| 释义 |
▪ I. proctor, n.1|ˈprɒktə(r)|
[A syncopated form of procuraˈtour, procurator, through procutour, procketour, proctour, etc. Cf. proxy = procuracy, also the ME. weakening of procure v. to proker.]
A. Illustration of Forms.
(α) 3–7 procuratour (5–6 -oure, 6 Sc. -ure), 5 prokeratour, 3– procurator. See procurator.
(β) 5–6 procutour, 5–8 -or (5 -oure, -ur, procatour(e, proketowre, procketur), 6–7 procutar, 9 prokitor. After c 1500 only Sc.
c1386Chaucer Friar's T. 298 May I nat.. answere there by my procutour? [v.rr. procatour(e; Harl. 7334 procuratour]. 14..Cursor M. 16023 (Gött.) Pilate þair procketur [v.r. procuratur]. c1440Promp. Parv. 414/2 Proketowre (K. prokeratour), procurator. c1450Godstow Reg. 649 The procutur of the mynchons. 1459Paston Lett. I. 454 The wardeyn and the procutoris..of the parishe chirche. 1641Sc. Acts Chas. I (1817) V. 413/2 The humble supplication of Mr. Archibald Johnstoun procutor for the Kirk. a1700Truth's Trav. in Pennecuik's Poems (1715) 106 The Procutars bad him be stout, Care not for Conscience a Leek. 1818Scott Hrt. Midl. xvi, Great preferment for poor Madge..to speak wi' provosts, and bailies, and town-clerks, and prokitors.
(γ) 4–7 proctour, (5–6 proktur(e, 6 proctoure, 6–7 procter), 5– proctor.
c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. I. 412 Many ben traitours to God, and proctours to þe fend. 1432–50Proctor [see B. 1, 4]. 1483Cath. Angl. 292/2 A Prokture, accurator, procurator. a1548Hall Chron., Rich. III 44 b, Affiances made and taken by procters and deputies. 1613R. Cawdrey Table Alph. (ed. 3), Proctour, a factour or solicitor. c1618Procter [see B. 2 c].
B. Signification.
†1. Rom. Hist. = procurator 1. Obs.
14..[see A. β]. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 391 Felix was..made the proctor of the Iewes. 1480Caxton Chron. Eng. iv. (1520) 28/2 Pontius Pilate was Judge and proctour in the Jury under the Emperoure.
2. A person employed to manage the affairs of another; an agent, deputy, proxy, attorney: = procurator 2. Obs. or arch. exc. in technical use.
c1449Pecock Repr. iii. xvii. 396 Thei schulden be punyschid..in her procutour or attorney occupiyng..in her names. a1450Myrc 22 All þat consenten thereto in hermyng of the person or of þe vicary or her proketours. 1494Fabyan Chron. vii. ccxxxvii. 274 Y⊇ kyng sent ouer bysshoppis & proctours to complayn vpon hym to y⊇ pope. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 365 Others..whan they had obtained license, sente theyr Proctours. 1643Prynne Sov. Power Parl. App. 206 But he neither vouchsafed to appeare, nor yet to send any one to us in the name of a Proctor.
†b. A steward: = procurator 2 b. Obs.
c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 279 Alle þes goodis ben pore mennus goodis, & clerkis ben not lordis of hem but proctours. 1382― Gen. xv. 2 The sone of the proctour [1388 procuratour] of myn hows, this Damask of Elyzar. c1449Pecock Repr. iii. xvii. 389 The Lorde of the Vyner..seide to his procutour thus ‘Clepe thou the werkmen and ȝeelde to hem her meede’. 1538London in Lett. Suppress. Monasteries (Camden) 215 We founde the prior of the Charterhowse in hys shortt gowen and velvytt cappe..and the proctor of that howse in lyke apparell. 1565–78Cooper Thesaurus, Castaldius, a proctor: a steward: a baily.
c. An agent for the collection of tithes and other church dues; a tithe-farmer. In full tithe-proctor.
1607Cowell Interpr., Procurator, is vsed for him that gathereth the fruites of a benefice for another man... They are at this day in the West parts called Proctors. c1618Moryson Itin. iv. iii. vi. (1903) 288 Both Ministers and Bishops non resident sent to theire remote liuings only Procters to gather theire tythes and profitts. 1780A. Young Tour Irel. I. 217 Tythes..were a real grievance; the proctors let the first, and perhaps the second year with them run by bond. 1807Vancouver Agric. Devon (1813) 102 Tyranny and extortion..exercised by the tithe-proctors, or other persons renting the great tithes from the church of Exeter. 1898M. MacDonagh Irish Life xiii. 229 The tithe-proctors—the men who collected the impost, or, in default of payment, seized the stock of the Catholic peasants—were objects of intense popular hatred.
