| 释义 |
grammatical, a.|grəˈmætɪkəl|
[f. as prec. + -al1. Cf. F. grammatical (1536 in Hatz.-Darm.).]
1. a. Of or pertaining to grammar.
grammatical gender: the kind of gender (found in the great majority of Indo-European and Semitic langs.) which is not determined by the real or attributed sex; opposed to natural gender.
1530Palsgr., Ep. Ded. v, The accidentes..and other preceptes grammaticall. a1586Sidney Arcadia ii. (1633) 122 The beautie of vertue..taught them with far more diligent care, than grammatical rules. 1591Percivall Sp. Dict. Gram. B, I haue taken in hand to deale with this Grammaticall treatise. 1603Florio Montaigne ii. xii. 305 Most of the occasions of this worlds troubles are Grammatical. Our sutes and processes proceed but from the canvasing and debating the interpretation of the Lawes. 1620Granger Div. Logike 127 Grammaticall comparison: which hath two degrees, comparative, and superlative. 1644Bulwer Chiron. 98 Glancing at the same Grammaticall expressions. 1781Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry Diss. iii. (1840) I. p. cciv, Berchorius probably compiled this work for the use of his grammatical pupils. 1804Bp. Horsley Serm. on Christ's Descent 13 It is of great importance to remark, though it may seem a grammatical nicety, that the prepositions..have been supplied by the translators. 1841Borrow Zincali II. ii. iii. 140 The pure Gypsy language, with all its grammatical peculiarities. 1875Whitney Life Lang. iii. 39 The Anglo-Saxon had grammatical gender.
b. Logic. Of or relating to the mere arrangement of words in the sentence or proposition, in contrast to its logical structure. So esp. grammatical form, grammatical subject. (Opp. logical form, etc.)
1874W. S. Jevons Princ. Sci. vi. 137 Another..difficulty is to decide when a change is merely grammatical and when it involves a real logical transformation. Between a table of wood and a wooden table there is no logical difference. 1883F. H. Bradley Princ. Logic I. i. §17 It is false that the grammatical subject is the reality of which the predicate is held true, yet in every judgment there must be a subject. Ibid. III. i. ii. 394 But this differs from the result given by Professor Jevons in nothing except grammatical form. 1903B. Russell Princ. Math. iv. 48 The question is: what logical difference is expressed by the difference of grammatical form? 1910― in Whitehead & Russell Principia Mathematica I. Introd. iii. 66 The proposition must be capable of being so analysed that what was the grammatical subject shall have disappeared. 1933L. S. Stebbing Mod. Introd. Logic (ed. 2) ix. 153 The point that is of importance is to distinguish the grammatical subject of a sentence from the logical subject of the proposition expressed by the sentence. 1951A. Flew Ess. on Logic & Lang. 7 It would be absurd, but it would also be easy, to be misled by the grammatical similarity of ‘It goes on to London’ to ‘It goes on to Infinity’. 1959P. F. Strawson Individuals ii. v. 148 Grammatical classifications do not unequivocally or clearly declare their own logical rationale.
c. Philol. grammatical change [tr. G. grammatischer wechsel]: the system of contrasting consonants found in the strong verb in Germanic languages, exemplifying Verner's Law.
1926Language II. 177 Another article by Braune..on what he calls ‘The Grammatical Change in the Inflection of the German Verb’. 1934Priebsch & Collinson German Lang. ii. i. 95 Grammatical change (grammatischer Wechsel), which is limited in Gothic to a few cases..is well preserved in O.H.G. 1963J. T. Waterman Perspectives in Linguistics 49 Grimm..had been especially impressed by the curious interplay of stop and spirant in the morphology of the strong verb, applying the term ‘grammatical change’ to this phenomenon.
d. Of languages: having relatively greater structural resources, and relying less on lexical richness.
1937J. Orr tr. Iordan's Introd. Romance Ling. 287 Where there is greater solidarity between the semantic and the formal associations, the signs appear less arbitrary, and these he [sc. Saussure] calls grammatical languages. 1959W. Baskin tr. Saussure's Course in Gen. Linguistics ii. vi. 133 We might say that languages in which there is least motivation are more lexicological, and those in which it is greatest are more grammatical. 1962S. Ullmann Semantics iv. 105 It was one of Saussure's most important discoveries that the proportion of transparent and opaque words varies characteristically... ‘Grammatical’ languages..favour the transparent type.
