| 释义 |
procurator1|ˈprɒkjʊəreɪtə(r)|
Also 3–7 -our (5–6 -oure, 6 Sc. -ure, 5 prokeratour): see also proctor1 n. A.
[a. OF. procuratour (13th c. in Hatz.-Darm., mod.F. -eur), or ad. L. prōcūrātōr-em manager, agent, deputy, collector in a province, attorney, agent-n. f. prōcūrāre to procure.]
1. Rom. Hist. An officer who collected the taxes, paid the troops, and attended to the interests of the imperial treasury, in an imperial province; sometimes he had the administration of part of a province, as in the case of the Procurator of Judæa, which was part of the province of Syria.
a1300Cursor M. 16023 All þai gadird o þe tun,..And sent to pilate þair procuratur [Gött. procketur], And did him þider bring. c1425Wyntoun Orig. Cron. v. xiii. 4319 Hade he callyt Lucyus procuratoure, Qwhar þat he callit hym emperoure. 1581Savile Tacitus, Agricola (1622) 190 Whereas in former times they had onely one king, now were there two thrust vpon them, the Lieutenant to sucke their bloud, the Procuratour their substance. 1593G. Harvey Pierce's Super. 81 As Paul demeaned himselfe..before the twoo Romane Procuratours of that Prouince, Felix, and Festus. 1737Whiston Josephus, Antiq. xiv. viii. 441 [Caesar] made him [Antipater] procurator of Judea. 1877C. Geikie Christ lx. (1879) 735 Herod's palace had been taken..as the residence of the procurators.
2. One who manages the affairs of another; one who is duly authorized to act in behalf of another in any business; an agent, an attorney.
a. (In earliest use) The official agent of a church or religious house. Obs. exc. Hist.
†b. The steward or manager of a household, estate, or the like; an overseer, a bailiff. Obs.
c. The agent, deputy, proxy, or representative of a non-ecclesiastical person or body; one who has a power of attorney for another, to sign for him per procurationem (see procuration 2). procurator general, an agent-general. † procurator of parliament, an early name of the Speaker of the House of Commons.
a.c1290St. Brandan 356 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 229 Þis procuratour heom cam aȝein and welcomede heom a-non, And custe seint brendanes fet and þe Monekes echon. [1306Rolls of Parlt. I. 220/1 Mestre William Testa, & les autres clercs & procuratours l'apostoill. 1326–7Ibid. II. 9/2 Qe nul Provisour alien, ne Procuratour de par eux..n'entre la Terre.] c1400Plowman's T. 733 [Secular canons] have a gedering procuratour That can the pore people enplede, And robben hem as a ravinour. c1450Godstow Regr. 492 Hit shold be wele lawfull to the forsaid abbesse and Couent and to ther successours or to ther procuratour to distreyne. 1645Evelyn Diary 26 Mar., The Procurator of the Carmelites preaching on our Savior's feeding the multitude. 1897Addis & Arnold Cath. Dict. (ed. 5) 761/2 The procurators or official agents of monasteries of nuns should not hold office more than three years. 1909B. Ward Dawn Cath. Revival I. 55 The procurator [at Douay] was Rev. Gregory Stapleton, who had held that office since 1773. 1931J. Clayton St. Hugh of Lincoln v. 35 The procurator was guest master... Other visitors to the Grande Chartreuse claimed the procurator's time... They loved him, Hugh the procurator, for the gracious speech and courteous treatment.
b.c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xii. (Mathias) 241 He made hyme [Judas] his procuratore, Þo he wyste he suld be traytore. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xix. 253, I make pieres þe plowman my procuratour & my reve. 1382Wyclif Matt. xx. 8 Whenne euenynge was maad, the lord of the vyne ȝerd seith to his procuratour, Clepe the workmen, and ȝelde to hem her hijre. 1451J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert (E.E.T.S.) 91 Nowt as a gouernour of his owne, but as a procuratour and a seruaunt of oþer mennes ricchesse. 1555Eden Decades 72 Alphonsus Nunnez..who also was lyke to haue byn chosen procuratoure of this vyage.
