| 释义 |
▪ I. funnel, n.1|ˈfʌnəl|
Forms: 5 fonel(le, 6–7 funell, 6–8 funnell, (6 fonnell, funnelle), 7– funnel.
[ME. fonel (15th c.; a supposed earlier example belongs to funel, rope), app. a. OF. *founil (whence Breton founil). Mod.Pr. dialects have founil, enfounilh, which are probably corrupted adoptions of L. infundibulum, f. infundĕre to pour in (the Lat. word may have been familiar from its use in pharmacy); the unrecorded OF. form, and the Sp. fonil, Pg. funil, may be adoptions from Pr.]
1. a. A cone-shaped vessel usually fitted at the apex with a short tube, by means of which a liquid, powder, or the like, may be conducted through a small opening.
1402–3Durh. MS. Alm. Roll., j funell. c1430Pilgr. Lyf Manhode iii. xxxvii. (1869) 155 A gret old oon..þat a foul sak, deep and perced, heeld with hire teeth, and hadde with inne it a fonelle [F. entonnour]. c1440Promp. Parv. 170/1 Fonel, or tonowre, fusorium. 1578Lyte Dodoens i. xii. 20 The parfume..taken into the mouth through the pipe of a funnell, or tunnell. 1630B. Jonson New Inn i. i, With a funnel, I make shift to fill The narrow vessel. 1739‘R. Bull’ tr. Dedekindus' Grobianus 202 To ev'ry Mouth by Turns the Funnel guide, Let Streams of Wine, thro' pewter Channels, glide. 1799G. Smith Laboratory I. 179 Make a paper funnel, and put it in the hole of the globe. 1854Ronalds & Richardson Chem. Technol. (ed. 2) I. 221 The whole fire-box is then filled up with fuel by means of a funnel. 1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. xxi. 549 The juice being poured into the tun by means of a funnel. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 49 A circular metallic funnel for catching the rain, and a vessel for storing it.
fig.1711Steele Spect. No. 228 ⁋2 The Inquisitive are the Funnels of Conversation..They are the Channels through which all the Good and Evil that is spoken in Town are conveyed. 1886Pall Mall G. 3 June 2/1 If they..become the ‘animated funnels’ of the executives of their associations. 1890Spectator 16 Aug., The funnel through which legislation can trickle down to the country is..nearly blocked up.
b. spec. in Casting. The hole through which the metal is poured into a mould. Cf. gate, ingate, tedge.
1874in Knight Dict. Mech. I. 925/1.
c. Anat. and Zool. A funnel-shaped organ or limb; an infundibulum.
1712Blackmore Creation vi. 493 Some [muscles] the long Funnel's curious Mouth extend Thro' which ingested Meats with Ease descend. 1839Johnston in Proc. Berw. Nat. Club I. No. 7. 200 Funnel [of cuttle-fish] white. 1841–71T. R. Jones Anim. Kingd. (ed. 4) 623 The surrounding element being alternately drawn into the branchial cavity..and again expelled in powerful streams through the orifice of the funnel.
2. a. A tube or shaft for lighting or ventilating purposes; also, the metal chimney of an engine, steamboat, etc. † Formerly also, the soil-pipe of a privy.
1555Eden Decades 333 A funell or trunke of woodde or such other open instrument wherby the ayer maye be conueyed into the caue. 1612Sturtevant Metallica xiii. 92 Priuy Funnels or Vaults may also bee made by the Press⁓ware Art so close and so sweete that there can no annoyance or vnsauory smels euapoure out..Many houses..are much annoyed by the leaking and sincking through the funnels of Brick. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 39 Admitting neither Light nor Air, more than what the Lamps, always burning, are by open Funnels above suffered to ventilate. 1701Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) V. 36 Sir Christopher Wren has made this day 4 funnells on the top of the house of commons, to lett out the heat, in case they sitt in the summer. 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. xv. The funnel to carry the smoke. 1748Anson's Voy. iii. viii. (ed. 4) 506 These funnels served to communicate the air to the hold. 1773Gentl. Mag. XLIII. 480/2 There are..eight funnels for letting out the steam through windows. 1833Marryat P. Simple xxix, Mr. Chucks slapped his fist against the funnel. 1839R. S. Robinson Naut. Steam Eng. 127 The chimney, or funnel, is made of sheet iron, and rivetted on to the uptake. 1868Lessons Mid. Age 315 All this while the steam has been fiercely chafing through the funnel.
b. The flue of a chimney, somewhat resembling an inverted funnel (see quot. 1859).
