| 释义 |
▪ I. † ˈgovern, n. Obs. rare.
[f. the vb.; cf. F. gouverne (from 14th c.), Pr. govern-s, Pg., It. governo, Sp. gobierno.]
Government.
c1300Beket (Percy Soc.) 1792 That his bischopriche hadde ibeo: withoute govern and rede.
▪ II. govern, v.|ˈgʌvən|
Forms: 3–7 governe, (4 governi, 5 goveryne, gouverne), 4–6 gowern(e, 3– govern.
[a. OF. governer (F. gouverner) = Pr., Pg. governar, Sp. gobernar, It. governare:—L. gubernāre to steer (a vessel), hence to direct, rule, govern, ad. Gr. κυβερνᾶν to steer.]
1. trans. To rule with authority, esp. with the authority of a sovereign; to direct and control the actions and affairs of (a people, a state or its members), whether despotically or constitutionally; to rule or regulate the affairs of (a body of men, corporation); to command the garrison of (a fort).
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 1036 Cassibel Þat noble prince was inou & þat lond gouerned wel. c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 37 Sone after þi daies þe reame salle men se Gouerned þorgh aliens kynde. 1389Eng. Gilds (1870) 46 An Aldirman..able and konyng to reulen and gouern þ⊇ company. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xii. 53 Þe sepulcre of Ioseph Iacob son, þat gouerned Egipte. a1400–50Alexander 3387 Þe same cure is a kyng..To gy & gouerne his gomes. a1533Ld. Berners Huon xxi. 62, I delyueryd to hym all my londes to gouerne. 1617Moryson Itin. ii. 116 Captaine Thomas Williams with his Company, being left to governe the new Fort. 1651Hobbes Leviath. ii. xxvi. 139 Govern them by the same Lawes, by which they were governed before. 1709Steele Tatler No. 29 ⁋7 There is no governing any but Savages by other Methods than their own Consent. 1764Goldsm. Trav. 372 In every soil..those that think must govern those that toil. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. ii. 163 From the accession of Henry VII, the country had been governed by a succession of ecclesiastical ministers.
fig.1635Quarles Embl. i. xv. 31 Lord..Can thy flockes be thriving, when the fold Is govern'd by a Fox?
b. said of the Deity.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. i. pr. vi. 17 (Camb. MS.) Syn þat thow ne dowtest nat that þis world be gouerned by god. c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 571 Grete god þat gouernes all. 1535Coverdale Job xxxvi. 31 By these thinges gouerneth he his people. a1677Barrow Serm. xxiii. Wks. 1686 III. 260 Can we..peruse the Records of everlasting destiny by which the World is governed? 1859Kingsley Lett. (1878) II. 73 It is a fearful look-out when God has to govern a nation because it cannot govern itself.
†c. To be in command of (a force, an army); to lead (a choir). Obs.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 8205 Þe baldewines tueye..gouernede þe ost mid hor poer beye. 1375Barbour Bruce xii. 499 The battall that schir Eduard Gouernyt and led. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VII. 81 Or elles berynge a cope to governe þe queere [L. chorum rexit].
d. To direct and control (a person, the members of a household) with the authority of a superior. ? Obs.
a1340Hampole Psalter xxii[i]. 1 Lord gouerns [Vulg. regit] me & nathynge sall me want. c1340Cursor M. 10804 (Trin.) If..she no husbonde had I-had hir to haue gouerned & lad. 1413Pylgr. Sowle (Caxton) iv. xxxviii. (1859) 64 They ordeyne and gouerne hym, ryght as he were to yonge within age, and couthe nought gouerne hym seluen. 1450–1530Myrr. our Ladye 16 He taught her grammer and songe, & gouerned her & her housholde. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. i. (1586) 16 She must..looke to the Kitchin..gouerne the maides, and keepe them at their woorke. 1679Hobbes Behemoth iii. (1682) 242 Some others were sent thither [to the universitie] by their Parents, to save themselves the trouble of governing them at home, during that time wherein Children are least governable.
e. absol. To exercise the function of government.
The phrase ‘the king reigns but does not govern’, app. first used by French writers, is intended to characterize those monarchies (e.g. that of England) in which the action of the sovereign is mainly confined to the selection of responsible ministers.
c1400Mandeville (1839) v. 38 And this regnede longe & governed wisely. 1601Shakes. Twel. N. i. ii. 24 Who gouernes heere? 1699Temple Ess. Pop. Discontents Wks. 1731 I. 260 Every Prince should govern as He would desire to be governed if he were a Subject. 1710Swift Examiner No. 18 ⁋5 When this Man governed in that Island. 1845M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 16 The throne was occupied by a minor, whose mother..governed as regent for him. 1861May Const. Hist. I. i. 6 The king reigned, but his ministers governed. 1874Stubbs Const. Hist. I. ii. 36 He reigns but does not govern. 1897Daily News 3 May 5/5 In a Crown Colony..the Governor governs; in a free one he reigns.