c.1399Rolls of Parlt. III. 424/1 The States..made thes same Persones that ben comen here to ȝowe nowe her Procuratours, and gafen hem full auctorite. 1494Fabyan Chron. vii. 431, I Wyllyam Trussel, in the name of all men of this lande of Englande, & procuratour of this parlyament, resygne to y⊇ Edwarde y⊇ homage that was made to y⊇ some tyme. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VI 148 The Marques of Suffolke, as procurator to Kyng Henry, espoused the said Ladie, in the churche of sainct Martyns. 1561Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 179 At the instance of Johne Baptista de Sambitore, procuratour generall for the Spanische natioun. 1602W. Fulbecke 1st Pt. Parall. 30 Actions doe not passe, but the grauntor if he will haue the grauntees to take any benefit by the graunt, must make the grauntees or one of them his procurators to sue in his name, and to recouer to their owne vse. 1682J. Scarlett Exchanges 156 A prudent Merchant..will advise all his Correspondents (on whom his Procurator shall have occasion to draw, &c.)..that he hath granted to such and such a one such a full Power to draw in his Name Bills of Exchange. 1777Robertson Hist. Amer. II. vi. 236 They elected him procurator general of the Spanish nation in Peru. 1874Stubbs Const. Hist. I. xiii. 634 The early representative members..were frequently..invested with the character or procurators or proxies.
3. In the mediæval universities, one of two or more representative officers, of whom one was elected by each of the ‘nations’ into which the students and Regent Masters were divided, having financial, electoral, and disciplinary functions. Hence, at Aberdeen (and formerly at other Scottish universities), the name of the student representatives, elected, one by each ‘nation’ of the whole body of students, to preside over the election of a Rector. See also proctor1, the modern form of this word in the English universities, under which (sense 3) its later history is given.
At Paris and Cambridge, and prob. also originally at Oxford, they were called indifferently procurators (proctors) and regents. At Paris there were four ‘nations’ and four procurators, at the English Universities two, called Procurator australis and Procurator borealis, the Southern and the Northern Procurator or Proctor.
[1219in Bulaeus Hist. Univ. Paris (1666) III. 94 Quod super hoc a suis Procuratoribus contingeret ordinari. 1237Bull in Rashdall Univ. Europe (1895) I. 314 note (Paris), Ut nullus contra universitatem magistrorum vel scholarium seu rectorem vel procuratorem eorum ad quemquam alium pro Universitatis vel facto vel occasione [etc.]. 1244Statute of Faculty of Arts, Paris in Bulaeus III. 195 Quo vsque pro qualitate et quantitate delicti vel transgressionis Mandati Vniuersitatis Rectori et Procuratori pro Vniuersitate fuerit ad plenum et pro ipsorum voluntate satisfactum. 1453in Munim. Univ. Glasg. (Maitland) I. 6 Rectores.., decanos, procuratores nacionum, regentes, magistros et scolares. ]1574M. Stokys in Peacock Stat. Cambr. (1841) App. A. p. x, Then shall folowe..nexte the Father the two Procuratours. 1664in Fasti Acad. Aberdeen (1898) II. 11 The colledge being fullie conveened and divided in four nationes..did..nominat..procurators for electing of ane Rector. 1831Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 412 In Paris, each of the Four Nations elected its own Procurator. 1885Pall Mall G. 12 May 2/1 In the universities of the Middle Ages the Chancellor had little power; the Rector, elected by Procurators of the Nations, exercised authority in his own right, or more commonly along with the Procurators, and, subsequently, with the Deans of Faculties... In Scotland all these elements of mediæval organization are still existent and active. 1896Daily News 16 Nov. 7/3 The students at Aberdeen do not give a direct vote for the Rectorial candidates. They vote for a student who represents them, called the Procurator. After the recording of the votes..the ‘Procurators’ meet in another room, and the successful candidate is he who has a majority of Nations. If the Nations are equally divided the winner is he who has the numerical majority of votes.