3. In a University, one of two or more officers periodically elected by the members of the University or one of its constituent sections, whose duties have varied at different times and in different places. The primary function of the office seems to have been representative, esp. in law-suits, and in the administration of corporate funds.
a. In reference to mediæval (and Scottish) universities, an occasional anglicized form of the L. term procurator actually used: see procurator 3.
1895Rashdall Univ. Europe in Middle Ages I. 315 (Paris) The first document in which the Rector and Proctors are clearly distinguished from one another is a Statute of the Faculty of Arts in 1245. Ibid. II. 121 [At Montpellier] as at Oxford, the Masters are more directly represented by two Proctors, the office circulating among them. The functions of these Proctors were primarily financial, as originally were those of the Proctors of Paris and Oxford. Ibid. 298 [At St. Andrews] The Masters and students—divided into the Four Nations of Fife, Lothian, Angus, and Britain, each with its Proctor— elected the Rector. Ibid. 306 [At Glasgow] Only on occasions of the Rectorial elections was the organization of Nations and student Proctors called into actual existence—for which purpose it has lasted down to the present day.
b. In modern use, as at Oxford and Cambridge, each of two officers appointed annually to discharge various functions in connexion with the meetings of the University and its various Boards, the examinations and conferment of degrees, and the like; they are also charged with the discipline of all persons in statu pupillari, and the summary punishment of minor offences.
In the old English Universities, they were formerly called Northern Proctor and Southern Proctor respectively (see procurator 3); they are now distinguished as Senior Proctor and Junior Proctor, in accordance with their university seniority. They are appointed or elected by the various colleges in rotation. At Oxford they are the representatives of the body of Masters of Arts, and, as such, are assessors to the Chancellor or Vice-Chancellor, and ex-officio members of the Hebdomadal Council and of almost all University Boards and Delegacies; they exercise a joint veto upon the proceedings and decrees of Congregation and Convocation, ask graces for degrees in the Ancient House of Convocation, nominate delegates not otherwise specially appointed, supervise the examiners and examinations conjointly with the Vice-Chancellor, and concur with him in the conferring of all degrees. At Cambridge their powers and functions are similar, but less extensive. Proctors also exist with certain functions at Dublin and at Durham.
proctors' dogs or bulldogs (Univ. slang), the sworn constables whose original function was to accompany the proctors in their nightly perambulation of the streets for the purpose of preventing disorder.
[(For the sake of historical continuity earlier examples in the Latin form procurator are also given here.)
1248Rot. Claus. 33 Hen. III, m. 15 dorso (in Rashdall II. 369 note), Presentibus apud Woodstocke tam procuratoribus scolarium universitatis quam Burgensibus Oxon. c1250in Mun. Acad. Oxon (Rolls) 12 De assensu Cancellarii et Procuratorum Universitatis. 1257Ibid. 30 Faciant Procuratores congregationem fieri, quæ ultra triduum non differatur. 1314–15Rolls of Parlt. I. 327/1 Quotiens..per Cancellarium & Procuratores Universitatis fuerint premuniti. 1407in Mun. Acad. Oxon. (Rolls) 237 Magister Ricardus Flemmyng, Canonicus ecclesiæ cathedralis Eboracensis, et Procurator borealis Universitatis Oxoniæ. 1411–12Rolls of Parlt. III. 651/2 Visitatio Cancellarii ac Procuratorum dicte Universitatis..necnon omnium Doctorum, Magistrorum, regentium et non regentium, ac Scolarium ejusdem Universitatis. ]
1536Rem. Sedition 16 In Oxford..the name of the northern, and southerne proctour, hath been the cause, that many men haue ben slayne. 1536in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 136 Y⊇ Proctor did thrust his pole-axe at him. 1573G. Harvey Letter-bk. 7 M. Alin, then and now senior proctor. 1574M. Stokys in Peacock Stat. Cambr. (1841) App. A. p. ix, Then shall the Proctours apoynt them [Determiners] their Senioritie. a1613Overbury Charact., Meere Scholer Wks. (1856) 88 University jests are his universall discourse, and his newes the demeanor of the proctors. 1663Wood Life 24 Sept. (O.H.S.) I. 495, 16 Masters in proctors' gownes. 1797Cambr. Univ. Cal. 140 Proctors are two officers chosen annually from the regent masters of arts on the 10th of October: they are called proctors, from their managing (procurandis) the affairs and business of the university, and also rectors from their superintending or governing (regendis) the schools. 1828Gunning Ceremonies Cambr. 3 Cycle for the nomination of proctors. 1841Peacock Stat. Cambr. 24 The two proctors,..after the chancellor or vice-chancellor were the most important administrative officers in the university. They were chosen annually by the regents. 1847Tennyson Princ. Prol. 113 We, unworthier told Of college: he had climbed across the spikes..And he had breath'd the Proctor's dogs. Ibid. 141 Pretty were the sight If our old halls could change their sex, and flaunt With prudes for proctors, dowagers for deans, And sweet girl-graduates in their golden hair. 1863‘Ouida’ Held in Bondage (1870) 39, I had been shown up before the proctor on no less than six separate occasions. 1899Oxf. Univ. Cal. p. xxiii, Cycle for the nomination of proctors... 1899. Trinity, Jesus. 1900. Merton, Lincoln [etc.].