2. To sway, rule, influence (a person, his actions, etc.); to direct, guide, or regulate in conduct or actions. (Said of persons: also of motives, etc.)
c1440Promp. Parv. 206/2 Gouernyn, and mesuryn in manerys, and thewys, moderor. 1597Bacon Ess., Followers & Friends (Arb.) 36 To be gouerned [1625 adds (as we call it)] by one is not good. 1601Shakes. Jul. C. i. iii. 83 Our Fathers mindes are dead, And we are gouern'd with our Mothers spirits. a1631Donne Paradoxes (1633) D 3 How then shall this nature gouerne vs, that is gouerned by the worst part of vs? 1662Bk. Com. Prayer, Pr. for all Conditions of Men, We pray for the good estate of the Catholick Church; that it may be so guided and governed by thy good Spirit that [etc.]. 1704Swift T. Tub Apol., Not that he would have governed his judgment by the ill-placed cavils of the sour. 1709Steele Tatler No. 66 ⁋5 Ordinary Minds are wholly governed by their Eyes and Ears. a1754J. McLaurin Serm. & Ess. (1755) 17 Eternal motives are the only motives that should govern immortal Souls. 1882M. E. Braddon Mt. Royal II. iii. 39, I did not allow myself to be governed by Lady Cumberbridge's gossip. 1883Froude Short Stud. IV. i. iii. 41 The archbishop..was aware of the motives by which the papal decisions were governed.
†b. To master, prevail over. Obs.
1592Shakes. Ven. & Ad. 42 Backward she push'd him, as she would be thrust, And govern'd him in strength, though not in lust.
†c. To guide, direct, lead (in some course); to guide to or towards an object. Obs.
1382Wyclif Isa. xlix. 10 The rewere of them shal gouerne [L. reget] them and at the welles of watris ȝyuen hem to drinke. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xvii. 80 Þe nedill..by þe whilk schippe men er gouerned in þe see. 1549Bk. Com. Prayer, Litany, That it may please thee to rule and gouerne thy holy Churche vniuersall in the right waye. c1600Shakes. Sonn. cxiii. 2 And that which gouernes me to goe about, Doth part his function, and is partly blind. a1635Corbet Poems (1807) 116 As a straying starr intic't And governd those wise-men to Christ. 1704Swift Mech. Operat. Spirit (1711) 294 By what kind of Practices the Voice is best govern'd towards the Composition and Improvement of the Spirit. 1737Whiston Josephus, Hist. i. i. §5 He that governed the elephant was but a private man.
d. To regulate, determine the course or issue of (an event, etc.).
a1625Fletcher Witt without Money iii. i, 'Tis not folly, But good discretion, governs our main fortunes. 1798Wellesley in Owen Desp. 46 The attempts which they have already made to interfere in governing the succession. 1863Kinglake Crimea (1877) II. xii. 156 At the storming of Constantine..he really helped to govern the events.
e. Of things, esp., in astrological use, of the stars: To hold sway over, influence, determine the motions or nature of.
1390Gower Conf. II. 109 O Phebus, which the daies light Governest til that it be night. Ibid. III. 106 Of alle thinges the matere,..Of thing above it [this erthe] stont governed, That is to sain of the planetes The cheles both and eke the hetes. Ibid. 127 Wherof the firste regiment..Governed is of signes thre. c1566J. Alday tr. Boaystuau's Theat. World B vij b, Beastes..nature hath given them a complection so well ruled and governed, that they never take more than is requisite for their nourishment. 1591Shakes. Two Gent. ii. vii. 74 But truer starres did gouerne Protheus birth. 1631Widdowes Nat. Philos. (ed. 2) 10 Saturne is a star of a leaden colour,..governing malancholike persons. 1664Power Exp. Philos. Pref. 15 What⁓soever is invisible..is little enquired; and yet these be the things that govern Nature principally. 1671R. Bohun Wind 86 Here in England, the Eastern [Winds] usually govern the spring..but generally the Western ingrosse the greatest part of the yeare.
† f. To determine the key of (a musical composition). Obs. rare—1.
1597Morley Introd. Mus. 156 Your song being gouerned with flats it is vnformall to touch a sharpe eight.
3. intr. To hold sway, prevail, have predominating or decisive influence.