4. Law
a. An agent in a court of law: = proctor1 4; used in countries retaining the Roman Civil Law (cf. also procureur), and in England in the ecclesiastical courts; spec. in Scotland, a law-agent practising before the inferior courts, an attorney. (Now rare.)
c1386Chaucer Friar's T. 298 (Harl. 7334) May I nat aske a lybel sir Sompnour, And answer þer by my procuratour To suche þing as men wol oppose me? 1456Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 109 My procuratour, that I mak on myn awin cost to defend me. 1586T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. i. (1594) 647 There is one procurator for the king, and two advocats, to looke to the kings prerogatives. 1587Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1814) III. 460/2 All and quhatsumeuir lieges of þis realme accuisit of tressoun..salhaif þair aduocattis and procuratoris to vse all þe lauchfull defenses. 1702Lond. Gaz. No. 3818/4 Her Majesty has been pleased to appoint..Thomas Smith Esq.; Her Majesties Procurator in all Causes, Maritime, Foreign, Ecclesiastical and Civil. 1752J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 95 His Majesty's Advocate, or other Advocates, or Procurators for the Pannel, were ordained to debate the Relevancy viva voce. 1766Entick London IV. 33 The proctors, otherwise procurators, exhibit their proxies for their clients. 1791Boswell Johnson 4 June an. 1781, The Society of Procurators, or Attornies, entitled to practise in the inferior courts at Edinburgh..had taken care to have their ancient designation of Procurators changed into that of Solicitors, from a notion, as they supposed, that it was more genteel. 1845S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. I. 275 That the evil did not arise from his good lords and friends the bishops, but from the judges, officials, and procurators, who sought..only their own profit.
b. Short for procurator-fiscal.
1899Daily News 6 May 2/1 Four pleaded guilty of rioting only. The plea was accepted by the Procurator, and the men were sentenced to thirty days' each with the alternative of a {pstlg}5 fine.
†5. An advocate, defender, or supporter of the cause of any person, system, tenet, proposal, etc.
c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 139 Þei wolen not paie for pore men, not wiþstondinge þat þei ben procuratouris of pore men. 1484Caxton Fables of Alfonce iii, He went to a philosophre which was the procuratour of the poure peple and prayd hym for charyte that he wold gyue to hym good counceylle of his grete nede. 1528Lyndesay Dream 1049 Tyll dame Fortune thow nedis no procurature; For scho hes lairglie kyithit on the hir cure. 1609Daniel Civ. Wars iv. xxvii, To confirm and seal Their vndertaking, with their dearest bloud, As Procurators for the Common-weale.
†6.
a. One who or that which brings or helps to bring something about; = procurer 2; in quot. 1647, a producer, generator.
1486Act 3 Hen. VII, c. 2 Such Mys-doers, takers, and procuratours to the same, and receytours,..[shall] be..juged as principall felons. 1642W. Bird Mag. Honor 44 Charge him with..fellony, or to be a procurator thereof, or accessory thereunto. 1647Lilly Chr. Astrol. xliv. 270 [The planet Mars] being a very sharpe heater and procurator of blood.
†b. The procurer of a loan: cf. procuration 4 b. Obs. rare.
1677A. Yarranton Eng. Improv. 8 The Gentleman gets..Friends..to be bound for his Covenants, whom if they [the lenders] accept, then the Procurator and Continuator have their Game to play.
7. a. (repr. It. procuratore, † -adore.) In some Italian cities, A public administrator or magistrate; also repr. F. procureur (see procureur). Procurator of St. Mark, a senator, afterwards each of two senators, of the Venetian Republic, charged with high administrative functions.
c1618Moryson Itin. iv. vii. (1903) 115 These Procurators, namely the old Dukes chosen for life, and the old Gouernors chosen for two yeares, haue care of the Treasure, and other publique affayrs, and are of great reputation. 1645Evelyn Diary June, The Doge's vest is of crimson velvet, the Procurator's, &c. of damasc. 1656Blount Glossogr. s.v., In the Republique of Venice the Procurator is the second man in dignity. 1727–41Chambers Cycl., Procurator is also a kind of magistrate in several cities of Italy, who takes care of the public interests. 1794Burke Pref. to Brissot's Addr. Wks. VII. 304 The treacherous Manuel was procurator of the Common-hall. 1832tr. Sismondi's Ital. Rep. ix. 204 Two senators, distinguished by the title of procurators of St. Mark, were charged to attend in the camp. 1865Maffei Brigand Life II. 159 The elaborate requisition presented by the royal procurator..contains some passages which are worth preserving.
b. attrib., as procurator treasurer.
1709Lond Gaz. No. 4545/1 He was there [at Venice] crowned by the Procurator-Treasurer. |