1688J. Clayton in Phil. Trans. XVII. 787 The Funnel of the Chimney. 1715Desaguliers Fires Impr. 51 The outward Hole of the Funnel ought to be small, always less than the Bore of the Funnel. 1859Gwilt Archit. (ed. 4) 949 The cavity or hollow [of a chimney] from the fireplace to the top of the room is called the funnel.
3. Applied to a funnel-shaped opening, shaft, or channel in rocks, etc.
1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) I. 102 The sides of the funnel are actually often burst with the great violence of the flame. 1791W. Bartram Carolina 246 The ground..presenting to view, those funnels, sinks and wells in groups of rocks..as already recited. 1812Brackenridge Views Louisiana (1814) 106 The number of funnels, or sink holes, formed by the washing of the earth into fissures of the lime⁓stone rock. 1836W. Irving Astoria II. 137 A narrow gap or funnel in the mountains through which the river forces its way between perpendicular precipices. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Funnel, the excavation formed by the explosion of a mine. 1869Phillips Vesuv. iv. 105 The crater now became a funnel which was accessible to the bottom.
4. Applied to anything of conical shape with an extension at the apex.
1871Tyndall Fragm. Sc. (1879) I. iv. 108 This [cloud] gradually changed into a filmy funnel, from the narrow end of which the ‘cord’ extended to the cloud in advance. 1897Hall Caine Christian x, He lay back, sent funnels of smoke to the ceiling.
5. A cylindrical band of metal; esp. that fitted on to the head of the topgallant and royal masts, to which the rigging is attached.
1694Acc. Sev. Late Voy. ii. (1711) 161 The Wooden Stick is fastened within the Iron Coller or Funnel of the Harpoon, with Packthread wound all about. c1860H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 74 The head is round to receive the funnel. 1882Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 31 The rigging of a royal mast, topgallant mast and topmast, is placed upon a copper funnel fitting the mast head.
6. A channel, leading from a pond, over which a net is spread forming a ‘pipe’, broad at the mouth but narrowing to a point, into which wild fowl are decoyed.
1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VI. 138 This little animal [dog]..keeps playing among the reeds, nearer and nearer the funnel, till they [wild fowl] follow him too far to recede.
7. attrib. and Comb.:
a. simple attrib., as funnel-pipe, funnel tube; similative, as funnel-fashioned, funnel-formed, funnel-like adjs.; funnel-wise adv.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., *Funnel-fashioned flowers.
1831T. L. Peacock Crotchet Castle xviii. (1887) 176 The smoke was caught and carried back under a *funnel-formed canopy into a hollow central pillar.
1836–9Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 757/2 The fibrous *funnel-like sheath. 1846Daily News 21 Jan. 6/5 Narrow, up-hill, funnel-like streets.
1827Faraday Chem. Manip. 13 A piece of *funnel-pipe fitted loosely into the hole.
1853W. Gregory Inorg. Chem. (ed. 3) 231 Through one aperture in the cork passes the *funnel tube.
1840Dickens Old C. Shop xviii, The landlord..applied himself to warm the same in a small tin-vessel shaped *funnel⁓wise.
b. Special comb., as funnel-beaker Archæol., a type of beaker with a narrow neck; also attrib. of a culture characterized by the use of beakers of this type; funnel-casing(s (see quot. 1883); funnel-form = funnel-shaped; funnel-hood (see quot.); funnel-net, the net of a funnel (sense 6); funnel polype (see quot.); funnel-shaped a., shaped like a funnel, infundibuliform, esp. in Bot.; funnel-stays (see quot.); funnel-top (see quot.); funnel web, a funnel-shaped spider's web; funnel-web spider, (a) U.S., a spider of the family Agelenidæ; (b) Austral., a poisonous spider of the family Dipluridæ; also ellipt.; funnel-web tarantula = funnel-web spider (b); funnel-web weaver = funnel-web spider (a).
