examples of symbolic and graphic formulæ. 1870Atkinson Ganot's Physics §216 M. Duhamel's graphic method..consists in fixing a fine point to the body emitting the sound, and causing it to trace the vibrations on a properly prepared surface. 1883Amer. Jrnl. Math. VI. 174 A Graphic Method of Solving Spherical Triangles. 1884Science III. 164/1 Graphic representations are always specially valuable to the reader. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 326 A continuous graphic record of the blood pressure was obtained by means of a manometer.
b. Of a geometrical proposition, or a branch of geometry: Concerned with position and form, not with measurement. Opposed to metric.
1865Clifford Math. Papers (1882) 80 It may be possible to state the same theorem in two ways, so as to make it either metric or graphic.
6. graphic equalizer: a device enabling the quality of an audio signal to be varied by adjusting its strength in each of a series of frequency bands independently, each band having its own control (usu. a slider).
1969Jrnl. Audio Engin. Soc. XVII. 20/1 This circuit could easily be adapted to be a section of a graphic equalizer. 1976Gramophone May 1826/2 The graphic equalizer is not for every hi-fi customer, because it does require some skill, time and patience in usage... JVC was the first to offer in their stereo and four-channel receivers a relatively simple 5-ganged sound equalisation system which went beyond the conventional tone controls. 1984Listener 3 May 21/1 (Advt.), It also boasts a twin deck cassette player with Dolby B and C and a stereo amplifier with graphic equalizer.
B. n.
1. a. pl. The technical use of diagrams and figures as an aid to mathematical calculation or to engineering or architectural design.
1889R. H. Smith (title), Graphics: or the Art of Calculation by Drawing Lines. 1898Perry Applied Mechanics 1 One teacher seems to think that applied mechanics is simply the study of kinematics and mechanisms..another, that it is mere graphics. 1912D. A. Low (title) Practical geometry and graphics. 1929W. Abbott Pract. Geom. & Engin. Graphics 3 In Part I considerable space has been devoted to Engineering Graphics, particularly to the applications of graphical integration. 1960McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. IV. 615/1 Engineering graphics includes preparation of drawings that show the shape of objects.
b. pl. The production of diagrams, patterns, etc., by means of a computer.
1966Sci. Amer. Sept. 184 (caption) Perspective drawing of a vehicle designed for reentry from space was produced by a computer-graphics program. 1969Computers & Humanities IV. 66 Production of Visual Material by Computer. The formal name of this category is computer graphics, but you might prefer calling it computer art. 1970Ibid. 172 By concentrating on a single graphics language, each student will have the opportunity to prepare a computer-generated film sequence.
2. pl. Design and decoration that involves typographic elements; the production of pictures, diagrams, etc., in association with text.
1960Design Sept. 79/1 The type of credits designed by Saul Bass are an isolated example of good graphics for movies. 1965Amer. N. & Q. Apr. 122/1 A graphics exhibition centering on the production of a recent book published by the famous Gehenna Press. 1967M. McLuhan Medium is Massage (back-flap of dust-cover), Quentin Fiore is a distinguished graphics designer and artist. 1971Guardian 12 Oct. 8/2 Graphics, textile design, ceramics..and many other design courses.
3. An example of the graphic arts or of graphic design; also, a diagram, pattern, picture, etc., produced by means of a computer.
1961in Webster. 1967Listener 2 Mar. 296/3 There is an exhibition of Polish graphics. These are not prints but examples of graphic design... Typography is used as an essential element in the design rather than as adjunct to photography and illustration. 1969Computers & Humanities IV. 66 Since the first computers used typewriters and punched cards, the first graphics were illustrations using clever combinations of typing characters, or simple arrays of holes. 1970Guardian 17 June 12/6 At present neither multiples nor graphics (that is prints of all kinds) sell in really mass editions.
Hence ˈgraphicly adv. rare—0. (In mod. Dicts.) ˈgraphicness, vividness of description.
1861Geikie & Wilson Mem. E. Forbes xi. 330 This is brought out with a melancholy graphicness in his letters to Mr. Thompson. 1890Illustr. Sporting & Dram. News 13 Sept. 23/3, I went on to describe with equal graphicness encounters with beasts.
Add:[A.] 7. graphic novel, a full-length (esp. science fiction or fantasy) story published as a book in comic-strip format.
1978W. Eisner (title) A contract with God: and other tenement stories... A graphic novel. 1983N.Y. Times 5 Aug. c20/3 The second will focus on ‘graphic novels’, such as ‘Tintin’ and ‘Asterix’, which are selling up a storm throughout the world. 1986Chicago Tribune 28 Aug. v. 1/5 One-shot ‘graphic novels’, printed on high-quality paper and retailing for, in some cases, upwards of $10. 1990Rolling Stone 22 Mar. 76/4 Catalogs from America's finest comics publishers, featuring stunning European graphic novels.
▸ Providing or conveying full, unexpurgated detail; expressly stated or represented; explicit, esp. in the depiction of sex or violence.
1856N.Y. Times 6 Dec. 3/2 The publishers..say it is a ‘graphic and thrilling description of a wrecking scene on the coast of New Jersey’, but it is not very graphic nor particularly thrilling. 1927B. J. Stern Social Factors in Med. Progress 56 Condemning vaccination in violent abusive language and describing its resultant horrors in graphic detail. 1969H. Raymont in N.Y. Times 24 Mar. 56/2 In addition to graphic, though simulated, scenes of sexual intercourse there is a frenzy of homosexual and other unorthodox sexual acts. 1976Newsweek (Nexis) 24 May 22 His book was a pulpy thriller offering an intriguing view of the Washington power game, some locker-room sex, graphic violence. 2001Mirror (Electronic ed.) 9 July A bit of graphic sex education doesn't do much harm to the average horny, hormone-crazed teenager.
▸ Sharp, well-defined (lit. and fig.); clear, unequivocal.
1937H. Shephard in Life 13 Sept. 9/2 Its finest department—color reproductions—has been wasted recently on airplanes and airplane cross-sections which are quite as graphic in black and white. 1954Life 19 Apr. 85/1 For Executive Suite the studio picked a fabulous cast of eight stars... It was graphic, and probably not accidental, proof that M-G-M, long vaunted as the studio of the stars, could still throw in an all-American lineup if it felt like it. a1961B. Burns in Webster's 3rd New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. (1961) (at cited word), Plush buildings..which I saw as a graphic contrast to the slums. 1997Independent (Electronic ed.) 17 Dec. The people in our new television ads are graphic examples of the pain and suffering caused by smoking.
▸ graphic user interface n. Computing = graphical user interface n. at graphical adj. Additions.
1981ACM Trans. Programming Lang. & Syst. 3 353 An interactive, *graphic user interface is provided that allows the user to view and edit a simulation. 1992InterCity Mag. Feb. 19/2 It also lets top managers select exactly the data they need through ‘graphic user interfaces’ which help technophobes deal with the computer. 2001Broadcast Engin. (Electronic ed.) 1 Dec. Utilizing the simple application programming interface (API) and graphic user interface (GUI), the chip offers consumer electronics significant advantages over competitive solutions. |