2. grammatical sense: that sense of a text which is obtained by the simple application of the rules of grammar to the words, without reference to any extraneous considerations; the literal sense. So grammatical category, grammatical feature, grammatical form, grammatical meaning, grammatical interpretation, † grammatical translation, grammatical word (see quots.).
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 211 b, As the lettre of these wordes (as to the grammaticall sense) pretendeth or sheweth. 1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. xiii. (1611) 205 In as much as by plaine grammaticall construction Church doth signifie no other thing than the Lords house. 1651Hobbes Leviath. iv. liv. 350 They had not transgressed the Grammaticall sense thereof. 1654R. Whitlock Zootomia Pref. a vj, As for my declining in many places Grammaticall Translations, it is to bring the Sense neerer my Purpose. 1769Junius Lett. xix. 88, I trouble not myself with the grammatical meaning of the word expulsion; I regard only its legal meaning. 1891H. A. Strong et al. Hist. Lang. xx. 343 The grammatical categories of substantive, adjective, and verb correspond to the logical categories of substance, quality, and..occurrence. 1924O. Jespersen Philos. Gram. ii. 44 The paradigmatic arrangement is not one of grammatical form. Ibid. iii. 54 The grammatical category of number evidently corresponds to the distinction found in the outside world between ‘one’ and ‘more than one’. 1925P. Radin tr. Vendryes' Lang. ii. 90 To the concepts expressed by means of morphemes, we give the name grammatical categories. Thus, gender, number, person, tense and mood, interrogation and negation,..etc., are grammatical categories in languages where these concepts are expressed by special morphemes. 1933Bloomfield Lang. x. 166 A simple feature of grammatical arrangement is a grammatical feature or taxeme... The utterance Run!, for example, contains two grammatical features (taxemes), namely, the modulation..and the selective feature. Ibid., The smallest meaningful units of grammatical form may be spoken of as tagmemes. Ibid. 169 Some pitch-scheme.., in English at any rate, lends it a grammatical meaning such as ‘statement’, ‘yes-or-no question’, ‘supplement-question’, or ‘exclamation’. Ibid., The grammatical forms of a language can be grouped into three great classes. 1958C. F. Hockett Course in Mod. Ling. xxvii. 231 A specific grammatical category is an element in a system or a class in a classification: English plural, Spanish masculine, Latin accusative. 1963Listener 3 Jan. 21/2 The feeling of climax comes..from increasing syntactical concentration. More merely grammatical words—‘see’, ‘are’, ‘was’, ‘is’—are omitted. 1964M. Joos Eng. Verb iv. 81 The necessity of distinguishing between lexical meaning and grammatical meaning. 1966G. N. Leech Eng. in Advertising ix. 88 ‘Grammatical words’ such as prepositions, pronouns, and auxiliary verbs. 1968M. Black Labyrinth of Lang. iv. 85 The totality of rules that determine the correct use of a given word or expression may be said to specify the grammatical form of that word or expression.
3. Of speech, composition, etc.: Conforming to the rules of grammar.
1752Johnson Rambler No. 206 ⁋11, I have laboured to refine our language to grammatical purity. 1861Craik Eng. Lit. & Lang. II. 538 [Carlyle's style is] with all its startling qualities, one of the most exactly grammatical in our literature. Mod. The sentence is grammatical, but not quite idiomatic.
4. transf. Of or pertaining to, also strictly conforming to the ‘grammar’ or formal principles of an art.
1846Ruskin Mod. Paint. ii. ii. i. §20 The..grammatical accuracy of the tones of Turner. 1890Anthony's Photogr. Bull. III. 426 To secure ‘grammatical’ or perspective truth the horizon line of such background must be brought opposite the lens.
b. Mus. grammatical accent: the accent regularly occurring at the beats of a bar; opposed to oratorical accent.
1833Penny Cycl. I. 72/2. 1889 H. C. Banister Music (ed. 14) §362.
†5. absol. and n. pl. The subjects taught in a grammar-school. Obs.
1691Wood Ath. Oxon. I. 12 John Constable..Educated in Grammaticals under William Lilye, in Academicals in an antient Hostle sometimes called Byhem..Hall. 1716M. Davies Athen. Brit. II. 328 Robert Talbot..He was educated in Grammaticals in Wikeham-School.
Hence graˈmmaticalness, the quality of being grammatical.
1650Vindic. Hammond's Addr. 43 §88 To justifie the Grammaticalnesse of these words. 1897F. Hall in Nation (N.Y.) LXIV. 357/2 Not without entertaining a very original notion of grammaticalness can Mr. Philpson say what he says about expect. |