1596Shakes. Merch. V. iii. v. 63 Let it be as humors and conceits shall gouerne. 1606― Ant. & Cl. ii. ii. 150 From this houre, The heart of Brothers gouerne in our Loues. 1626Bacon Sylva §453 It hath been received, that a smaller Pear, grafted upon a Stock that beareth a greater Pear, will become great. But I think..the Cions will govern. 1669Marvell Corr. cxiv. Wks. 1872–5 II. 274 After the ablest men have employed all their art..yet chance will governe at last. 1884Chr. Commonwealth 21 Feb. 448/1 Since then we have been asking whether policy or principle is to govern in matters of this kind.
4. refl. To direct or regulate one's actions; † to conduct oneself, behave, act (in a specified way).
1375Barbour Bruce ii. 588 On this maner thaim gouernyt thai, Till thai come to the hed off tay. c1386Chaucer Melib. ⁋28 If ye gouerne yow by sapience, put awey sorwe out of youre herte. a1450Knt. de la Tour (1868) 3 To teche my doughtres..how thei shulde governe hem. c1460Urbanitatis 22 in Babees Bk., Loke..þat þow gouerne þe welle. 1608R. Armin Nest Ninn. 29 Fooles that want wit to gouerne themselves well. 1651J. Marius Bills of Exchange 8 Advice..ought to be given by the first Post that..the deliverer may know..how to govern himself. 1715Nelson Addr. Pers. Qual. 257 If in this Extremity the poor Widow had governed herself by the Measures of this Age, in a few Days she had perished with hunger. 1745De Foe's Eng. Tradesman ii. (1841) I. 17 Intimating that you can or cannot answer this order, that I may govern myself accordingly. 1778Burke Corr. (1844) II. 248 You have..a great country to govern; and I have no doubt of the principles on which you govern yourself in the management of it.
†5. trans. To administer, manage, order (affairs, an undertaking, an establishment, household, etc.). Obs.
1382Wyclif 1 Tim. v. 4 If ony widew hath sone, or children of sones, lerne sche first for to gouerne hir hous. c1440Promp. Parv. 206/2 Governe a towne, villico. 1480Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxxiv. 255 That thurgh his counceil and gouernaunce al thynge shold be gouerned and dressyd. 1535Coverdale 1 Sam. xviii. 17 Be stronge now, & gouern the warres of the Lorde. 1588Shakes. Tit. A. v. ii. 139 Whiles I goe tell my Lord..How I haue gouern'd our determined iest. 1610Histrio-m. vi. 92 Il hast thou govern'd thy prosperity. That canst not smile in meere adversity. 1617Moryson Itin. i. 238 So as all the rest chose him for their guide, and to governe their expences. 1672Evelyn Diary 31 May, My Lord Sandwich was prudent as well as valiant, and always govern'd his affaires with successe and little losse. 1741Richardson Pamela II. 108 The Ladies and Gentlemen would make me govern the Tea-table, whatever I could do.
†6. To attend to, care for, look after (a person); esp. to tend or treat in respect to health. Obs.
c1386Chaucer Shipman's T. 261 Governeth yow also of your diete Atemprely, and namely in this hete. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cxcix. 236 And there he gouerned hym⁓selfe so well, that he was healed. a1533― Huon cxliv. 540 That ye kepe this lady in your house clothyd and apareyled and as well gouernyd. 1541R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg. N j, Howe ought he to be gouerned that wyll be letten blode before he do blede. 1658A. Fox Wurtz' Surg. ii. x. 85 Govern the party in his diet, as you were told at the Head-wounds. 1675Temple Let. to Sir J. Williamson Wks. 1731 II. 332, I never knew any Sickness of a Great Man so well govern'd as his. 1680Walton in Four C. Eng. Lett. 69 His pensions..were given to a woman that governed him.
†b. To tend, treat (plants). Obs.
1572L. Mascall Art Planting & Graffing 49 How to guide and gouerne the sayde trees. 1658Evelyn Fr. Gard. ii. vii. (1675) 258 They are all of them to be Planted, and governed like Raspes. 1669J. Rose Eng. Vineyard v. (1675) 27 Thus you shall also govern your Vineyard the third year.