fig.a1667Cowley Elegy J. Littleton 37 He..might find A little Academy in his mind; Where..Reason, and Holy Fear the Proctors were, To apprehend those words, those Thoughts that err.
4. Law. One whose profession is to manage the causes of others in a court administering civil or canon law; corresponding to an attorney or solicitor in courts of equity and common law. (Now in England retained only in courts of ecclesiastical and Oxford university jurisdiction.)
King's (Queen's) Proctor, an official of the Probate, Divorce, and Admiralty Division of the High Court of Justice, who has the right to intervene in probate, divorce, and nullity cases, when collusion between the parties or suppression of material facts is alleged. (The title is a survival from the time when these cases belonged to the ecclesiastical courts.)
1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) III. 201 Promisenge to hym a grete summe of moneye in that day he scholde be a proctor a fore a iuge and haue þe victory in his causes. 1538Starkey England i. iii. 83 Prokturys and brokarys of both lawys..are to many. 1546Langley Pol. Verg. De Invent. viii. ii. 145 Pius the II..instituted the new College of Solicitors & Proctors by whose Counsaill and aduise all bulles and grauntes wer made. 1603Const. & Canons Eccl. §133 The loud and confused cries and clamours of proctors in the courts of the archbishop are..troublesome and offensive to the judges and advocates. 1605–6Act 3 Jas. I, c. 5 §6 No Recusant convict shall..practise the Common Lawe..as a Councellor, Clerke, Attourney, or Sollicitor..nor shall practise the Civill Lawe as Advocate or Proctor. 1693Congreve Double Dealer iv. x, I've a cousin who is a proctor in the Commons. 1849Dickens Dav. Copp. xxiii, ‘What is a proctor, Steerforth?’ said I. ‘Why, he is a sort of monkish attorney... He is, to some faded courts held in Doctors' Commons..what solicitors are to the courts of law and equity’. 1860Act 23 & 24 Vict. c. 144 §5 In every case of a petition for a dissolution of marriage it shall be lawful for the Court..to direct all necessary papers in the matter to be sent to Her Majesty's Proctor, who shall..instruct counsel to argue before the Court any question in relation to such matter. 1899Oxf. Univ. Cal. 21 Proctors in the Vice-Chancellor's Court. William Henry Walsh [etc.], Solicitors. 1908Whitaker's Alm. 181/2 Treasury..Department of Solicitor to the Treasury, Director of Public Prosecutions and King's Proctor.
†5. An advocate, patron, defender, guardian: = procurator 5. Obs.
a1413in Hall Chron., Hen. IV (1548) 21 Henry Percy our eldest sonne..and Thomas Percy erle of Worcester beyng proctours and protectours of the comon wealth. c1420Chron. Vilod. 591–2 Swythelyne, þat was bysshop þo, Was made cheffe procutour of þat place; And so he was procutour and gret helper þerto, For a fully holy mone forsothe he was. c1450tr. De Imitatione ii. i. 40 He shal be þi prouisour, þy true procutour in all þinges. 1548Gest Pr. Masse in H. G. Dugdale Life (1840) App. i. 74 Whether he bee an hartie hearer or proctour of the sayd masse. 1553Becon Reliques of Rome (1563) 85 The firste promoters & chiefe proctors to haue Images in churches. 1594Southwell M. Magd. Fun. Teares (1823) 171 Thy teares were the procters for thy brother's life. 1608Topsell Serpents 252 Imputing that to the Patron and Proctor some-times of Musick, which ought rather to be attributed to Musicke it selfe. 1653H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. xxvii. (1663) 106 This hard proceeding much astonished these two Proctors for the poor.