[1929V. G. Childe Danube in Pre-History vii. 117 A relatively closed group is constituted by collared flasks, funnel-necked beakers, and amphorae.] 1954R. W. Ehrich Rel. Chronol. Old World Archeol. viii. 118 There is a penetration southward from the northern European plain of various groups of people who had..*funnel beakers,..and the like. 1955Proc. Prehist. Soc. XXI. 120 It does not seem that they have expanded west of the Vistula in the territory occupied by the Funnel-Beaker population. 1957V. G. Childe Dawn Europ. Civilization (ed. 6) ix. 159 A herding group who sometimes decorated their funnel-beakers..with cord imprints had cleared tracts of Denmark and Southern Sweden for pasture in Late Atlantic times. Ibid. x. 176 The sub⁓division of Early Neolithic was originally based on the typology of the funnel-beaker—the most distinctive vase in the dominant culture which is usually called after it..the Funnel-Beaker culture.
1877W. Thomson Voy. Challenger I. i. 18 An excellent drying-room has been discovered in a space in the *funnel⁓casings. 1883W. C. Russell Sailor's Lang., Funnel-casing, a portion of the funnel of a steamer extending from the smoke-box to some distance upwards.
1880Gray Struct. Bot. vi. §5. 249 Infundibuliform, or *Funnel⁓form, such as the corolla of common Morning-Glory, denotes a tube gradually enlarged upwards from a narrow base into an expanding border or limb.
1883W. C. Russell Sailor's Lang., *Funnel-hood, a projected portion of or protection to the funnel, raised some feet above the deck.
1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) VI. 138 The decoy-ducks never enter the *funnel-net with the rest.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v. Polype, The *funnel polype nearly resembles a funnel, from which it has its name.
Ibid., Infundibuliform..There are properly two species of the *funnel-shaped flowers. 1823J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 147 Over this a kind of funnel-shaped supplier is to be made fast. 1860W. G. Clark Vac. Tour 77 The surface is honeycombed throughout with circular, funnel-shaped holes.
1846Young Naut. Dict. s.v. Funnel, This [funnel] is secured by ropes or chains, called the *funnel-stays, leading from eye-plates near the top of the funnel to the ship's sides.
1854Mayne Exp. Lex., *Funnel-Top, common name for the genus Peziza.
1895J. H. & A. B. Comstock Man. Stud. Insects ii. 30 The greater number of the webs seen at such times [sc. in the early morning] are of the form we term *funnel-webs. 1912J. H. Comstock Spider Bk. iv. 193 The principal part of a funnel-web is sheet-like in structure. 1949W. J. Gertsch Amer. Spiders x. 216 The funnel web of the agelenids is little changed from the silken cell of their forebears.
1912J. H. Comstock Spider Bk. vii. 582 The members of this family [sc. Agelenidæ] spin sheet-like webs, which are usually furnished with a tubular retreat; this suggests the common name *funnel-web spiders for the family. 1933Bulletin (Sydney) 15 Mar. 21 Three people have been killed recently from the bite of a spider, known as the atrax or funnel-web spider. 1954Borror & DeLong Introd. Study Insects xxx. 797 The web of the funnel-web spiders is somewhat sheetlike, but is shaped like a funnel. Ibid. 805 The Agelenidae, or funnel-web spiders, are a large group. 1956S. Hope Diggers' Paradise xxii. 203 The funnel-web lives almost exclusively in the Greater Sydney zone. 1970Times 30 Dec. 4/5 She was bitten yesterday by a funnel web spider about an inch long.
1912J. H. Comstock Spider Bk. vi. 247 The *funnel-web tarantulas resemble the two preceding families. 1954Borror & DeLong Introd. Study Insects xxx. 798 The Dipluridae are the funnel-web tarantulas.
1895J. H. & A. B. Comstock Man. Stud. Insects ii. 31 The *funnel-web weavers..are long-legged, brown spiders.
Hence ˈfunnelled a., funnel-shaped; also fig.; in Bot. infundibuliform.
1793W. Roberts Looker-on No. 67 ⁋14 The auditory passage was extremely narrow, and not funnelled as in other subjects. 1849Florist 194 [A pelargonium] too funnelled, and the blotch on upper petals not even. 1883D. Pidgeon in Nature 23 June, The double funneled stem of whirling mist [of a waterspout]. 1894Blackmore Perlycross 130 Quivering to the swell of funneled uproar.
▸ funnel cake n. N. Amer. a type of deep-fried cake of Pennsylvania German origin, made by pouring batter through a funnel into hot fat.