†7. To work or manage (a ship, the sails, the helm). Obs.
c1375Sc. Leg. Saints, Ninian 525 & sa, þat patent gouernande, haile and sounde he com to lande. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 63 Hem lakked schipmen to governe here schippes [L. remiges..ad naves regendas]. c1440Partonope 3157* The bote was governde in the see. 1565Cooper Thesaurus, Auxilia nautica, the sterne and other instrumentes, wherby the shippe is gouerned. 1617Moryson Itin. iii. 135 A Venetian ship governed by Greekes. 1653H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. xx. 71 An hundred and sixty Mariners, both for rowing, and for governing the sails. 1671R. Bohun Wind 253 [The hurricane] came to such an height, that..7 men could scarce govern the Helme. 1697Potter Antiq. Greece iii. xiv. (1715) 124 Ships of Burden were commonly govern'd by Sails.
†b. [after L.] To steer. In quot. absol. Obs.
1675Hobbes Odyss. (1677) 61 Then he astern sate down and governed.
†8. To manage, manipulate, work, control the working of (an implement, machine, etc.); to regulate (a fire). Obs.
c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 1209 Dido, The fomy brydle with the bit of gold Governyth he. c1386― Monk's T. 407 Thus can ffortune hir wheel gouerne and gye. 1602Shakes. Ham. iii. ii. 372 Gouerne these Ventiges with your finger and thumbe. a1631Donne 80 Serm. (1640) vii. 64 What can a graine of dust work in governing the balance? 1694Salmon Bate's Dispens. i. (1713) 150/1 The Fire is to be so governed, as to hinder the Oil from boiling. 1797Monthly Mag. III. 222 Twelve pins, placed in two rows diagonally on the barrel, which the stud on the rack governs, by the turn of the pinion on the rack. 1807Robinson Archæol. Græca iv. ix. 376 They rendered them [battering-rams] useless by cutting with long scythes the ropes by which they were governed.
9. To hold in check, curb, bridle (esp. one's passions). † Also, to keep or restrain from.
1513Bradshaw St. Werburge, Ball. to St. W. 31 Governe my lyfe from all actes daungerous. 1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, ii. ii. 180 Bar. I haue no tongue, sir. Page. And for mine Sir, I will gouerne it. 1605― Lear v. iii. 161 Go after her, she's desperate, gouerne her. 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. x, Neither could he govern his passion. 1729Butler Serm. Wks. 1874 II. 39 If he puts on any..face of religion, and yet does not govern his tongue, he must surely deceive himself. 1870Dickens E. Drood viii, I appeal to you to govern your temper. 1873Hamerton Intell. Life ii. iv. 72 An ambitious man will govern himself for the sake of his ambition, and withstand the seductions of the senses.
10. To constitute a law or rule for; to be applicable to as a determining principle or limiting condition; to serve as a precedent, rule, or type for; esp. in Law, to serve in determining or deciding (a case).
1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) IV. 398 The case of Peacock v. Spooner having been decided by the House of Lords, must govern this case. 1834McMurtrie Cuvier's Anim. Kingd. 1 The laws which govern those beings. 1861J. R. Greene Man. Anim. Kingd., Cœlent. 70 This rule does not appear to govern the nectocalyces in the last-mentioned group. 1884Ld. Coleridge in Law Times Rep. L. 46/1 The principles laid down in that case are applicable to and govern this. 1885C. H. Anderson in Law Rep. 14 Q. Bench Div. 727 There is no break in the section, and the words ‘in any highway’, govern all that follows. 1890Sir H. C. Lopes in Law Times Rep. LXIII. 692/2 The law there stated clearly governs this case. 1891J. P. Lilley Lord's Day & Servants ii. i. 88 Should not this thought largely govern the service of Congregational praise.
absol.1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) VI. 398 Sir Joseph Jekyll, in Papillon v. Voyce said, the intention if lawful shall govern.
11. Grammar. Of a word, chiefly a verb or prep.: To require (a noun or pronoun) to be in a certain case, or a verb to be in a certain mood; to be necessarily followed by (a certain case or mood). † Formerly also of the subject: To determine the number and person of (the verb). Obs.
1530Palsgr. 74 Pronownes be suche as..may governe verbes to be of lyke nombre and parson with them. 1612Brinsley Grammar-Schoole 98 The word gouerning or directing, to be placed before those which it gouerneth or directeth. c1620A. Hume Brit. Tongue ii. v, With s, it [the genitive] precedes the word quherof it is governed. 1620T. Granger Div. Logike 58 A verbe substantive..governing two datives, one of the person, and another of the thing. 1877Whitney Essent. Eng. Gram. iii. 32 We speak of both verbs and prepositions as governing in the objective the word that is their object. 1881–7Cummins Friesic Gram. §195 Prepositions governing the dative and accusative. 1892J. Wright Primer Gothic §291 The genitive is also governed by certain adjectives.
absol.16..Mauger Fr. Gram. (T.), In our language evermore Words that govern go before. |