6. A deputy elected to represent the chapter of a cathedral or collegiate church, or the clergy of a diocese or archdeaconry (proctor of the clergy), in the Lower House of Convocation of either province.
1586J. Hooker Hist. Irel. in Holinshed II. 122/1 The bishop ought..to summon and warne all deanes and arch⁓deacons within his diocesse to appeere in proper person at the parlement, vnlesse they haue some sufficient and reasonable cause of absence, in which case he may appeere by his proctor, hauing a warrant or proxie for the same. 1607Cowell Interpr., Procters of the clergie.., are those which are chosen and appointed to appeare for cathedrall, or other Collegiat churches, as also for the common clergie of euery Dioces, at the Parlament, whose choice is in this sort [etc.]. 1823Lingard Hist. Eng. VI. 421 To elude the opposition of the clergy, their proctors, who had hitherto voted in the Irish parliaments, were by a declaratory act pronounced to be nothing more than assistants, whose advice might be received, but whose assent was not required. 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. II. xiv. 129 The archbishops and bishops are to bring [to Parliament] one proctor for the clergy of each cathedral, and two for the clergy of each diocese. 1878Ibid. III. xx. 447 On the occasions on which the clerical proctors are known to have attended, their action is insignificant, and those occasions are very few. 1888Ld. Coleridge in Law Rep. 20 Q.B.D. 744 In the Northern Convocation the parochial clergy are and have been for centuries represented by two proctors from each archdeaconry within the province of York.
†7. One who collected alms on behalf of lepers or others who were debarred from begging for themselves; esp. one having a patent or license to collect alms for the occupants of a ‘spital-house’. (Held in evil repute from the abuse of the system.)
1529More Suppl. Soulys Wks. 292/1 And they be also our proctoures & begge in our name, and in our name receiue your money. 1538Fitzherb. Just. Peas 102 b, Al proctours and pardoners goinge about without sufficient auctorite..shalbe punyshed by whyppynge. 1561J. Awdelay Frat. Vacab. (1869) 14 Proctour is he, that will tary long, and bring a lye, when his Maister sendeth him on his errand. 1567Harman Caveat (1869) 46 Proctors and Factores all of Spyttell houses. 1577Harrison England ii. x. (1877) i. 220 Among roges and idle persons..we find to be comprised all proctors that go vp and downe with counterfeit licences. 1608Dekker 2nd Pt. Hon. Whore Wks. 1873 II. 149 Y'are best get a clap-dish, and say y'are Proctor to some Spittle⁓house.
Hence ˈproctorage, management by a proctor; ˈproctoral, ˈproctorly adjs. = proctorial; ˈproctorling, a petty or subordinate proctor.
1641Milton Reform. ii. Wks. 1851 III. 65 As for the fogging *proctorage of money, with such an eye as strooke..Simon Magus with a curse, so does she looke.
1573G. Harvey Letter-bk. (Camden) 47 Saiing in his Proctors vois that I shuld read no lecture there; as he bi his *Proctoral autoriti had suspendid me before.
1738Gray Let. to R. West in W. Mason Mem. (1807) I. 171 The University has..created half a dozen new little *procterlings to see its orders executed.
1601Deacon & Walker Spirits & Divels 64 Howsoeuer your selfe may haply stand in some neede of a *proctorly bribe: my cause, it standes in no neede of bribe-pursing.
▪ II. ˈproctor, v.
[f. prec. n.]
1. intr. To officiate as a university proctor.
1676Marvell Mr. Smirke 37 If a man went out by night on Tranelling, or Bat-fowling, or Proctoring, he might catch these Exposers by Dozens.
2. intr. (See quots., and cf. prec. 7.)
c1730Dorsets. Voc. (MS. in N. & Q. 6th Ser. VIII. 45/1), To proctor, to scold or lord it. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Proctor, to hector, swagger, bully... The Proctors connected with this verb were..sturdy beggars.
¶ Warburton in his ed. of Shakespeare, 1747, substituted ‘procter’ for ‘project’ in Ant. & Cl. v. ii. 121, remarking ‘Project signifies to invent a cause, not to plead it; which is the sense here required. It is plain then we should read, ‘I cannot procter [etc.].’ The technical term, to plead by an advocate’. But no example of proctor in this sense has been found, while project is abundantly supported: see project v. 3. |