1891Arthur's Home Mag. May 416/1 *Funnel cakes... Begin in the middle of the pan, allowing the batter to run through the funnel, winding it around and around. 1950F. Klees Pennsylvania Dutch 424 Today funnel cakes are rarely come upon... A thin batter was run through a funnel on to deep fat. 2003N.Y. Mag. 30 June 44/3 If it's rowdy crowds, funnel cakes, and silkscreen T-shirts you crave, there are ample choices.
▸ funnel pan n. U.S. (more fully funnel cake pan) = tube pan n. at tube n. Additions.
[1884M. J. Lincoln Boston Cook Bk. (1887) 374 Line the bottom and funnel of a cake pan with paper.] 1889New Oxford (Pa.) Item 22 Mar. 3/5 Angel cake... Line the *funnel cake pan with ungreased paper, pour in the mixture and bake fifty minutes. 1895Boston Daily Globe 11 Sept. 8/7 Bake nearly an hour in a slow oven, using a funnel pan like that for an angel cake. 1988E. M. Mickler White Trash Cooking II (1996) 107 Bake in funnel pan at 350 degrees until done. 2001L. Samson Church Ladies 75 She took out a funnel cake pan and a knife. The aroma of cinnamon and butter filled the space between us.
▸ funnel-neck n. and adj. (a) n.a high, straight, often seamless neckline on a garment, similar to a turtleneck; (b) adj. (of a garment) having such a neck.
1952Mansfield (Ohio) News-Jrnl. 26 Sept. 14/7 (advt.) Slipons with *funnel neck. White, blue, shrimp, aqua. 1980Associated Press Newswire (Nexis) 5 May He softens things up..with lovely funnel neck shirts in crepe de chine. 1998Cosmopolitan (U.K. ed.) Nov. 257/1 The definitive neckline for sweaters is the funnelneck: similar to a turtleneck but wider and higher. 2000Fairlady (Cape Town) 21 June 89/1 Funnel-neck knitted top.
▸ funnel-necked adj. (a) (of a vessel) having a neck or opening resembling a funnel; (b) = funnel-neck n. and adj. (b) at Additions
1891Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 12 304 *Funnel-necked jugs of smooth red clay. 1964Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern 15 May 9/2 White or off-white knitted overblouse dress..often round or funnel-necked. 2003Independent 1 Nov. (Mag.) 59/6 To display just one perfect tulip, Turkish florists always used a round bodied, funnel necked vase called a laledan.
▪ II. funnel, n.2 dial.|ˈfʌnəl|
Also fummel.
(See quots.; the form fummel seems of doubtful genuineness.)
1835Booth Analyt. Dict. 323 The Little Mule, or Hinny..the produce of a Stallion and a She-ass..In some counties, it is called a Fummel. 1847Halliwell, Funnel, a mare mule produced by an ass covered by a horse. Linc. 1866J. E. Brogden Linc. Gloss., Funnel, a mule whose sire is an ass.
▪ III. funnel, v.|ˈfʌnəl|
[f. funnel n.1]
†1.
a. intr. Of smoke: to issue out or rise up in a funnel-shaped cloud.
b. trans. To feed with a funnel.
1594Nashe Unfort. Trav. Wks. (Grosart) V. 125 Before a gun is shot off, a stinking smoake funnels out. 1596― Saffron Walden 102 A dampe (like the smoake of a Cannon)..would strugglingly funnell vp. 1739‘R. Bull’ tr. Dedekindus' Grobianus 202 To ev'ry Mouth by Turns the Funnel guide, Let Streams of Wine, thro' pewter Channels, glide Adown the Throats..[Note] Whenever this Comedy is represented, the Gentlemen of the upper Gallery are exceedingly delighted with seeing Teague funnel Obadiah.
2. trans. and intr. To guide or move through a funnel. Also transf. and fig.
1901Kipling Kim xiii. 330 Jammed into a corner between cliffs that funnelled and focused every wandering blast. 1923― Land & Sea 182 That wind's funnelling badly in the valley. 1936L. C. Douglas White Banners x. 214 Crowds like swollen rivers funnelled through station exits. 1958Sunday Times 12 Oct. 1/3 All the data is funneled into the Air Force Data Reduction Centre at Englewood, near Los Angeles. 1961Times 20 Feb. 14/3 [soccer] They made less impression..on Vowels and his colleagues, funnelling back. 1964W. McCord in I. L. Horowitz New Sociol. 431 The popular policy of funneling resources into primary education must be viewed with some caution. 1971Sci. Amer. June 65/1 Three magnetic spectrometers, which funnel the electrons into a system of detectors. |